François-Vincent Raspail-Wikipedia

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François-Vincent Raspail , born the to Carpentras and died the In Arcueil, is a French chemist, botanist and politician.

Founder of cytochemistry and popular medicine (the method or the system Raspail ), he closely combines, throughout his life, his activities as a scientist, entrepreneur and political activist.

Family and youth origin [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

His father, innkeeper, very practicing and royalist [ first ] , intended for the priesthood. Very young, he is raised by Father Eysséric [ 2 ] , a Jansenist priest who teaches him natural history by teaching Greek and Latin, and a little Hebrew, Sanskrit and Syriac. Imbued with republican ideal, this priest was decisive in the ideological formation of Raspail [ 2 ] .

In 1810, at the age of 16, he entered the Avignon seminar where he learned philosophy and theology. Quickly identified for his excellent results and his great intellectual faculties, he became a substitute teacher in theology [ 2 ] . In 1813, he left the seminar to become a librarian of the Carpentras college.

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During the hundred-days, Raspail composes a song to the glory of Napoleon. Referred first for indiscipline, he was then appointed professor of the same college [ 3 ] .

The restoration period [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

To avoid the white terror of 1815 which raged in Provence, he went to Paris where he teaches in several private schools such as the Stanislas or Sainte-Barbe colleges, while studying law, from 1816 to 1820.

He gradually moved away from family religious convictions and adheres to free thought, becoming a Freemason. He collaborates at Minerva , Liberal and anticlerical newspaper of the time, in which he wrote particularly vindictive articles against missionaries, described as agents of manipulative monarchical power [ 2 ] . He was then chased from teaching for writing Republican pamphlets.

In 1821, his book Missionaries in opposition to good mores caused a scandal. He meets his future wife, Henriette-Adélaïde Troussot.

The following year, he studied natural sciences. He wrote several noted articles on animal and plant tissues, from 1824 to 1832.

At the same time, he adheres to carbonarism, clandestine movement organized on the Italian model of “sales [ 4 ] »Conspirious against the regime in place (he is imprisoned several times as carbonaro under the July monarchy).

The July monarchy [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lithography representing Raspail in Versailles prison in 1833 [ 5 ] . His defense before the Assize Court is reproduced in legend: “Let us destroy ignorance and needs, and we will have destroyed vices; Let us destroy the fear of the next day, and we will have destroyed the selfishness of those who own; Let us make all the men happy, and at the same time, we will have made them all brothers. »»

In 1830, Raspail joined the insurgent Parisian people during the three glorious, who on July 27, 28 and 29 caused the fall and exile of Charles X. seriously injured on a barricade, he was later decorated with the cross of July. For his acts of bravery during the Revolution, he received the title of general curator of the Museum, with the support of the new regime [ 2 ] . The same year, he refused the Knight’s Cross of the Legion of Honor that power wants to award him [ 2 ] .

Barely recovered, he founded a republican opposition newspaper, The reformer , and presides over the Society of friends of the people . Concerned with social issues, he denounces the shortage and suffering of the working class. In 1832, he gave medical consultations, he gained international notoriety with the Microscopic chemistry test (1830) and the New organic chemistry system (1833).

The Society of Friends of the People was dissolved in 1832 by the new power which condemned Raspail to fifteen months in prison and 500 francs fine for “Offense to the King”. In Sainte-Pélagie where political prisoners are now grouped, he took the lead of the “Republican Association for the Defense of Press Freedom”.

At the Aide de Sa Machine Innale, Giuseppe Fiaschi Commet, the , an attack on the king. Louis-Philippe, unharmed, reacts by attacking the Republicans. Raspail is arrested in Seilleraye, near Nantes, and received two years in prison and five years of “surveillance” [ 6 ] , being accused of complicity with Fieschi as part of the attack [ 2 ] . He occupies his detention by writing New botany system , published in 1837.

Taking the experience of his detentions, he is interested in life in prisons (his “second home”) by writing Penitentiary reform. Letters on prisons (1839). He also denounces work in factories, “Where too many people die before age” .

In 1840, he was an expert in the defense, during the trial of Marie Lafarge, accused of having poisoned her husband at Arsenic. His deposition makes him famous with the general public: he affirms that the presence of arsenic in a corpse is not necessarily due to poisoning, but that it can be linked to other exogenous factors. The same problem arises a century later with the Marie Besnard affair.

In 1843, he published his Natural history of health and disease in three volumes, summarized in the form of a manual, The family doctor . These publications were followed two years later of annual editions known as Manual Health Directory From 1845 (the latest posthumous editions stopped in 1935) [ 7 ] . These popularization works provide him with comfortable income. He gives the recipe for a famous elixir; In these volumes, he also gives details on his parasitic theory (often evoking “helminths” as responsible for diseases), which would anticipate microbial theory.

However, his practice of medical art wants to be an activist: doctor of the poor, he is one of the first hygiene propagators [ 8 ] and antisepsy in popular classes. He recommends the systematic use of camphor in different forms.

All of this earned him the hostility of the official medicine’s official circles and, in 1846, a conviction for illegal medicine exercise following a denunciation of the Association of Doctors of Paris. Raspail assures his himself and is sentenced by the court to 15 francs fine [ 9 ] .

The Second Republic [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

At the time of the 1848 French Revolution, Raspail was, on February 22, 1848, as Karl Marx wrote, one of the first to proclaim the Republic [ ten ] . He founded a new newspaper, The friend of the people . On May 15, he took part in the invasion of the Constituent Assembly, during which he read in the gallery that he wrote in support of the Polish insurgents [ 2 ] . He was arrested during the same month for participating in these demonstrations, before being sentenced to six years in prison in 1849 [ 11 ] , [ twelfth ] .

Turn room of François-Vincent Raspail: In the country of a jail of a bay in exile , In homeland the prison, in exile laurels.

He was elected deputy for Paris in September [ twelfth ] , then appeared in the presidential election of 1848. According to the academic Samuel Hayat, it is in France to “The very first candidacy made at a national level in the name of a socialist and workers ‘conception of the Republic and which is based on a mobilization of workers’ organizations” [ 13 ] . While he is in prison during the campaign, The people thus presents his candidacy in his electoral manifesto, written by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as “A living protest against the principle of the presidency” [ 14 ] . Supporters of the Democratic and Social Republic of spring 1848 joined it, in particular Auguste Blanqui [ 14 ] . His candidacy is explicitly directed against that of Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, who directly participated in the repression of the June days [ 14 ] . It collects 36,920 votes, or 0.51% of voters [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] And the election is won by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (5 million and a half of votes). Samuel Hayat notes, however, that the Raspail campaign “Is an opportunity for organized workers and former clubists spared by the repression of returning links and initiating new projects” [ 14 ] .

After participating in the organization of a demonstration of support for Poland, perceived by the government as an attempted coup de force, it was judged in 1849 by the High Court of Justice of Bourges and sentenced to six years in prison.

The Second Empire [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Released in 1853, he went into exile in Belgium. Back in France in 1863, he was elected deputy for Marseille in 1866, and re-elected in the Bouches-du-Rhône in 1869.

He stands out for his radical positions against the imperial regime, as well as by bills on decentralization, the establishment of a single and progressive tax and on the establishment of a compulsory military service for all [ 2 ] .

He voted against the declaration of war to Prussia in 1870.

The Third Republic [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1871, he castigated the repression of the Versaillais against the commune of Paris and was again sentenced to two years in prison, although not having taken part in the insurrection directly.

On February 12, 1874, the Seine Assize Court sentenced her son Xavier Raspail to 6 months in prison and 500 francs fine for having published a Almanac and meteorological calendar who provided time during the coming year. According to his father, “the jury was made up of the majority of enemy citizens of free-thinkers by necessity more than perhaps by conviction; I forgive them. ».

In 1876, when he was 82 years old, Raspail was elected deputy of Marseille. As a dean of age, he presided over the opening session of the new assembly. The deputy Louis Andrieux wrote in his Memoirs:

As he [raspail] went to the chair chair, supervised by two officers of the Republican Guard, saber in the light, who made him military honors, – we know that the Republican Guard is the gendarmerie of Paris, – He turned to the young Mr. Pierre, already attached to the general secretariat of the presidency, and said to him “it is the first time that I have been between two gendarmes without going to prison” [ 16 ] .

In May 1877 he was one of the signatories of the 363 manifesto. Re -elected a deputy in 1877, he asked in vain for the amnesty of the communards, which intervened a few years after his death. He died in 1878. Since his political beginnings in 1815, Raspail has been in the opposition of all successive regimes.

Family [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Four sons of François-Vincent Raspail left a trace in history:

  • Camille Raspail (1827-1893) stood out for the Avignon seminar by “his rare intelligence and her love of work”. At the age of fifteen, he won the Grand Prix of Philosophy and then was banished from the seminar; Appointed college regent, he discovers the encyclopedists: “I became a new man, released from the religious obstacles that paralyzed me,” he said. Married but helpless, refusing the help of his friends, occupying a modest home in Montrouge, nourishing himself, him and his family, that “vegetables and water”, he writes a Plant physiology . In 1857, he was received a doctor and specialized in orthopedic equipment. Elected deputy for Var in 1885.

Raspail family house in Arcueil.
  • Émile Raspail (1831-1887), a chemical engineer, he holds the Complementary pharmacy of the Raspail method In Paris, after a complaint filed for illegal pharmacy, he transforms it into Raspail house for drugstore where he sells his father’s camphor and his brother’s equipment. He founded a distillery manufacturing the Raspail elixir in Arcueil, of which he became the mayor.
  • Benjamin Raspail (1823-1899), elected deputy of the Seine (1874). Amputated with a leg, he bequeathed his property in Cachan to found a retirement home for invalids at work. Marie Laubot sees it “the worthy end of a real republican [ 17 ] ».
  • Xavier Raspail (1840-1926), family cadet, ornithology lover doctor, who illustrated himself during the Paris siege in 1870, even if his republican faith seems less obvious than that of his father.

First work [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1822, he began scientific research and published several articles of microscopic anatomy, botany and zoology on invertebrates from 1824 to 1826.

“Raspail (chemistry lessons)”, Gallery of scientific illustrations .

Chemist and naturalist, he developed, in 1825, microotomy after freezing and chemical reagents (dyes) for microscopic observations, which makes him the founder of cytochemistry after the publication of his Microscopic chemistry test (1830) .

Like his contemporary Henri Dutrochet, he contributes to the formation of cell theory by making the lawyer of a physico-chemical reductionism applied to living beings, he defends the idea of ​​a unit of plant structure and animals [ 18 ] .

In botany, François-Vincent Raspail described a hundred and fifth species of Poaceae , mainly in volume 5 of Annals of natural sciences in 1825. However, only one of its descriptions is currently still accepted, that of Poa flabellata (Lam.) Raspail.

In parasitology, he is the co-editor with the mathematician Jacques Frédéric Saigey (1797-1871) of the review Annals of observation sciences , where he publishes an article on a Nématode verse , the Strongylus minor, parasitic The dolphin Phocena [ 3 ] (this is probably porpoise, today Phocoena Phocounta).

His most remarkable work concerns scabies. He criticizes the theory of his time that makes a cheese mite of the genre Tyroglyphus , the scabies agent. He shows that it is a morphologically different mite, already described by several naturalists, the sarcopte.

He thus describes the Squabiei sarcoptes in the horse (1831) and in humans in 1834 in his Comparative memory on the natural history of the insect of scabies . The specimen of sarcoptes scabiei human was obtained by Simon Renucci, a Corsican student in medicine, who had extracted him from a patient from Saint-Louis hospital in Alibert’s service [ 3 ] .

From 1838, despite these promising beginnings, Raspail discredited himself in the eyes of the scientific community by founding a system of popular medicine, “the system or the Raspail method. »»

The Raspail system [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

François-Vincent Raspail is often presented as a doctor when he has never been. This is explained by its numerous interventions in the health field between 1838 and 1860: medical consultations and expertise, publications, sales of medicines …

He is the author of a system and a method that make him very popular with the general public. Her Manual Health Directory was published in 77 annual editions between 1845 and 1935 [ 7 ] . Of a low price, he encouraged readers to buy his Natural history of health and disease in three volumes.

According to Raspail, all diseases are due to intestinal worms and external and internal parasitic animals. All these diseases can be healed by camphor, which he offers in 8 different forms: in lumps (to eat), in powder (to spring), in cigarettes (to smoke), in brandy (to inhale, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink, to drink or to clean), in oil (in enema), in ointment (to have a friction), in wax (for suppositories or vaginal eggs), in sedative water (water, sea salt, ammonia, camphor alcohol) [ 19 ] .

The Raspail method is accompanied by hygiene, moral and civic advice. He wants to educate the people to get him to heal himself, that is to say by buying the Raspail products. He is a protest libertarian, defender of the poor and oppressed, “Robin des Bois de la Santé” opposed to official medicine and the powers in place [ 16 ] .

Some consider that Raspail was a charlatan, others see him as a precursor of microbial theory, cell theory, antisepsy, hygiene, patient autonomy, health democracy, of Social advertising or marketing [ 16 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .

Today, camphor products are no longer used in medicine, but they remain present in parapharmacy: ointments and camphor bums (Balm of the Tiger), modified alcohol scented with camphor, essential oils of camphor.

The elixir affair [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

François Raspail, had published in 1845 his first Almanac: Health manual for popular circles, Where he gave the recipe for a dessert hygienic liquor, which would ensure a long life. Resumed in Saumur by the Combier family, “the elixir raspail” was improved in 1852 by adding orange zest. At first, Raspail, who received a sample, congratulates it. Then in the incitement of his family, he included a lawsuit. The liquor must change its name and becomes the Elixir Combier. He had a fortune assured [ 21 ] .

  • Élixir Combier.
  • Élixir Raspail.
  • Élixir Raspail devenu élixir Angelo.

    Elixir Raspail that has become elixir Angelo.

An Italian refugee, fleeing the Romagna occupied by Austrian troops, moved to Saumur in 1845. This Angelo Bolognesi was first coffee maker and then, in 1848, associated with Jean-Baptiste Combier. He participated in the development of the Raspail elixir [ 22 ] . Then Bolognesi left the Combier house on good terms. He then founded his own distillery in 1858 and made the same liqueur there, which he sold under the name of Elixir Angelo in 1863 [ 21 ] .

The case does not stop there. Trial won, Émile Raspail, who installed a drugstore factory at 55 avenue Laplace in Arcueil, decided to use, in 1870, the recipe for his father’s elixir. He transforms his factory into a distillery and the reputation of the raspail liquor that he develops is considerable. Émile Raspail becomes mayor of Arcueil and has a beautiful house established, registered in the inventory of historic monuments since 1993 [ 19 ] .

After his death, his sons continue production. Sold in 1950, the distillery was acquired by Bols establishments, manufacturers of liqueurs in Amsterdam. In 1963, she went to the Marseille Society Gras Frères, producers of Anisette “L’Anis Gras”, which stopped its activity in 1981. The locals were bought by the city of Arcueil which made it a cultural space and shows [ 23 ] .

Raspail, a free professor at the Faculty of Medicine, is among his students:

This composition alludes to the captivity of Raspail which underwent detention for political crime when Ms. Raspail died.
  1. Burial at the Père-Lachaise cemetery, anonymous author (around 1878)
  2. Burial of his wife, Henriette-Adélaide Raspail, née Trousseau (1799-1853) also in Père-Lachaise; we see M me Raspail, covered with her shroud, stretching her arm to say goodbye to her husband through the prison signs, black marble statue of Antoine Exx (1808-1888). She appears on the album cover Within the Realm of a Dying Sun , from the Dead can dance group (1987).
  3. In Paris, boulevard Raspail, connecting Boulevard Saint-Germain to Place Denfert-Rochereau by crossing the 7 It is , 6 It is And 14 It is districts, was baptized in his name in 1887.
  4. In 1889, a bronze statue representing François-Vincent Raspail was inaugurated in Paris [ 24 ] . She is sculpted by Léopold Morice [ 24 ] . In 1893, she was moved to square Jacques-Antoine [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . In 1942, the statue was melted under the Vichy regime, as part of the mobilization of non -ferrous metals [ 24 ] .
  5. In Toulouse, a street in 1877 and a place in 1926.
  6. In Pointe-à-Pitre, a street in the district of Carénage.
  7. In Carpentras, the François-Raspail college and rue Raspail.
  8. In Lyon, a Raspail place in the 7 It is arrondissement.
  9. In Paris, at 5, rue de Sévigné, a large plaque mentioning that Raspail exercised there free of charge from 1840 to 1848.

Raspail counts in his clientele the sister of Alfred de Musset, the Fitz-James family, George Sand and Gustave Flaubert. The latter mentions Raspail in Bouvard and Pécuchet , as well as in Madame Bovary.

Still life with drawing board , January 1889.

According to P. Albou, he would have inspired Jules Romains for his character from D r Knock, in particular free consultations (in commercial hanging) and for her word “I no longer want to money from the moment that I make a lot” ( Knock , act II, scene 6) [ 16 ] .

Vincent Van Gogh was a follower of the Raspail method. In a letter to his brother Théo (January 9, 1889), he writes that he permeates camphor his mattress and pillow to fight insomnia [ 26 ] . The same year (preceding that of his death), he paints a still life representing a plate of onions, a candlestick and a copy of Health manual de Raspail, where the name of Raspail is completely readable (table known as Still life with drawing board , January 1889).

The Raspail statue before it was melted in 1942.

“(…) Since the restoration, we have given it to so many bureaucrats or traitors, who have done everything against our freedoms, that by accepting it I would seem to insult the situation of my July comrades [ 27 ] ».

However, at the end of the same mail, he asked in place “the special decoration of the three days of July”:

“She was not withered by any buttonhole, but very late that she is, she will come out virgin, I hope, from the hands of the national awards committee [ 27 ] ».

  • Trials of the twenty-seven, or the society of human rights and students of the École Polytechnique , 1834 [ read online ]
  • Argot/French vocabulary by François-Vincent Raspail, 1835.

This work, published in The reformer [ 28 ] , is a small Argot-Francais lexicon given by F.V. Raspail and Kersauzie, two “Republicans from the beginnings of the Republic” who have tasted a lot of prisons.

  • Of Poland on the banks of the Vistula and in emigration , Paris, 1839, available online .

The main archives of François-Vincent Raspail are kept in the Departmental Archives of Val-de-Marne (Créteil) under the coast 69j [ 29 ] . In addition, the national archives also retain a fund of the same origin under the 250AP coast: 250AP fund inventory . Another background is also kept at the Inguimbertine library in Carpentras since 1978 [ 30 ] , [ first ] .

  1. ↑ a et b Pierre Julien « The centenary of the death of Raspail celebrated in Carpentras », Pharmacy History Review , vol. 66, n O 239, , p. 241–244 (DOI  10.3406/pharm.1978.1940 , read online , consulted the ) .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h and 1 Critical dictionary of the Republic , under the supervision of Vincent Duclert and Christophe Partme, article “François-Vincent Raspail” written by Isabelle Backouche, Flammarion editions, 2002
  3. ↑ A B and C Ian Humphery-Smith, Seven centuries of parasitology in France , French parasitology society – Paris, , p. 63-65. .
  4. ↑ A “sale” was a cell of some conspirators.
  5. ↑ Armand Dary , Revolutionary days, 1830-1848, according to paintings, sculptures, drawings, lithographs, medals, autographs, objects … , Paris, Ernest Flammarion, ( read online ) , p. 68 .
  6. ↑ Jean-Charlez Cozic and Daniel Garnier, The press in Nantes from 1757 to the present day , t. I. Mangin years (1757-1876), Nantes, Atalante, , 350 p. (ISBN  978-2-84172-395-9 ) , p. 185-186 .
  7. ↑ a et b Jacques Poirier ( you. ) and Claude Langlois ( you. ), Raspail and medical popularization , Vrin, , 250 p. (ISBN  978-2-7116-9445-7-7 , read online ) , p. 68, 100 .
  8. ↑ From purity to air quality: the example of F.-V. Raspail at XIX It is century And Raspail biography by André Arru’s friends .
  9. ↑ Scientific and industrial review , volume 25, pages 359 to 381 .
  10. ↑ Karl Marx story and analysis, in Class struggles in France : “On February 25 (1848), around noon, the Republic was not yet proclaimed, but, on the other hand, all the ministries were already divided between the bourgeois elements of the provisional government and between the generals, bankers and lawyers of the National . But, this time, the workers were resolved to no longer tolerate a retractor similar to that of July 1830. They were ready to engage the fight again and impose the Republic by the force of arms. It was with this mission that Raspail went to the town hall. On behalf of the Paris proletariat, he ordered the provisional government to proclaim the Republic, declaring that if this order of the people was not executed within two hours, it would return to the head of 200,000 men. The corpses of the fighters … Barely cooled, the barricades were not removed, the workers were not disarmed and the only force that could be opposed was the National Guard (weak and unsafe). In these circumstances, political considerations and legal scruples of the provisional government suddenly vanished. The two -hour delay had not yet been sold on all the walls of Paris spread out in gigantic characters:
    French Republic ! Freedom, equality, fraternity! ».

  11. ↑ https://www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=758 .
  12. ↑ a et b Pierre Bezbakh, ‘ François-Vincent Raspail, doctor of the poor » , on lemonde.fr , (consulted the ) .
  13. ↑ Life 2014, p. 869-903.
  14. ↑ A B C D and E Life, When the Republic was revolutionary , 2014, p. 345.
  15. ↑ Q. Guiral, Raspail François Vincent , vol. 5, Encyclopaedia universal Monde, (ISBN  978-2-35856-025-2 ) , p.621 .
  16. ↑ A B C and D P. Albou, «  Raspail, propagandist of himself », History of medical sciences , vol. 49, n O 2, , p.157-166 ( read online ) .
  17. ↑ Our great Republicans of XIX It is century , Paris, Gedalge, 1909.
  18. ↑ François Duheresneau ( trad. Italian), The normal and pathological structure of the living , Paris, Seuil, , 422 p. (ISBN  2-02-022141-1 ) , p. 30.

    In History of medical thought in the West, vol. 3, From romanticism to modern science, Mirko D. Grmek (dir.).

  19. ↑ A B and C J.F Hutin, ” Raspail, Don Quixote du Campehre », History of medical sciences , vol. 49, n O 2, , p.167-187 ( read online ) .
  20. ↑ Georges Androutsos, «  François Raspail (1794-1878), a great popularizer of medicine and his original urological points of view * », History of medical sciences , vol. 40, n O 2, , p. 171-176. ( read online )
  21. ↑ a et b Elixir Combier .
  22. ↑ Jérôme Hervé, From the passage of the Romagnols refugees to the birth of a small community: the Italians in Saumur from 1845 to 1900 , Archives d’Anjou, n° 6, 2002, pp. 156-171.
  23. ↑ ‘ The place | Fat anise » , on www.lelieudelautre.com (consulted the ) .
  24. ↑ A B C and D Cecile Raynal « Fifteenth pharmaceutical brand: the opportunity to evoke the Parisian statue of Raspail [R 248 pharmaceutical brands] », Pharmacy History Review , vol. 100, n O 377, , p. 120–123 ( read online , consulted the )
  25. ↑ ‘ Monument to Raspail – Paris (75014) » , on e-monumen.net (consulted the )
  26. ↑ ‘ 735 (738, 570): To Theo van Gogh. Arles, Wednesday, 9 January 1889. – Vincent van Gogh Letters » , on www.vangogletters.org (consulted the ) .
  27. ↑ a et b ‘ Cote LH/2268/58 » , Base Léonore, French Ministry of Culture .
  28. ↑ The reformer, daily newspaper of material and moral, industrial, political, literary and scientific interests, published by MM. Raspail and Kersausia , 1835. Nos 306, 308, 326, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 341, 346, 353, 356 between August 11 and Sep 31. 1835. The n O 346 contains, after the letter on the front page, a long argot/French vocabulary, which holds half of the newspaper. Reference cited by Yves-Plessis, in Penitentiary reform. Letters on the prisons of Paris (by F. V. Raspail) .
  29. ↑ ‘ Raspail family. -Val-de-Marne Departmental Archives » , on Archives.valdemarne.fr (consulted the ) .
  30. ↑ ‘ Raspail » , on inguimbertine.carpentras.fr (consulted the ) .

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Yves Plessis, Reasoned bibliography of slang and green language , under number 130, 1901. ( Read online )
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  • Suzanne Aquarius « The Raspail club in 1848 (continued) », The Revolution of 1848. Bulletin of the Society of History of the Revolution of 1848 , t. 5, n O 28, , p. 655-674 ( read online ) .
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  • Daniel called, François-Vincent Raspail, or the proper use of the prison , Paris, J. Martineau, 1968.
  • (in) Dora Bierer Weiner , Raspail, Scientist and Reformer , New York / Londres, Columbia University Press, , XVI -336 p. ( Online presentation ) .
  • Simone Raspail, Lise Dubief and Marianne Carbonnier ( pref. Georges Le Rider), François-Vincent Raspail, 1794-1878 , Paris, National Library, , 78 p. ( read online ) .
  • Jean Claude Caron « The Society of Friends of the People », Romanticism. Review of XIX It is century , Headquarters, n you 28-29 “thousand eight hundred and thirty”, , p. 169-179 ( read online ) .
  • Mona Ozouf, “Le Pantheon” in Pierre Nora, Memorial place , t. first The Republic , Paris, Gallimard, 1984.
  • Yves Lemoine and Pierre Lenoël, Avenues de la République – Memories of F.-V. Raspail on his life and his century, 1794 – 1878 , Hachette, 1984, 384  p. , Online presentation , (apocryphal autobiography).
  • Daniel Teysseire ( you. ) (with the collaboration of Claire Berche and Alain Nafilyan), The medicine of the people from Tissot to Raspail: 1750-1850 , Créteil, General Council of Val-de-Marne, Departmental Archives, , 137 p. (ISBN  2-86094-018-9 , Online presentation ) , [ Online presentation ] .
  • (it) Laura Toti Rigatelli , Raspail: a life for medicine and revolution , This isonomy, coll. “Combat breasts”, , 159 p. (ISBN  978-88-85944-18-3 ) .
  • LOUIS Frobert « Cellular theory, Economic Science and Republic in the work of François-Vincent Raspail around 1830 », Science History Review , Paris, Armand Colin, t. 64-1, , p. 27-58 ( read online ) .
  • Samuel Life « Introduce yourself to protest: the impossible candidacy of François-Vincent Raspail in December 1848 », French Review of Political Science , Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, vol. sixty four, n O 5, , p. 869-903 ( read online ) .
  • Samuel Life , When the Republic was revolutionary: citizenship and representation in 1848 , Paris, Éditions du Seuil, , 404 p. (ISBN  978-2-02-113639-5 , Online presentation ) , [ read online ] , [ on cairn.info ] .

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