Getting CEM — Wikipedia

The Directive CEM 2014/30/EU from the European Parliament and the Council ^{[ first ]} contributes to CE marking with regard to electromagnetic compatibility (CEM). This has entered into force in April 2014 and repealed the 2004/108/EC European directive ^{[ 2 ]} (which had previously repealed Directive 89/336/EEC in 2007), the April 20, 2016 . All the electrical or electronic products entering the field of application of the directive and available on the European market must comply with this new directive.

An application guide ^{[ 3 ]} The directive is published by the European Commission for its good application.

The CEM directive applies to any electrical or electronic equipment (device or fixed installation) capable of being able to disturb the electromagnetic environment, or to be disturbed by it.

The following equipment is excluded from the scope of the directive:

• Radio amateur equipment that is not made available on the market;
• Radiocommunication or radio-determination equipment. They are subject to Directive 2014/53/EU (RED) which incorporates the requirements in terms of electromagnetic compatibility;
• Electroded equipment. They are subject to their specific regulation which incorporates the requirements in terms of electromagnetic compatibility;
• Aeronautical and automotive equipment insofar as they meet specific regulations. Note: the equipment falling within the scope of application of article 3.2.9 of the Setting 10 of one ECE having not been approved are considered in the scope of the CEM directive ^{[ 6 ]} ;
• Tailor -made evaluation kits in professional research and development facilities;
• Other equipment covered by other specific legislative acts of the European Union.

The new directive now requires obligations to manufacturers (which can be represented in the European Union by an agent), importers and distributors. Responsibility is therefore now shared between all the actors. In particular, they must notify the market supervisory authorities in the event of a proven doubt of the compliance of the product. The authorities can also request all the necessary evidence demonstrating the compliance of the aircraft from each of the actors. Storage and transport conditions must not question the compliance of the product. The instructions for use must be in the language of the recipient state. Manufacturers and importers must include their contact details on the product, or in the event of impossibility of its box or documentation.

The essential requirements of a directive associated with CE marking constitute the main legal obligation. This is, for the most part, a definition of the expression “electromagnetic compatibility”

• It’s about a results requirement , the rest of the process aimed at documenting the measures taken to ensure compliance.
• The only other legal obligation relates to compliance with formal requirements (“CE” logo, declaration of conformity including legal notices, technical file, product traceability information, support documentation). The directive requires member states to apply a judicial sanction in the event of non-compliance.
• Respect for essential and formal requirements prohibits member states from opposing (for example, by “national” requirements) to the free movement of marked products.
• On the other hand, proof of respect for standard (s), harmonized or not, is one element among others within the technical file.

Protection requirements [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• The devices should not overly disturb their electromagnetic environment.
• The devices should not be disturbed beyond measure by the electromagnetic environment in which they are located.

Specific requirements for installations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• A mobile installation is assimilated to a device.
• Fixed installations must be carried out in the rules of the art in terms of CEM in order to comply with protection requirements.
• The installer must comply with the provided for CEMs by the manufacturer of the installed component.

Noticed [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Well in the spirit of CE marking, the essential requirements of the CEM directive make no reference to security.

On the other hand, other guidelines, such as “low voltage” directives (2014/35/EU), “pressure”, “explosive atmosphere”, “toys” and others incorporate the concepts of safety for their field of Application, including the impact of electromagnetic phenomena on the safety of these product categories.

It should be noted that the European standardization associated with CEM comes mainly from 2 sources:

• From the International Electrotechnical Committee (CEI), which publishes the CEI 61000-X-X ​​standards. They are generally published the following year in European standard by CENELEC in EI EC 61000-X-X.
• of the International Committee Special Radioelectric Disturbances (CISPR), which publishes CISPRXX-X standards. They are generally published the following year in European standard by CENELEC in IEC 550XX-X.

Also, ETSI publishes European standards of CEM for certain telecommunications equipment.

Often 2 or 4 standards apply to a product:

• A standard related standard of equipment (for example in 55014-1, in 55032 …)
• A standard relating to the immunity of equipment (for example in 55014-2, in 55035 …)
• For equipment supplied alternating on the public distribution network, low frequency emissions by harmonic current and fluctuations of voltages (for example in 61000-3-2 and 61000-3-3).

Harmonized standard ^{[ 7 ]} [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Harmonized standards are the standards carried out within the framework of a mandate issued by the European Commission to Cenelec and ETSI. Harmonized standards are intended to be referenced to Official Journal of the European Union . These are Product standards or some Generic standards . Respect for a harmonized standard published in Official Journal of the European Union ensures a presumption of compliance with the CEM directive.

Note: Since 2016, the references of standards published by Cenelec and ETSI are no longer systematically referenced in the Official Journal of the European Union. This situation is the consequence of the conclusions of the “James Eliott” trial having changed the legal role of harmonized standards ^{[ 8 ]} . It is notable that many updates of standards published since by Cenelec and ETSI have not been taken up in the Official Journal of the European Union, in fact affecting the “new approach” principle ^{[ 9 ]} . On August 30, 2020, the German Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy published a legal notice ^{[ ten ]} opposing the interpretations of the European Commission on the conclusions of the “James Eliott” trial.

Product standard ^{[ 11 ]} [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The product standard is a standard, harmonized or not, which will apply to a range of specific product, in a specific environment.

This product standard will define for a type of equipment, placed in a standard environment:

• the particular operating modes in which the equipment will have to operate during the tests,
• For immunity tests, the criteria of product skills according to the type of test,
• The list of tests that the equipment will have to undergo, by applying in most cases a fundamental norm,
• The limit levels to which the equipment must be in accordance with.

THE Product standards The most common are:

• For multimedia devices: in 55032, in 55035
• For electro-domestic devices: in 55014-1, in 55014-2
• For lighting devices (residential environment): in 55015, in 61547
• For equipment supplied alternating on the public distribution network: in 61000-3-2, in 61000-3-3
• …

Generic standard ^{[ 11 ]} [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

When none product standard does not exist for a range of equipment, we can apply Generic standards .

The generic standard will define for a typical environment:

• the generic operating modes in which equipment will have to operate during the tests,
• For immunity tests, the criteria of product skills according to the type of test,
• the list of tests that the equipment will have to undergo, by applying a fundamental standard,
• The limit levels to which the equipment should be in accordance.

THE Generic standards are :

• In 61000-6-1: generic immunity standard for the residential environment
• In 61000-6-2: generic immunity standard for the industrial environment
• In 61000-6-3: generic standard of emission for the residential environment
• In 61000-6-4: generic standard of emission for the industrial environment

Fundamental rules ^{[ 11 ]} [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The fundamental rules defines the entire test method.

A fundamental rules will describe:

• The essential characteristics of the measurement system (waveform, voltage range, frequency range, measurement time, detection method, etc.)
• Often, typical test levels, but it does not define the level to apply to a product
• The test assembly (how the product should be arranged during the test, what type of testing equipment to be used according to the characteristics of the product …)
• The test procedure (what are the steps to be respected to carry out the test …)
• The evaluation of test results (how to analyze the observed phenomena …)
• Data to write in the test report

Documentation technique [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The directive requires, whatever the applied evaluation procedure, the drafting of technical documentation relating to CEM. The technical documentation must be kept by the manufacturer 10 years after the last placing on the market of the equipment model. This technical documentation is not intended to be provided to the user, but must be available to the authorities in the event of a request for these.

For good management of CEM, several stages are to be considered when creating the new equipment. The technical documentation (or the technical construction file) must reflect the evaluation of the CEM risk such as the reflections which were made during the design of the CEM point of view. It is therefore useful that technical documentation is written throughout the product design.

A product having undergone a modification compared to a first production must be easily identifiable and close to this technical documentation. The impact of the modification on electromagnetic compatibility and compliance with essential requirements must be evaluated and described in the documentation.

Device identification [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In general, this is the equipment model. This name or model number must be identical between technical documentation, the signage plate of the product, and the EU declaration of conformity.

General description of the device [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

A full description of the device should contain:

• Functions fulfilled by the device
• Tolerances for proper functioning of these functions
• All the patterns (routing, wiring, implementation of components …)
• The nomenclature of the components
• The materials used for shielding
• The frequencies of clocks and buses
• The list of equipment access (types, armored connectors, lengths)
• One or more photographs of the equipment as a whole and electronic cards
• The typical environment in which the device is intended (generally residential and/or industrial environment)
• The user instructions, containing the CEM provisions that the user must respect (for example: recommendation of a type of cords, precaution from electrostatic discharges on sensitive access, installation recommendations … ))

Of course, the content varies depending on the complexity of the device. The guide to applying the directive indicates that for simple equipment, a description line may be enough.

Compliance evidence [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• The evaluation of the RED risk must demonstrate that the technical standards and specifications applied to the equipment are enough to cover the essential requirements of the directive within the framework of the provided of the product of the product;
• If the equipment has been evaluated in accordance with one (or more) harmonized standard (s), the references dated from that (s) -CI must appear in the technical file. The results obtained following the evaluation in accordance with this standard (s) must be integrated into the technical file (test report for example)
• If the equipment has not been evaluated (or partially) in accordance with a harmonized standard, a full description of the applied process to assess compliance with the essential requirements of the directive must be described in the technical file. All documents used for this assessment (expert report, design calculations, test reports …) must be integrated into technical documentation
• If a notified body has been consulted, the notice of the notified organization must be integrated into the technical file

Compliance assessment process by internal manufacturing control (appendix II) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The manufacturer must assess the electromagnetic compatibility of its device in all relevant operating modes, for the electromagnetic environment in which the device will be intended to be placed.

For this, the manufacturer must constitute technical documentation.

An EU conformity declaration must also be written by the manufacturer (or its agent).

Technical documentation and the EU conformity declaration must remain available to the authorities 10 years after the last production of its product by the manufacturer, its representative (agent) in the European Community, or failing that, the importer.

The manufacturer must also ensure that the products manufactured correspond to the technical documentation written.

Compliance assessment process by type EU exam by a notified body (Annex III) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The manufacturer may choose whether or not to apply Annex III to a part or all the essential requirements of the directive. This is not evaluated in accordance with Annex III must be assessed in accordance with Annex II.

Module B: Exam UE De Type [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In addition to the obligations of Annex II, the manufacturer (or its agent) requests an EU type examination to a single body notified of its choice, on all or part of the essential requirements of the directive. To obtain this opinion, the manufacturer (or its agent) presents certain elements including technical documentation to the notified organization.

The notified organization examines this technical documentation and establishes an evaluation report, and if the file demonstrates compliance with the requirements of the directive, an EU type EU examination certificate. The notified body also has an obligation to prevent the manufacturer (or its agent) if at the time of the exam, it is established that the product may no longer comply with future requirements.

The manufacturer or its agent must inform the notified body of any modification made that may call into question the compliance of its product.

The notified organization has obligation to transmit the list of certificates to its notifying authority. This can obtain a copy of each certificate on request.

The manufacturer or its agent must make a copy of the certificate and all the linked documentation available to national authorities.

Module C: compliance with the type on the basis of internal manufacturing control [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The manufacturer must ensure and declare that the production of its product standard complies with the type apparatus that has been examined.

The manufacturer or its agent affixes CE marking on the product and establishes in writing an EU conformity declaration which must be kept for 10 years.

EU conformity declaration (Annex IV) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The EU conformity declaration is written by the manufacturer (or its agent in the European Union). It involves :

• complete product identification (model, series …);
• the contact details of the manufacturer or its agent;
• a mention of the directive;
• Object of the declaration (for example color photography);
• The declaration that the equipment mentioned is in accordance with the applicable directives. Note: when several acts apply to the product (for example the CEM directive, the BT directive, the ROHS directive), a single declaration must be written ^{[ 13 ]} .
• the list of harmonized and dated standards applied, or failing that a reference to the applied evaluation program;
• If necessary, the reference of the EU notified organism examination certificate;
• additional information (for example “class A device”);
• The name, date and signature of the representative in the European Union.

The CEM directive does not require the issuance of the declaration of compliance with the product, but the manufacturer (or its agent) must make it available to the authorities.

The CE marking” , must appear on the product. The CE logo indicates that the device complies with the requirements of all the directives applicable to this product.

A type, lot or series number, or any other identification item must appear on the product.

The manufacturer’s name and address (or its agent in the European Union) as well as the name and address and importer (if different) must appear on the product.

Other markings must also be present on the product or documentation if they are imposed by the standard applied for example the “ESD” warning logo Close to sensitive access to electrostatic discharges, as recommended by the standard EN 61326.

In the event that these markings are not possible on the product for technical reasons (for example product too small), these markings must appear in the accompanying document or the packaging of the product.

The equipment must be accompanied by documentation for the end user of the equipment using the following information, in the language of the State to which the equipment is sent:

• Any specific precaution to be taken during assembly, installation, maintenance or use of the device in terms of CEM;
• any necessary information allowing the use of the device that is in accordance with the provided of it;
• When compliance is not guaranteed in residential areas, either:
  • “This product should not be used in residential areas”; Or
  • “This product can cause interference if used in residential areas. Avoid using it in such conditions, unless the user takes special measures to reduce electromagnetic emissions and prevent Interference at the reception of radio or television programs. “; Or
  • All other sufficiently explicit and intelligible instructions for the end user of the equipment. The mentions such as “this is class A equipment” must be avoided.

Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

External links, official texts [ modifier | Modifier and code ]