Gontrane Boson — Wikipedia

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Gontran Boson or Gontran the cunning , born around 545 and died in 587, is a Duke Franc in the service of the Merovingian kings Sigebert I and Childebert II.

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Close to the royal power, Gontran Boson is closely mixed with the civil war (568-613) which opposes the three parts of the kingdom of the Franks: the eastern part led by Sigebert then his son Childebert, the western part led by Chilpéric and the Ancient Kingdom of Burgundians led by King Gontran. He initially fights Thibert, Chilpéric’s first son, then became the companion of the adventures of Merovée, the second son of this king. He then introduced Gondovald territory, a pretender in the kingdom of the Franks. Hated for this by King Gontran, he ended up being delivered to the latter when this king is brought together with his nephew Childebert. He was then stripped of his property and put to death.

Historians are particularly retaining from him his military capacities and his superstitious side. They present it as an intriguing versatile particularly hated by the main source of its history, Bishop Grégoire de Tours.

The sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Gontran Boson (in Latin Gunthchraman boso and in Germanic Gounth’khramn Bosso [ first ] ) or Gontran the cunning [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ Note 1 ] is mainly known thanks to the History of the Franks Bishop Grégoire de Tours (538/539-594) finalized in the summer 591 [ 4 ] . The bishop also mentions it in another of his works, The Book of Miracles of Saint Martin [ 5 ] . Gontran appears more marginally in another source: the second part of the Burgundy chronicle called “de Frédégaire” (around 643) [ 6 ] , [ Note 2 ] .

The kingdom of the Franks at WE It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Carte de Gaule de 561.

Gaul in 561, after the sharing of the kingdom of the Franks between the sons of Clotaire.

Undisputed masters of Gaul since the end of IN It is century, the Franks were governed by the Merovingian dynasty. In 511, on the death of King Clovis, his four surviving sons, Thierry (or Théodoric), Clodomir, Childebert and Clotaire (or Chlothaire) shared his kingdom [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . In 558, after the death of his brothers and their male descendants, Clotaire managed to reunify the kingdom [ ten ] . However, the king died a few years later in 561 and the kingdom was shared by four of his sons: Caribert (or Charibert), Gontran, Sigebert (or Sighebert) and Chilpéric (or Chilpérich) [ 11 ] . West east for the first, the south-east for the second, the northeast for the third and the north for the last [ 11 ] . At the end of 567, Caribert, the eldest of the sons of Clotaire, died without inheriting male. His brothers then share his domain [ twelfth ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] .

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Chilpéric takes the first queen the Frankish Audovère of which he had three boys, Thibert (or Théodebert), Merovée (or Mérowig), Clovis and a basin girl [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . In spring 566, his brother Sigebert made a more prestigious marriage by obtaining the hand of Brunehilde (or Brunehaut), the daughter of the king of the Wisigoths of Spain [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . After having abandoned Audovère for a servant named Frédégonde, Chilpéric requests in marriage in the summer 568, Brunehilde’s sister, Galswinthe [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] . This marriage is not happy and Chilpéric makes Galswinthe slaughter by a slave a few months later. He married shortly after his mistress, Frédégonde [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . Brunehilde then demands revenge, which causes a civil war between the kingdoms of Chilpéric and Sigebert [ 21 ] , [ 23 ] .

The princes Thibert and Merovée [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In spring 575, Chilpéric I is decides to attack the kingdom of his brother Sigebert for the second time. At the head of an army, he seizes Soissons and Reims. His eldest son Thibert, who commands a second force, appropriates Cahors and Limoges [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . While Sigebert launched against his brother, he chose among his staff two military dukes to oppose the prince: Godegisel and Gontran Boson [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . The dukes bring together an army and walk against the prince. Near Angoulême, the two armies meet, but Thibert’s troop is decomposed very quickly. Thibert even loses his life in battle [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . Once the battle is over, the two dukes return to Tours, the main city under domination of Sigebert in the region [ 29 ] .

Shortly after, in the fall 575, King Sigebert was murdered while he besiege Chilpéric in the city of Tournai [ 30 ] , [ 27 ] , [ thirty first ] , [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . Queen Brunehilde (or Brunehaut) is captured in Paris and then exiled in Rouen. Chilpéric, however, managed to get his hands on his nephew Childebert, five and a half years old. He was then proclaimed king by great kingdoms in Metz for Christmas 575 [ 34 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . One of the faithful of Sigebert, Gogon (or Gogo) governs the country for the child with the title of “nourished the king” [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 36 ] .

In spring 576, Chilpéric sent Count Roccolène du Mans to seize the surrounding strong places including the city of Tours. The Duke Godegisel manages to run away before the arrival of the Manceaux but Gontran Boson, who had brought his family to town, could not do so. He is forced to take refuge in the city’s basilica under the protection of Bishop Grégoire de Tours. Roccolène wants to bring him out so that he is tried for the death of Thibert but Grégoire refuses under the right of asylum of the church of the church [ 29 ] , [ 39 ] . Roccolène then left the city to continue its conquest. He then goes to Poitiers but died there a few days later [ 29 ] , [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] .

Une grande église.

Chilpéric sends his Mérovée son (or Merowig) to continue the Roccolène campaign. Arrived in Tours at Easter 576, Mérovée leaves his army to go to Rouen. Fallen in love with Queen Brunehilde, he goes to her and asked his godfather the bishop pretended to marry them. King Chilpéric was quickly informed and arrived in Rouen to separate the two lovers [ 42 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] . He then strips his son with his weapons [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] then the fact of the tonsure and order priest in the summer or in the fall 576 [ forty six ] , [ 43 ] , [ 47 ] , [ 48 ] . The Queen is sent back to her son in Metz [ 49 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 50 ] . Learning the misadventures of the prince, Gontran Boson sends him the Sub-Diacer Ricou to tell him to come and take refuge in the Saint-Martin de Tours basilica [ forty six ] , [ 3 ] . Mérovée, finding the idea interesting, joined Tours and the protection of Bishop Grégoire [ 51 ] . Chilpéric then mobilizes an army and walks towards Tours. Meanwhile, Gontran Boson consults a clairvoyant who predicts him for the year the death of Chilpéric, the accession to the throne of Merovée and for himself a Duchy then a bishopric. Grégoire laughs at his belief in divination and advises him rather to direct his attentions to God [ forty six ] .

At the beginning of the year 577, aware that his future in Touraine is limited, Mérovée decided to join his wife in Metz with Gontran Boson and their respective men. And, to avoid the paternal army, Mérovée goes through the kingdom of his uncle Gontran [ forty six ] , [ 47 ] , [ 52 ] , [ 51 ] . In Auxerre, a duke of the latter captures the prince but, he manages to escape and finally joins Gontran Boson in Metz [ forty six ] , [ 3 ] , [ 47 ] . The other greats of the kingdom, fearing an open war with Chilpéric, refuse to protect it. Brunehilde, however, helps him find refuge in a villa in Champagne [ forty six ] , [ 47 ] , [ 51 ] . Later in the year, Mérovée is attracted to a trap by Queen Frédégonde. Rather than being captured, he prefers to ask one of his companions to end his life [ 53 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 54 ] , [ 55 ] . Gontran Boson and Bishop Gilles de Reims are accused by some people of having participated in this plot with Frédégonde [ 53 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 56 ] .

At the end of the year 577, Gontran Boson, accompanied by a few men, returned to Tours to recover his daughters whom he had left in the Saint-Martin basilica. He sheltered them in Poitiers, a city belonging to Childebert. Unfortunately for him, a few days later, Chilpéric seizes the city. Gontran just has time to leave his daughters safe in the Saint-Hilaire Basilica before fleeing harsntly [ 57 ] , [ 58 ] . At the beginning of the following year, Gontran and his men returned to Poitiers to bring out the girls but were spotted by Duke Duccolène, the new governor of the city. Gontran Boson tries to negotiate without success. Dracolène then released his spear and his sword but misses his blow. Boson and his friends are immediately based on him and eliminated him. Gontran therefore resumes his daughters and leaves Poitou [ 59 ] , [ 58 ] .

The pretender Gondovald [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 581, Gogon (or Gogo), the nourished King Childebert, died. It is replaced by Wandelène (or Wandelin), a relative of Bishop Gilles de Reims [ 60 ] . It is the latter who now governs the kingdom of Metz in the shadows. Very close to King Chilpéric (or Chilpérich), Gilles concludes an alliance between their two kingdoms against that of Gontran [ sixty one ] , [ 62 ] . To consolidate his takeover of power, the bishop spares the greats of the kingdom. It thus offers high responsibilities to Gontran Boson [ 63 ] .

At the beginning of 582, Gontran Boson was sent by Gilles on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople on behalf of the Great of the Kingdom. He comes to seek in the capital of the Roman Empire of the Orient, Gondovald (or Gondowald), a bastard son of the Clotaire King (or Chlothaire). Emperor Tiberius and Childebert’s greats need a pretender to destabilize the territory of King Gontran. Gontran Boson and Gondovald land in Marseille in the summer of 582 with a rich treasure provided by the emperor [ sixty four ] , [ 65 ] , [ 66 ] , [ sixty seven ] , [ 68 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] , [ 71 ] . The rest of the plan is to put Gondovald under the protection of the former Patrice Mummol in Avignon. He must then raise a powerful army and conquer the Kingdom of Gontran in the name of the pretender. However, at the beginning of 583, the grown -ups concluded a pact with Chilpéric against Gontran and abandoned the Gondovald option. The pretender then retired to a Provencal island while Gontran Boson and the Duke Dina of Marseille share part of the imperial treasure. Boson then left Marseille to return home in Auvergne [ sixty four ] , [ sixty seven ] , [ 68 ] , [ 69 ] , [ Note 3 ] .

In spring 583, Gontran Boson went to Metz to report his embassy in Constantinople. Once this mission has been carried out, he returned to Auvergne with his family. As he crosses the Kingdom of Gontran, he was arrested and sent before the King to Chalon [ 72 ] . The king accuses him of having introduced Gondovald usurper in Gaul. To exonerate, Boson accuses Mummol of being solely responsible for this case. He even proposed to the king to bring the traitor before him. The king accepts the market but keeps one of the sons of the Boson hostage. Gontran Boson recruits a small troop of Auvergne and Vellaves and goes to Avignon by the road to Uzès [ 72 ] . Boson undertakes the seat. But when the case arrives at the ears of the Great of Metz, they immediately send the Duke Gondoulf to stop the blockade of one of their cities by one of their dukes. Gondoulf, however, forces Mummol to follow Gontran Boson before the King of Chalon. But, upon his arrival in Auvergne, the former Patrice returns to his home [ 72 ] , [ seventy three ] .

“You, Lord and King, you seats on a royal throne, no one dared to answer you when you talked. Now I declare that I am not responsible for this thing. If there is someone of a condition similar to mine who incorporates me from this crime, whom he comes now and speaks in broad daylight. So O very pious king, you will entrust the case to the judgment of God so that he decides when he see us fighting on the ground in a field. »»

– Gontran Boson to King Gontran

In September 584, King Chilpéric was murdered in Chelles [ 74 ] , [ sixty seven ] , [ 75 ] . It is to his fouring four-month-old son that his throne returns under the regency of his mother Frédégonde [ 76 ] , [ 77 ] . She had indeed eliminated Prince Clovis, last surviving son of the former Queen Audovère in 580 [ 78 ] . King Gontran then became the strong man of the Frankish kingdoms [ 79 ] , [ 80 ] . To counter this, Queen Brunehilde (or Brunehaut) and the greats of Metz get closer to the former Patrice Mummol so that he again recruits the pretender Gondovald. This one, with a small army, seizes several territories of Aquitaine [ 81 ] , [ sixty seven ] , [ 82 ] . In December 584, King Gontran organized a plaid in Paris to distribute with his nephew Childebert the lands that Chilpéric had illegally won over their two kingdoms. Childebert does not come in person. He sends several large ones including Bishop Gilles and Gontran Boson. Upon their arrival, King Gontran invective then his namesake that he accuses of having brought back from the East Gondovald to dethrone him. Gontran Boson declared himself before the Innocent Assembly and proposes to settle the question by a judicial duel. No one dares to question his word [ 83 ] , [ first ] , [ 69 ] , [ Note 4 ] .

Defection and killing [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In March 585, King Gontran launched an army against Gondovald (or Gondowald), which was eliminated after being besieged in the fort of Comminges [ 84 ] , [ 85 ] , [ eighty six ] , [ eighty seven ] . In the fall 585, Gontran Le Boson sent his servants to plunder the grave of a rich relative of his wife to recover the jewelry. Unfortunately, the servants are spotted by monks. They therefore decide to return the goods and denounce their sponsor. Gontran is then summoned to a plaid in Besslingen in the Ardennes. King Childebert is the sum of coming to explain himself. The Duke, aware that he risks his life, prefers to run away. The goods he has in Auvergne are seized by the Royal taxman [ 88 ] , [ 89 ] , [ 90 ] . At the end of 585, Wandelène (or Wandelin), the nourishing of Childebert, died. Queen Brunehilde (or Brunehaut) does not replace it and can therefore seize the reality of power [ 91 ] , [ 92 ] , [ 93 ] .

Gontran Boson, who had flocked the queen several times during the regency of Wandelène, finds himself in bad position [ ninety four ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] . He is now politically sacrificable and his arrest could be a sign of reconciliation to send to King Gontran [ 97 ] . At the beginning of 587, he tried to regain the grace of King Childebert through bishops, but does not succeed and the king ordered his death [ ninety four ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] . Gontran takes refuge in the church of Verdun and implores the aid of the bishop AGRIC (or Agherich), the king’s own godfather. He obtains from his godson that Gontran Boson comes to explain himself before him. The Duke bows down to the king’s feet and asks for leniency. Childebert agrees to lift the killing and authorizes Affairs to keep Boson with him until he is judged by King Gontran in person [ ninety four ] , [ 95 ] , [ 68 ] , [ 96 ] .

Carte de Gaule de 587.

In October 587, King Gontran’s envoys arrived at his nephew Childebert and asked him to meet her at the borders of the two kingdoms. The chosen place is Pont-de-Pierre, on the road which links Toul to Langres. In November 587, King Childebert came accompanied by his mother Brunehilde, his sister Clodoswinthe (or Clodosinde) and his wife Faïléouba (or Faileuba). He is also in the company of Magnetric, bishop of Trier, A terrick, bishop of Verdun, and Duke Gontran Boson [ 98 ] , [ 99 ] , [ 100 ] . The latter was then judged by the two kings without defender and sentenced to death. The learner, Gontran Boson takes refuge in the house where Magnetic is housed. King Gontran orders that we put fire to the house. Magnetric is exfiltrated by his clerics. Gontran Le Boson is forced to go out. Presentation, he is pierced by several spears and dies. His wife and sons are sent to exile and his property are confiscated [ 98 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 99 ] , [ 100 ] .

In 588, the bishop Ageric gathered his children in Verdun. Feeling guilty of having made orphans, he died of inanition some time later [ 102 ] , [ 68 ] .

Bishop Grégoire de Tours, who has known Gontran Boson for several months, delivers a judgment on his person in his History of the Franks . He accuses her of being “Light in his conduct, brought to greed, disproportionately eager for the goods of others, swearing his faith to everyone and holding his promises to anyone” [ 98 ] . After his death, the men of King Childebert in fact discover his treasures buried underground [ 98 ] . Historian Bruno Dumézil thinks that Grégoire “For Gontran Boson only an aesthetic fascination, that which can be experienced for the baroque figure of the pathological traitor” [ 103 ] . Grégoire admits that, although Gontran is a man of value, he is “Too accustomed to perjure and to any of his friends he did not take an oath that he did not immediately raped it” [ forty six ] . The historian Constantin Zuckerman also finds that the Duke “Was one of the characters most hated by Grégoire de Tours” [ 104 ] .

Modern historians, like Professor Pierre Riché, present him as an intriguing [ 68 ] . Riché does not doubt his friendship with the rebellious prince Merovée [ 68 ] . The biographer Georges Bordonove thinks on the contrary that Gontran Boson « s’aboucha » With Frédégonde and gives him Mérovée [ 3 ] . Historian Robert Latouche finds him a “Doubtful morality” and an “Notorious inconstancy by his conduct” [ 105 ] . Dumézil confirms that Gontran is “A man whose intelligence was much more famous than loyalty” [ 106 ] . The historian Ferdinand Lot says that Gontran is “One of the most agitated, most ambitious characters of time” [ 66 ] . The historian and numismatum Maximin Deloche presents it as a “Sad and odious character” [ 107 ] . Journalist and historian Roger-Xavier Lanneri concedes that, if his versatility is mocked, he is however a seasoned leader and “Has proven her boldness repeatedly” [ first ] . Dumézil suggests that Gontran Boson rallies around him a pro-Byzantine party in opposition to the faction of Gogon favorable to the alliance with King Gontran and that of Gilles who prefers the friendship of Chilpéric [ 108 ] .

Grégoire also does not appreciate that Gontran uses soothsayers and spells [ 98 ] . Although superstitious, Gontran Boson is a Christian [ 109 ] . In 577, during his fight against Duke Dracolène, Grégoire indicated that Gontran, “Seeing death ready to melt on him, invoked the name of God and the great virtue of Blessed Martin” [ 59 ] . Another time, while it crosses the floating bridge which links Tours to the town of Amboise, the wind spreads the boats that carry the bridge. Gontran then claims the help of Martin de Tours aloud. The wind then decreases and Gontran reaches the shore. Grégoire makes this anecdote a chapter of his Book of miracles of Saint Martin [ 110 ] . L’ History of the Franks D’Aimoin de Fleury (1004) also indicates that Gontran made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land before his embassy in Constantinople [ 111 ] .

Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  1. ↑ Boson may be the nickname of Gontran. The theologian Antoine-François Flobert translates it into “cunning” or “bad”. Journalist Roger-Xavier Listeri translates it into “dreaded”. The writer and biographer Georges Bordonove translates it into “deceit”.
  2. ↑ Frédégaire is an imaginary name forged from the names of the first two publishers of the Chronicle in 1598, Marquard Freher and Joseph Scaliger.
  3. ↑ In 1998, the historian Constantin Zuckerman in his article “Who recalled in Gaul the Ballomer Gondovald? »Develops another theory. He thinks that Gondovald is recalled in Gaul by the greats of Metz to serve as a possible successor to Childebert and new husband in Brunehilde (or Brunehaut).
  4. ↑ Zuckerman demonstrates in “Who recalled the Ballomer Gondovald in Gaul? That Gontran Boson is in the Gondovald affair only a simple performer.

References [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  1. ↑ A B and C 1995 fleshy, p. 142:

    “Gontran Le Boson, whose real name pronounced” Gournth’khramn Boso “is heard by his contemporaries francs” Corbeau of war feared “” ”

  2. ↑ Floert 1853, p. 28.
  3. ↑ a b c d e and f Bordonove 1988, p. 222.
  4. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  11 (Introduction de Robert Latouche).
  5. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 2003, p. 80-81.
  6. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 406.
  7. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 142 ( Book III , first).
  8. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 201.
  9. ↑ Inglebert 2009, p. 62.
  10. ↑ Lot 1948, p. 53.
  11. ↑ a et b Lot 1948, p. 65.
  12. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 202.
  13. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 40-41.
  14. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 153.
  15. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 45.
  16. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 112.
  17. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 20.
  18. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 113.
  19. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 38-39.
  20. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 160-161.
  21. ↑ a et b 1995 fleshy, p. forty six.
  22. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 162.
  23. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 168.
  24. ↑ A B and C 1995 fleshy, p. 80-81.
  25. ↑ A B and C Dumézil 2008, p. 174-175.
  26. ↑ a et b Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 239 ( Book IV , 50).
  27. ↑ A B C and D Lot 1948, p. sixty seven.
  28. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 216.
  29. ↑ A B and C Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 250-251 ( Book IN , 4).
  30. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 239-241 ( Book IV , 51).
  31. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 218.
  32. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 83.
  33. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 178.
  34. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 246-247 ( Book IN , first).
  35. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 89-90.
  36. ↑ a et b Dumézil 2008, p. 182-183.
  37. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 313 ( Book IN , forty six).
  38. ↑ a et b 1995 fleshy, p. 95.
  39. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 184-185.
  40. ↑ a et b 1995 fleshy, p. 91.
  41. ↑ a et b Dumézil 2008, p. 185.
  42. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 247 ( Book IN , 2).
  43. ↑ A B and C Lot 1948, p. 68.
  44. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 248 ( Book IN , 3).
  45. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 220.
  46. ↑ a b c d e f and g Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 262-267 ( Book IN , 14).
  47. ↑ A B C and D 1995 fleshy, p. 100-101.
  48. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 188.
  49. ↑ Bordonove 1988, p. 221.
  50. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 189.
  51. ↑ A B and C Dumézil 2008, p. 190-191.
  52. ↑ Pietri 1983, p. 278-284.
  53. ↑ a et b Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 278-279 ( Book IN , 18).
  54. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 103.
  55. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 193.
  56. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 194.
  57. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 286 ( Book IN , 24).
  58. ↑ a et b Dumézil 2008, p. 196.
  59. ↑ a et b Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. 286-288 ( Book IN , 25).
  60. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 9 ( Book WE , first).
  61. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 113.
  62. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 202-203.
  63. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 205.
  64. ↑ a et b Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 39-41 ( Book WE , 24).
  65. ↑ Lizop 1926.
  66. ↑ a et b Lot 1948, p. 72.
  67. ↑ A B C and D 1995 fleshy, p. 139.
  68. ↑ a b c d e and f Périn and Riché 1996, p. 174.
  69. ↑ A B and C Dumézil 2008, p. 221.
  70. ↑ Delaplace 2009, p. 201-202.
  71. ↑ Lung 2015, p. 39-40.
  72. ↑ A B and C Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 41-43 ( Book WE , 26).
  73. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 263.
  74. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 70-72 ( Book WE , forty six).
  75. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 213.
  76. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 83-84 ( Book VII , 7).
  77. ↑ Frédégaire 2003, p. 65-66 ( Book WE , 3).
  78. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  I 302-304 ( Book WE , 39).
  79. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 81-83 ( Book VII , 6).
  80. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 219.
  81. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 85-86 ( Book VII , ten).
  82. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 265.
  83. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 88-90 ( Book VII , 14).
  84. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 116-119 ( Book VII , 38).
  85. ↑ Frédégaire 2003, p. 65 ( Book WE , 2).
  86. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 149.
  87. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 268.
  88. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 151-152 ( Book VIII , 21).
  89. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 163.
  90. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 232.
  91. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 152-153 ( Book VIII , 22).
  92. ↑ 1995 fleshy, p. 153.
  93. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 228.
  94. ↑ A B and C Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 190-191 ( Book IX , 8).
  95. ↑ A B and C 1995 fleshy, p. 167-168.
  96. ↑ A B and C Dumézil 2008, p. 239.
  97. ↑ Affiliate 2017, p. 101-103.
  98. ↑ A B C D and E Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 181-182 ( Book IX , ten).
  99. ↑ a et b 1995 fleshy, p. 181-182.
  100. ↑ a et b Dumézil 2008, p. 241.
  101. ↑ Frédégaire 2003, p. 69 ( Book IV , 8).
  102. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p.  II 216 ( Book IX , 23).
  103. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 139.
  104. ↑ Zuckerman 1998.
  105. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 1995, p. II 40 (note 70 by Robert Latouche).
  106. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 258.
  107. ↑ Deloche 1883.
  108. ↑ Dumézil 2008, p. 140.
  109. ↑ Goubert 1941, p. 423.
  110. ↑ Grégoire de Tours 2003, p. 80-81 ( Book III , 17).
  111. ↑ Goubert 1941, p. 417.

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article: document used as a source for writing this article.

Primary sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Frédégaire ( trad. from Latin by Olivier Devillers and Jean Meyers), Merovingian time chronicle , Turnhout, Brepols, coll. “Middle Ages”, (ISBN  978-2-503-51151-1 ) . Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Grégoire de Tours ( trad. Latin by Robert Latouche), History of the Franks , Paris, the beautiful letters, coll. “The classics of the history of France in the Middle Ages”, (ISBN  978-2-251-34047-0 ) . Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
  • Grégoire de Tours ( trad. Latin by Henri Bordier), The Book of Miracles of Saint Martin , Clermont-Ferrand, Paleo editions, coll. “Sources of the history of France”, , 236 p. (ISBN  978-2-84909-029-9 ) . Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article

Secondary sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Georges Bordonove, Clovis and the Merovingians , Paris, Pygmalion, coll. “The kings who made France”, , 318 p. (ISBN  978-2-7564-0244-4 ) . Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article
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