Ghata – Wikipéyia

THE Tied (Variants: Gheata , Rhives or Rhyata ; In Tamazight ⵖⵉⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ, in Arabic: Ghostly ) are a tribe of Zente Berber origin in the northeast of Morocco, occupying a territory surrounding the city of Taza.

Origin of the tribe [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

When he reached the Maghreb al-Aqsa in the year 788 , Idris I ^is is greeted by the Awerba in Volubilis, who designate him Imam in 789 ^{[ first ]} . Several other important tribes follow their steps like the Ghomaras, the Tsoul, the Meknassas, who reign supreme in the Taza Trouée region, the Zouagha and many others ^{[ 2 ]} .

The Kitāb al-istibṣār of the Almohade era is the first document to mention namely the tribe of the Ghiata, which seem to have detached itself from the group of Zente Matghara and perhaps Miknassa. Ibn Khaldoun indicates that the Ghiata was of Jewish confession before their conversion to Islam ^{[ 3 ]} , Jewish population that we find well represented in colonial period statistics ^{[ 4 ]} . Ibn Khaldoun reports: “Part of the Berbers professed Judaism, a religion they had received from their powerful neighbors, the Israelites of Syria. Among the Jewish Berbers, we distinguished the Djeraoua, a tribe who lived in the Aures and to which the Kahena belonged, a woman who was killed by the Arabs at the time of the first invasions. The other Jewish tribes were the naves, Berbers of Ifrikïa, the Fendelaoua, the Medîouna, the Behloula, the Tied and the fazaz, Berbers of the Maghreb-el-Acsa ^{[ 5 ]} » .

XIX ^{It is} And XX ^{It is} centuries [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Le Sultan Hassan I ^is , on the occasion of a punitive expedition to the Oujda region, claimed Ghiata that they supply the Sultan’s rest. Refusing to have claimed food, Hassan I ^is decided to chastise the Ghiata. THE July 20, 1876 , he launched his troops against the Ghiata fraction of the Ahel Chekka but underwent a serious failure. His troops were ambushed in difficult terrain, the sultan almost lost his wives there, he lost his luggage there and most of his equipment ^{[ 6 ]} . This event is mentioned by the French explorer Charles de Foucauld, who stayed in Taza in 1883.

“About seven years ago, Moulei El Hassan wanted to submit it; he walked against her at the head of an army: his troops were confused; he himself had his horse killed in the fray; he fled to foot and not easily in the battlefield. ”

He notably recounts the occupation of the city by the Ghiata which make the “terror” reign over the population ^{[ 7 ]} . He evokes their fierce independence which according to him has become proverbial “they have neither God nor Sultan; they know only the powder”. At the end of XIX ^{It is} century The most influential man in the tribe is beautiful Khadîr, who lives in the village of Neguert according to Foucauld.

At the end of XIX ^{It is} A century, the Ghiata were divided into two groups, one kept the old name of Matghara and had five fractions, the second, that of the Ahel Tahar or Ghiata de l’Est, consisted of seven fractions. The Ghiata had always considered Taza as belonging to them; Eastern fractions even had the habit of gathering their council in the city ^{[ 4 ]} .

In 1902 , the Ghiata supported Jilali Ben Driss Al Yousfi Az-Zerhouni, better known as Rogui Bou Hamara or Bouhmara (The Man with Donkey) proclaimed Sultan to Taza, bringing him to a great victory on the ‘Sultan’s expedition formed by 15,000 men per December 22, 1908 ^{[ 8 ]} .

The territory of the Ghiata was gradually occupied by the French army. Of the 1914 , the Touaher pass was taken and then abandoned before being occupied again in 1916 . Colonel Aubert (which then became general) leads a companion against the September Ghiata to November 1917 which ends with the submission of several Ghiata fraction and the control of the Taza corridor by the French ^{[ 9 ]} . The Ghiata were entirely subject to 1925 As part of a campaign aimed at controlling what the colonial army called the “Taza Task” ^{[ ten ]} .

The territory of the Ghiata extends south of the road N 6 connecting Fez and Oujda. Its limits is the municipality of Bouhlou to the west and that of Msoun to the east, via Taza. The Ghiata country thus controls the Valley of Oued Inaouen, or what the geographers call the Taza gap. To the north, their territory hardly moves away beyond 2 to 10 km of the inaouen wadi. South of the valley, the Ghiata occupy the Tazekka massif. Their territory is surrounded in the west, in the south and east by that of their powerful neighbors, the Aït Ouaraïn.

From a geographical point of view, the Ghiata country is very diverse. There are the green valleys of the Inaouen wadi, the Dfali wadi, the El Haddar wadi. At the same time, we meet naked landscapes at the level of the Fahama plain (east of the city of Taza). It extends its ramifications to the prerifain country and occupies most of the Tazekka massif.

Currently, the tribe is made up of the following fractions:

Matghara group (5 fractions):

• Les ahl Boudriss ^{[ 11 ]} .
• The Beni Bouyahmed ^{[ 11 ]} .
• Les Beni Msir, ou Beni Mtir ^{[ 11 ]} , around the town of the same name.
• Les Ould Hajjaj ^{[ 11 ]} .
• Les oulad ayach ^{[ 11 ]} .

Group of Ahel Tahar (7 fractions):

• AHEL DOULA ^{[ 11 ]} , occupying the mountains of Tazekka around the villages of Bab Boudir and Ras El Ma, south of the city of Taza.
• AHEL OUED ^{[ 11 ]} , occupying the Valley of the Inaouen wadi over fifteen kilometers from the western exit of Taza even beyond the Touaher pass.
• Les Ahel Tahar ^{[ 11 ]} , concentrated around the city of Oued Amlil.
• Bechchiyyin, au southeast De Taza, Aututrehefois Appelés Guendamane ^{[ 11 ]} .
• Beni Bouquitoun ^{[ 11 ]} , occupying the territory around the city of Taza, in the vicinity of the villages of Sidi Hamou Mftah, Choqqa, Jaâouna, Kardoussa and Asdor.
• The Beni Oujjan ^{[ 11 ]} , occupying the southern hinterland of Bab Marzouka, forming a separate group, important digitally.
• Les Mterkat ^{[ 11 ]} , occupying the east of the city of Taza, sometimes attached to the Beni Oujjan.

Customs [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

According to the description of the explorer Charles de Foucauld in 1883, the Ghiata had the use of smoking the kif, that is to say the hashich, but above all of the tobacco, which is very rare in Morocco according to him: “I only saw it to the countryside only among the Ghiata, among the Oulad El Hadj and in Missour.”

He also describes their way of dressing and styling: “All have their head bare, with a thin cord of camel or white cotton bound around. They never work, and have a saber and a rifle . […] Women do not veil themselves. […] of high size, carrying their skirt rolled up above the knee. ” ^{[ twelfth ]}

From the story of Foucauld in Recognition in Morocco , it seems the Ghiata has a very light religious practice at the end of XIX ^{It is} century: “The Ghiata are very little devout:” They have neither God nor Sultan […] ”

Language [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Occupating a territory dominating the Taza Trouée, an essential communication route between the Maghreb al-Aqsa, that is to say Morocco, and the Maghreb al-Awsat, Algeria, the Ghiata have long adopted the use of the Arabic language. Only the fraction of the Bechchiyyin, also called bichiouine, isolated in the Middle Atlas Oriental, is still Berberophone ^{[ 4 ]} .

Notes and references [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• C. You will «Ghata” , In Berber encyclopedia , vol. 20, Edisud, 1998 ( read online ) , p. 3107-3109

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