François Lachenal — Wikipedia

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For homonymous items, see Lachenal.

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François Paul Lachenal , born in Geneva in 1918 and died in the same city in 1997, was a Swiss publisher who played, in 1940, during the occupation of France by Germany, an important role in the publication and dissemination of the writings of French literary resistance in the face of Nazism [ first ] .

Under the aegis of the Swiss writer Edmond Gilliard (1875–1969), co -founder of Vaudois notebooks With Paul Budry and Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, who suggests the name, François Lachenal [ 2 ] participated in the creation in Lausanne in October 1940 of the literary review Traits (1940–1945), opposed to “the new order advocated by Hitler” [ 3 ] . In the late 1930s he had met Pierre Seghers and Pierre Emmanuel in Switzerland to whom he had linked. At the end of 1941 they each sent him a poem (around the assassination of the hostages of Nantes and Châteaubriant) that Traits gives without signature, first resistant poems anonymous to be published [ 4 ] .

In 1942 [ 5 ] , while he is in Basel where he had passed his law exams and prepares a doctoral thesis on The political party. Its public law function , François Lachenal is appointed attached to the Legation of Switzerland in Vichy which has to strengthen its workforce since it represents, after the occupation of the free zone, the interests of Great Britain, the United States and quantity of countries at war with Germany. Arrived in Vichy the He lived in France, transferred for a few months at the Swiss consulate in Marseille in the spring of 1943 and then in Lyon during the summer of 1944 according to vice-consul, until his appointment in Berlin in October.

Upon his arrival in Vichy Lachenal, the collections published in Switzerland followed in France by the Rhône notebooks Founded in 1941 by Albert Béguin (Alain Borne, Loys Masson, Paul Éluard). He will not stop going to Switzerland, in his luggage or those of his diplomatic colleagues, the manuscripts which cannot be published in France, to transport in France the volumes printed in Switzerland and to circulate them. In He meets, in Dieulefit, Pierre Emmanuel and, in Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Pierre Seghers who makes him known in particular Emmanuel Mounier, Loys Masson, André Frénaud and Alain Borne, Elsa Triolet and Louis Aragon.

Before his arrival in France, Lachenal had formed with Jean Descoullayes the project to publish at the Éditions des Trois Hills , created in 1935 in Lausanne, the city of three hills, by Jean Descoullayes and Louis Junod, “a collection of committed and anonymous poems” similar to those that Emmanuel and Seghers had sent to Traits . He talks about this project in Seghers who shares in Eluard. The poems gathered by Seghers and those that Gather Eluard and Jean Lescure will constitute The honor of poets , published in France even by the editions of Minuit Clandestines le .

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At the beginning of 1943 Lachenal planned in parallel to resume Three hills , now established in Geneva under his direction and that of Jean Descoullayes, the silence of the Sea of ​​Vercors. Swiss censorship demanding the deletion of a few words, Lachenal and Descoullayes published it clandestinely in the spring of 1943 At the Ivory Porte , name suggested by Jean Starobinski, which they create for this purpose [ 6 ] . They also edit there French poems [ 7 ] , adding to the “common substance” proposed by seghers to The honor of poets Eleven other anonymous poems [ 8 ] .

At Easter 1943 François Lachenal met with Pierre Emmanuel in Dieulefit Jean Lescure who prepares French domain (Messages 1943). He offers to edit him at Three hills . Most of the manuscript, handed over to Vichy by Lescure in Lachenal, was swept away during the fall of 1943 in Switzerland by the Minister of Hungary in Vichy, S. E. Bakasch Beseniey, and the missing texts follow in the luggage of S. E. Hiott, Minister of Romania . French domain , a real sum bringing together “all that France had also illustrated in the different expressions of literature” in order to “make assume collectively In French literature, the honor of rebellion, ”is printed in December.

“This period was, for Switzerland, among other duties, the opportunity to take over from the French edition – even to be a refuge – and, for me, to take full advantage of my post in Vichy by playing “Sacks”, as we already said, “notes forty years later Lachenal [ 9 ] .

In , in Paris, Éluard, which Jean Lescure meets him, offered to edit the still unprecedented manuscript of Ubu CoCu d’Alfred Jarry, handed over by Picasso and the work will appear in September 1944. Simultaneously rushed to Lescure, who obtained the agreement of Raymond Queneau, André Frénaud, Georges Bataille and Jean-Paul Sartre, the project of a Intulated collection Domaine de Paris which will not succeed. A Russian domain However, will be published in , and Greek domain in .

In Éluard entrusts the collection to the collection The bed the table which will be published by Three hills the same year. He also sent him the manuscript of the novel Black straw of the stables of Louis Parrot who will appear in December under his pseudonym Margeride, while Avignon lovers , novel by Elsa Triolet, is published in May under that of Laurent Daniel. It was the same year that Lachenal has the idea of ​​a collection, under the name of Classics of Liberty , for which it would be asked “a writer or a philosopher to choose, in the work of a classic author, texts appropriate to the present and to devote a preface to him”. Developed with Jean Paulhan, with Bernard Groethuysen who was going to direct the collection, the project is carried out in with a first volume devoted to Descartes presented by Sartre [ ten ] .

From 1944 Lachenal developed Three hills under the name of The great painters by their friends Another collection that opens in December on In Pablo Picasso of Eleuard, will continue in 1946 by Braque the boss de Paulhan, in 1947 André Masson and his universe by Michel Leiris and Georges Limbour, in 1948 Chagall or the Enchanted Storm by Raïssa Maritain, in 1949 Fernand Léger and the new space from Douglas Cooper. At the same time, the Lacheal publishes See D’Éluard, set of poems dedicated to the painters close to him. Eleuard will also direct the collection Le Point d’Or , in which his collection was reissued in 1946 The bed the table , which followed in 1947 the reissue of Wind sources by Pierre Reverdy and in 1948 Contact details of Guillevic.

From 1953 he signed the Director Council of the Pharmaceutical Company Boehringer Ingelheim. He founded and organized the International roofs (International Days) of Ingelheim, an art festival which is dedicated each year to a different theme. Lachenal is also very active in the world of contemporary music. He regularly goes to Darmstadt and it is he who will find Jacques Guyonnet during one of his first concerts to offer him to go to Darmstadt to join Pierre Boulez. His intervention will be decisive in the career of the Geneva composer. It is in Darmstadt that he got to know Luis de Pablo. He sees it again with his nephew Daniel Garbade in Madrid in 1988 when preparing the exhibition of works in Prado.

The activity of Three hills continues until 1965. In total, it is a catalog of around fifty numbers from the journal Traits and a hundred titles under the mark of Three hills [ 11 ] And At the Ivory Porte that François Lachenal was formed between 1940 and 1965. He will continue, after this date, in a more sporadic way, editorial activities which testify to the correctness of his taste and his attachment to freedom.

The archives (1940–1965) of these publications, complete collections and correspondence with printers and writers, were entrusted by François Lachenal to the IMEC. In 1995 an exhibition retracing the journey of his publisher’s life and the role of passer he played during the war was presented in Paris at the Swiss Cultural Center.

Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article: source used for writing this article

By François Lachenal [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On François Lachenal [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Resistance – Decovery exhibition, creation in the sound of weapons , Chancellery of the Order of Liberation, Paris, 1980. Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Lucien Scheler , The great hope of poets, 1940-1945 , Paris, current time, coll. ” French literature “, , 388 p. (ISBN  978-2-201-01569-4 ) Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Jean Lescure , Poetry and freedom: History of messages, 1939-1946 , Paris, Editions de l’Imec, coll. “Edit. Contemporary ”, , 472 p. (ISBN  978-2-908295-38-2 ) . Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Archives of dark years. Artists, writers and publishers , documents gathered and presented by Claire Paulhan and Olivier Corpet, preface by Jérôme Prieur, Institut Memoires de la édité Contemporaine, Paris, 2004, 144 p. (ISBN  2908295717 ) Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Robert O. Paxton, Olivier Corpet and Claire Paulhan, Archives of literary life under the occupation, through the disaster , Editions Taillandier and Les Éditions de l’Imec, 2009, 448 p. (ISBN  978-2-84734-585-8 ) ( p. 230, 256, 259, 282, 299, 302, 306, 312-315 and 336 ) Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  1. ↑ ‘ François Lachenal » , in the database Dodis of the Swiss diplomatic documents
  2. ↑ Biographical elements extracted from François Lachenal, Éditions des Trois Hills, Geneva – Paris , preface by Jean Lescure, Éditions de l’Imec, Paris, 1995 ( Souvenirs p. 15–62 And History of “Traits” , p. 67–82
  3. ↑ ‘ Traits was founded in 1940 a few weeks after the defeat of the French armies, in the middle of the Luftwaffe on England. The Swiss government and the bourgeois reaction began to get used to the idea of ​​a Europe dominated by the powers of the axis; Many manufacturers, officers, journalists who decided to actively intervene to hasten the adaptation of Switzerland to the “New Order”, writes François Lachenal, ( Éditions des Trois Hills, Geneva – Paris , Éditions de l’Imec, Paris, 1995, p. 18 and 67
  4. ↑ In his project of “resistance to capitulation before the fascist, external and interior threat, resistance all the more necessary in French -speaking Switzerland that Pétain was generally acclaimed there and the only opposition press, that of the Swiss socialist federation, prohibited recently ”, a ban against which Traits publishes “The only protest in French -speaking Switzerland” (François Lachenal, op. Cit., p. 69 and 71 ), the review published, despite Swiss censorship, texts of nearly 200 authors, including Louis Aragon, Alexandre Astruc, Julien Benda, Georges Bernanos, Léon Blum, Jean Cayrol, Charles-Albert Cingria, Paul Claudel, Jacques Decour, Paul Éluard, Pierre Emmanuel, Georges Haldas, Carl Gustav Jung, Michel Leiris, Jean Lescure, Loys Masson, François Mauriac, Henri Michaux, Jean Paulhan, Gabriel Péri, Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz, Pierre Seghers, Jean Starobinski, Vercors … “What This censorship has accumulated hypocrisy and cowardice during the war, it will be necessary to expose it one day, “observes Lachenal who gives some examples (François Lachenal, op. Cit., p. 70 ). He himself published in 1943 in Traits Several texts, under the pseudonyms of Monlaur and Armand (François Lachenal, op. Cit., p. 76 ).
  5. ↑ “This year, which saw the German force at its peak was also that when restrictions on freedom, in Switzerland, were the most severe. (…) It was also the year of the advanced Swiss billion in the German war economy under a commercial treaty which will still weigh on our relations with the Allies, ”notes Lachenal (François Lachenal, op. Cit., p. 72 ). He is pointing out that Traits was “the only newspaper in French -speaking Switzerland (there were more than a dozen in German Switzerland, whose Basler news ) to publish the Open letter addressed to the Federal Council By around fifty striking personalities (…) and protesting against the abuse of full powers, the arbitrary ban on political parties and the exclusion of the legislative councils of elected officials of the people, the claim of censorship to impose moral neutrality And especially the scandal of arbitrary arrests and detentions of workers’ activists, in flagrant violation of the rules of the procedure. (It will be necessary once the Swiss people are exactly informed of the relations which existed between the Bupo and the German Gestapo (…) ”(François Lachenal, op. Cit., p. 73–74 )
  6. ↑ “The honor of Switzerland, and its high reason for being, today, are to allow those who, in France, gloriously despise degrading waiting for the anti -chambers, to raise their voice of free men. Editions at Porte d’Ivoire, inaugurating the present collection, are at the service of courage and freedom ”(extract from the preface to Sea silence , in François Lachenal, Éditions des Trois Hills, Geneva – Paris , Éditions de l’Imec, Paris, 1995, p. 35
  7. ↑ “Because of (…) police research that had launched the publication of the Sea silence , we had to change our printer to French poems ; It was not until the beginning of the fall of 1943 that he seemed. »(François Lachenal, Éditions des Trois Hills, Geneva – Paris , Éditions de l’Imec, Paris, 1995, p. 36 .
  8. ↑ In 1944 editions At the Ivory Porte will also make known in Switzerland Star walking de Vercors and, under the pseudonym of François La Anger, The Grévin Museum d’Aragon
  9. ↑ François Lachenal, Éditions des Trois Hills, Geneva – Paris , Éditions de l’Imec, Paris, 1995, p. 25
  10. ↑ Other volumes will follow, by Lucien Febvre on Michelet in 1946, Jean Fréville sur Lenine, Henri Lefèvre sur Marx, Bernard Groethuysen on Montesquieu in 1947, and Jacques Debû-Bridel sur Fourier in 1947, Julien Benda on Kant , of Jean Wahl on Jules Lequier and Claude Aveline on Anatole France in 1948, by René Berger on Socrates in 1949. Twenty other works in preparation will not be published.
  11. ↑ The first work of Three hills had been in 1935 a Tribute to Edmond Gilliard . The hundredth and last, on September 10, 1965, the anniversary of his birth, will bring together his Complete Works

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