Écoépidémologie – Wikipedia

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L’ ecoepidemiology or eco-epidemiology is a discipline whose bases have been laid, and the term forged, by Jean-Antoine RIOUX , a French parasitology teacher, who developed the practice in the 1960s and 70s [ first ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . The foundations were rediscovered in the late 90s by South African researchers Mervyn Wilfred Susser (in) and her son Ezra Susser [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . It is a transversal discipline in the fields of ecology, medical sciences (human and veterinary medicine) and the social sciences (in particular sociology, anthropology, but also geography, law or even economy).

Large educational model materializing the areas of the Guatemala exposed to the onchocercose ; American army medical archives

Graph (according to CNEVA figures that have become ‘ Afssa de Nancy) showing the ineffectiveness of poisoning and trapping campaigns of the red fox made in France as part of the fight against rabies (reappeared in the country in 1968), and the very large and rapid efficiency of the vaccination campaigns Foxes started in 1988 (vaccinating bait release from helicopters). Based on previous trends and what has been found in comparable countries not having vaccinated blue points show what would probably have happened (number of annual rabies).
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The objective of ecoepidemiology is to understand, to study but also to manage transmitted diseases by taking into account all the parameters having an influence on them. Thus, it seeks to analyze interconnections between individuals and between different species between different levels of organization (molecular, individual, population, socio-environmental, etc.) participating in the process of transmission of diseases. The goal is ultimately to integrate all of the organizational levels in the design, analysis and interpretation of the dynamics of pathogens [ 8 ] . In this she encompasses the concept One Health Since the latter promotes an integrated, systemic and unified approach to public, animal and environmental health with local, national and planetary scales, but does not include social aspects.

Although theoretically applicable to all living species, ecoepidemiology is mostly focused on diseases affecting humans or breeding species. In this it is central in the study of emerging diseases.

There is not strictly speaking of ecoepidemiologist since this discipline is necessarily multidisciplinary.

This discipline studies the distribution in space and time, ecological determinants of health events in populations and/or in ecosystems (or agrosystems), to better appreciate the reality and the extent of the health impact of Biological, physical or chemical environmental factors [ 9 ] .

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Eco -epidemiology is systemic, integrative and holistic. It is therefore necessarily multidisciplinary, which may concern both human medicine and veterinarian, or have phytosanitary applications or in the health of ecosystems or the quality of the environment.

The ecoepidemiologist seeks in particular to identify the dynamics of the “ecopathogenic complex” (all interaction organisms directly or indirectly participating in the expression of a disease in an environmental context [spatial and temporal] given). He is also interested in the lasting interactions between a pathogen or parasitic and host agent (including coevolutive relationships) and environment. He can also be interested in the functions of events which may seem to be diseases, but which sometimes in animals, the plant or in a symbiotic association of organisms, is a response to stress or a modification of the environment, in particular in the case of mass mortality (phenomenon whose frequency could have been underestimated by ecologists) according to a recent study [ ten ] . A recent and significant example of this type of mortality has been in In Kazakhstan the rapid death of 200,000 saiga antelopes, decimated by a bacteria Pasteurella multocida (more than a third of the world’s population) [ 11 ] , [ ten ] . Within the biosphere, according to available data, this type of catastrophic event would occur in around 4% of animal populations; More often in birds (7%), mammals (5%) and insects (3%) under the effect of factors such as climate, harsh winters, predators, parasites, or the combined effect of Several of these factors [ ten ] . These would be much more often of collapse (86% of cases) rather than unexpected increases, and ignore them in ecological models and abundance forecasts of the population could lead to underestimate the magnitude of some demographic accidents and detriment of the relevance of certain insufficiently robust conservation strategies in the face of ecological surprises [ ten ] .

Ecoepidemiology aims to understand or follow the environmental factors explaining, allowing and/or promoting the disease. It is a relatively emerging discipline but which seems to have to gain an increasing importance, given the multiplicity of pollutants and environmental factors deleterious to which living beings are exposed.

The context can be the environment ” natural Or a more artificial environment (city, house or even breeding).

About the “Species of interest in hunting” (Gedmn mainly), the National Office for Hunting and Wildlife (ONCFS) – in connection with many organizations, including the National Federation of Hunters (FNC) – and notably via the SAGIR network has long contributed to the eco -sponsored watch.

In 2011, an epidemiosurveillance platform in animal health was created under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture [ twelfth ] , [ 13 ] , to optimize the effort to monitor wildlife, but also to guide players in the field in the choice of responses to be implemented [ 14 ] .

At the end of 2012, a more marked participation of hunters and federations was encouraged by the signing of a tripartite agreement ONCFS – FNC – French Ministry of Agriculture [ 14 ] , aiming to “Guarantee, permanently, monitoring health of wildlife, and more particularly species of interest in hunting” , thanks to the SAGIR network, while developing surveillance and vigilance vis-à-vis risks and dangers for public health and about “Unintentional effects of pesticides on wildlife” . The themes of work will be jointly revised annually by the convention signatories, in view of the “Health news” [ 14 ] .

  1. ↑ ((Golvan, Y. J.)), ((Rioux, J. A.)), ” Iranian Kurdistan Ecology of Kurdistan. Relationship with the epidemiology of rural plague. », Annals of human and comparative parasitology , vol. 36, n O 4, , p. 449–558
  2. ↑ ((Rioux, J. A.)), ((Decamps, H.)), (((Lanotte, G.)), ((Combes, C.)), ((Théron, A.)), ((Poitier, J. F.) ), ((Seytor, S.)), ((Delattre, P.)), ((Bougerol, C.)), ” Ecology of intestinal schistosomosis in Guadeloupe. Analysis of the epidemiological system. Documents for a modeling tests. », Rev. Epidem. and public health. , vol. 25, , p. 483-519
  3. ↑ ((Rioux, J. A.)), ((Dereure, J.)), ((Perières, J.)), ” Ecological approach to “epidemiological risk”. The example of leishmaniasis. », Ecology Bulletin , vol. 21, n O 1, , p. 1–9
  4. ↑ ((Rioux, J. A.)), ((Lanotte, G.)), (((Cousserans, J.)), ((Gabinaud, A.)), ((Corre, J. J.)), Ecology, development and public health. Ecological bases of the analysis of an epidemiological system, infection fireplaces and parasitocoenosis. Survey and intervention strategies , CNRS, , 245–254 p. , “Ecology and development of space resources” ((Rioux, J.-A.)), ((Akalay, O.)), ((Perrieres, J.)), ((Dereure, J.)), ((Mahjour, J.)), (((( Le Houérou, H. N.)), ((Léger, N.)), ((Desjeux, P.)), ((Gallego, M.)), ((Saddiki, A.)), ((Barkia, A.) ), ((Nachi, H.)), ” The eco -spaidemiological assessment of the “Leishmanian risk” in the Moroccan Atlantic Sahara. Heuristic interest of the relationship “phlebotomes-bioclimats” », Persée – Portal of scientific journals in SHS , vol. 23, n O 3, , p. 73–92 (DOI  10.3406/ECMED.1997.1840 )
  5. ↑ (in) M Susser and out Susser , ‘ Choosing a future for epidemiology: I. Eras and paradigms. » , American Journal of Public Health , vol. eighty six, n O 5, , p. 668–673 (ISSN  0090-0036 And 1541-0048 , PMID  8629717 , PMCID  PMC1380474 , DOI  10.2105/ajph.86.5.668 , read online , consulted the )
  6. ↑ (in) M Susser and out Susser , ‘ Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. » , American Journal of Public Health , vol. eighty six, n O 5, , p. 674–677 (ISSN  0090-0036 And 1541-0048 , PMID  8629718 , PMCID  PMC1380475 , DOI  10.2105/ajph.86.5.674 , read online , consulted the )
  7. ↑ (in) Days March Ezra Susser , ‘ The eco- in eco-epidemiology » , International Journal of Epidemiology , vol. 35, n O 6, , p. 1379–1383 (ISSN  1464-3685 And 0300-5771 , DOI  10.1093 / walk / dyl249 , read online , consulted the )
  8. ↑ Philippe Bizouarn « Eco -epidemiology – towards an epidemiology of complexity », Medicine/Sciences , vol. 32, n O 5, , p. 500–505 (ISSN  0767-0974 And 1958-5381 , DOI  10.1051/medsci/20163205018 , read online , consulted the )
  9. ↑ Glossary of the health-environment-work portal of the French government
  10. ↑ A B C and D Anderson S.C & al. (2017) Black-swan events in animal populations , 7 mars 2017, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Pnas), doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611525114 ( résumé )
  11. ↑ Romain Loury (2017) Biodiversity: an undervalued mass mortality , 08 mars 2017
  12. ↑ Ministry of Agriculture (2013), The national epidemiosurveillance platform in animal health by and at the service of animal health actors ; 2013-03-01, consulted 2013-05-25
  13. ↑ The Minister of Agriculture Presentation brochure from Animal health epidemiosurveillance ], PDF, 1,7 MO
  14. ↑ A B and C Press release from the Ministry of Agriculture (2012), Signature of an ONCFS agreement – FNC – Ministry of Agriculture on the Health of Wildlife Paris 17/12/2012

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • (in) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practice and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, Ed : Fikrit Berkes and Carl Folke (1998, Cambridge University Press ), (ISBN  0 521 59140 6 )
  • (in) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems , Ed Lance H. Gunderson and C.S. Holling (2002, Island Press ), (ISBN  1 55963 856 7 )
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