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The transcription of the Hebrew language responds to the general nature","datePublished":"2018-02-28","dateModified":"2018-02-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Maalehefrayim1.jpg\/220px-Maalehefrayim1.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Maalehefrayim1.jpg\/220px-Maalehefrayim1.jpg","height":"137","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/hebrew-transcription-wikipedia\/","wordCount":23233,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4 Example of transcription of From by an apostrophe. The transcription of the Hebrew language responds to the general nature of any transcription, regardless of the language to be transcribed. It is distinguished from translitity, fundamentally, and the orthographic forms that it uses conform to those of the language in which the Hebrew speech is transcribed. Thus, a French -speaking transcription differs from an English -speaking or German -speaking transcription of Hebrew. The Hebrew evolves, transmitted over the generations for four millennia. Its pronunciation varies according to the Jewish communities which use it. Hebrew is the sacred language of synagogues but also a profane language: the vernacular speaking of the Israelis today is a variety rebuilt from the biblical Hebrew corpus. A neat transcription reports on these different states of the Hebrew language.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In France and in French -speaking countries, the standards of translitation of the Jewish Studies Review generally authorize [ first ] .          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4A transcription is not the translation of a mentally readable text, nor the translitation of the letters that make up each written word. The phenomena that the transcription endeavors to note are acoustic in nature, and come from the pronunciation of Hebrew, from the attentive listening of the sounds specific to this language, of the comparison of these with the phonemes of the language transcriber, and the judicious use of letters belonging to the Latin alphabet according to their current use in the French language in the case of a French -speaking transcription of Hebrew [ 2 ] . If, for example, Ariel is a native speaker of Hebrew and that he wants to communicate information in Hebrew in David, also a connoisseur of the Hebrew language, Ariel speaks in Hebrew, David the listen , The hears phonetically what is stated, and it understand Immediately what is thus transmitted to him orally [ 3 ] . Table of ContentsConsonant phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonetic transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Classic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonetic system of biblical Hebrew [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Sixteen phonemes common to Hebrew and French [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Six pairs of allophone phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Four guttural phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Three emphatic phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Two different phonemes for a unique spelling [ modifier | Modifier and code ] An affirmed phoneme [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Defective writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massoretic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Modern Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonemes common to Hebrew and French [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Allophone pairs Beghedkefat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Gutturalis hermony [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Emphatics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Vocal and euphonths [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonetic transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Classic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massoretic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Modern Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Classic writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massoretic writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Contemporary writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Efficiency [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Simplicity [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Method [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Consonants [ modifier | Modifier and code ] French -speaking transcription of classic and massoretic consonants [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Allophones suckled by occlusives beghed kefat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Vowels and euphonths [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The letter E transcribes the sounds [\u025b] and [\u0259] [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Consonant phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] It is therefore advisable to familiarize yourself with the pronunciation of Hebrew phonemes before being able to transcribe them properly using letters borrowed from the Latin alphabet [ 4 ] Used to write the French language. The following table transcribes the different consonant phonemes of the Hebrew language using five transcription systems:        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4International phonetic alphabet (acronym: API); the biblical Hebrew alphabet; the Hebrew Massoretic alphabet; The modern Hebrew alphabet; The Latin alphabet used by the French language. To access the phonological description of each phonetic symbol, click on blue characters. The characters of the API which transcribe nonexistent Hebrew sounds in French are followed by an asterisk (*). Transcriptions  phonetic biblical Lassar\u00e9tique modern francophone [ \u0294 ] *  A  A A Alef  marks a judgment after a consonant (only transcribed if it has a vowel)  [ b ]  B  B B but ( b (appeased) ) [ b ] *  B  B  bet ou know ( b you v ) [ g ]  third  G third guimel ( or  g (in front of an A or O) ) [ \u0281 ] *  third  third  comb  GH (like French R)  [ d ]  D  D D Daleted  d  [ h ]  God  God God hook  (Sweet sucked)  [ U \u0303 ] or [ in ]  and  and and your valve waw you  [ With ]  G  G G za\u00efn  [ h ] *  H  H H \u1e25et  (Light guttural)  [ t ] *  ninth  ninth  The BET  t (emphatic)  [ j ] or [ i\u02d0 ]  Y  Y Y yod  [ k ]  about  An about purchased  [ x ] *  about  about about Khaf (like the Jota in Spanish)  [ l ]  To  To To LAMED  [ m ]  M  M M mem  [ n ]  N  N N noun  [ s ] *  S  S  samekh  s (at the start and end of the word) and SS (in the middle)  [ \u0295 ] *  From  From From \u02bfAnn  Diacritical \u02bf (its light guttural)  [ p ]  P.  P P. peh  [ f ] *  P.  P. P. The Best of  [ s\u02c1 ] *  T.  T. T. crane  s (emphatic)  [ q ] *  K  K  character  (K emphatic)  [ \u0280 ]  R  R R rech  (R -rolled French)  [ s ]  That  Seag Seag blue  [ sy ]  That  That That Shin  [ t ]  Pitch  Through Pitch Oply foot  t  [ th ] *  Pitch  Pitch  th  th  Phonetic transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The first international phonetic alphabet is the work of French and British phoneticians, gathered in 1888 by API, acronym of the international phonetic association founded by Paul Passy. The latest revision of this universal alphabet dates from 2005. It transcribes, using one hundred and eight characters, the phonemes used by languages \u200b\u200baround the world. Of these characters, twenty-nine make it possible to transcribe each of the consonants of the old Hebrew language, and a note the consonant [v] Entry late into modern Hebrew. Classic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonetic system of biblical Hebrew [ modifier | Modifier and code ] To access a detailed description of each phoneme, just click on its blue symbol  A [ \u0294 ]  B [ b ] [ b ]  third [ \u0281 ] [ g ]  D [ d ] [ d ]  God [ h ]  and [ in ] [ U \u0303 ]  G [ With ]  H [ h ]  ninth [ t ]  Y [ j ]  about [ x ] [ k ]  To [ l ]  M [ m ]  N [ n ]  S [ s ]  From [ \u0295 ]  P. [ \u0278 ] [ p ]  T. [ s\u02c1 ]  K [ q ]  R [ \u0280 ]  That [ sy ] [ s ]  Pitch [ th ] [ t ]  To respect the sacred character of the Hebrew language ( The tongue of the holy ( lechon hakodech [ 5 ] )), the first scribes avoid transcribing the oral wealth of it. Using twenty-two characters borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet, they note the most stable fundamental elements of sound production. The pronunciation which can be deducted from precise grammatical rules, which the reader is supposed not to ignore, the scribe avoids transcribing the vocal and euphonic elements which allow to pronounce the consonants. Similarly, by pushing the analysis further, it strips the consonant phonemes of the modalities of the breath which allows the expression of these consonants. This quest for the essential leads to using writing to symbolize the unpronounceable foundation of the consonants, their point of articulation. Primitive writing, somehow choreographs postures taken by the bodies of phonation, cannot be assimilated to a phonetic transcription of language orality. Thus, on certain points of articulation noted by a single Hebrew character ( B For example), the old language pronounces two allophone phonemes, an occlusive [b] and an aspirated [\u03b2]. On the twenty-two consonantic points of articulation noted by the characters of the Hebrew alphabet taken up in the table above, contemporary phonetic linguistics inventory The sound expression of twenty-nine different consonant phonemes, transcribed in this same table according to The API system. Sixteen phonemes common to Hebrew and French [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Familiar sounds of the French language  A [ \u0294 ]  B [ b ]  third [ \u0281 ] [ g ]  D [ d ]  and [ U \u0303 ] [ in ]  G [ With ]  ninth [ t ]  Y [ j ]  about [ k ]  To [ l ]  M [ m ]  N [ n ]  P. [ p ] [ f ]  T. [ s\u02c1 ]  R [ \u0280 ]  That [ s ]  That [ sy ]  Pitch [ t ]  Most symbols of the international phonetic alphabet used to note the sixteen phonemes listed above are well-known Latin letters from the French language, which transcribe sounds also very familiar. The letter In is not of Latin origin, but comes from Germanic languages [ 6 ] . The phoneme [J] corresponds to the initial of the word ” and ole “and not that of the word” pretty “. And sound [\u0283] meets at the initial of the word ” ch AVIRS \u00bb [ 7 ] . Six pairs of allophone phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] THE Begadkefat  B [ b ] [ b ]  third [ \u0281 ] [ g ]  D [ Dh ] [ d ]  about [ x ] [ k ]  P. [ f ] [ p ]  Pitch [ th ] [ t ]  THE \u05d1\u05d2\u05d3\u05db\u05e4\u05ea ( Beghedkefat ) are six remarkable Hebrew letters which each refer to two allophone phonemes, an aspired consonant and an occlusive both supported on the same point of articulation. The context and grammatical rules of Dikdouk [ 8 ] determine the mode of pronunciation of the pairs of consonants linked to these letters, whose mnemonic expression \u05d1\u05d2\u05d3\u05db\u05e4\u05ea ( Beghedkefat ) names the whole. Translation of the verb Baand ( Baghad ), built on the root garment , is “he deceives”; and the verb Safes ( kefat ), built on the root knot , translated “it binds” [ 9 ] . Each of the six letters In the Trans = Begadkefat “Trums” the reader, because each “binds” a pair of allophone phonemes on a common point of articulation, unlike other letters of the Hebrew alphabet which each indicate a point of joint on which pronounce one and The only consonant phoneme (for example: a single phoneme [ m ] pronounces on the point of articulation indicated by the letter M , transcribed m in French). Four guttural phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Hebrew and Arab guttural  [ \u0294 ]  A \u06d4 [ h ]  God E [ h ]  H H [ \u0295 ]  From 1 Four guttural consonants ( Alef , he , \u1e25et , \u02bfAnn ), strongly pronounced in ancient Hebrew, play a fundamental role in lexical construction, and influence certain rules of Hebrew grammar which refers to them under the name of Throats ( geroniyiot ). The oriental communities of mizrahim and Mediterranean of Sephardim, by their constant contact with Arabic -speaking cultures, use with ease these sounds familiar to the Arabic language that are the alif-hamza , the honey , the \u1e25\u0101\u02be , and the \u02bfAnn [ ten ] . Ashkenazi communities no longer pronounce or glottale Alef , it’s laryngale \u02bfAnn , reduced to a dieresis marking a hiatus between two successive consonants; they say clearly he , very aspired as in Germanic languages, and articulate the German \u1e25et (but also the Khaf aspired, however very differentiated in classic Hebrew) as in the German word At ch meaning “also”, whose terminal consonant is noted [ x ] In the API system, character inspired by the Greek letter x  When identical pronunciation [ 11 ] . The French -speaking transcription of these gutturals is delicate, because these phonemes are very exotic for the French ear. Three emphatic phonemes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The emphatic consonants of Arabic …  . sh\u0101d [ s\u02c1 ]  ; \u1e0d\u0101d [ d\u02c1 ]  \ufec2 \ufec2 \u1e6d\u0101\u02be [ t\u02c1 ]  \ufec6 \ufec6 chain link [ z\u02c1 ]  \ufed6 Q\u0101f [ q ]  Like Arabic, the ancient Hebrew language knew emphatic sounds which originally glottalized [ twelfth ] , then evolved towards a complex pronunciation. The pronunciation of the Arab emphatic consonants are accompanied by a decline in the root of the language, a pharyngalization and a velarization. Those of Hebrew simply end up with an extension of the following vowel. … and Hebrew  ninth [ t\u02c1 ]  T. [ s\u02c1 ]  K [ q ]  In ancient Hebrew, the complex pronunciation of sounds [\u1e6d], [\u1e63] and [q] allows them to oppose simple phonemes [t] [s] [k]. This opposition plays an important phonemic role because it makes it possible to distinguish, in the Hebrew lexicon, minimum pairs with very differentiated semantic value. Say in Hebrew “film” ( sir ( sar )) ” narrow ” ( narrow ( vine )) gives a good example of a minimum pair of words whose lexical distinction is induced by a phonetic distinction (here between S  samekh And T.  edit , in between Pitch And ninth for “death” ( death ( meter )) \u00ab\u00a0lit\u00a0\u00bb ( a bed ( Local ‘ )). Two different phonemes for a unique spelling [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The letter That is remarkable, because it transcribes two different consonants, a hunting and a whistling. Originally, no point overcame this character to differentiate its sound, and only the experience of the language made it possible to decide which pronunciation to choose in a given context. An affirmed phoneme [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Unlike the ancient Greek which used three affirmed consonants ( \u03c8 k ), the ancient Hebrew only knew simple consonants, supported on very differentiated joint points. For contemporary linguistics, the origin of pronunciation [ ss ] character S  samekh There remains an open question. In ancient Greek, the character Z pronounces [SD] or [ Dz ]. Defective writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] All the Hebrew letters presented above are monograms [ 13 ] , but also lipograms because they are not accompanied by any diacritical sign, neither in ancient manuscripts, nor in religious texts read today in synagogue. Grammar calls defective writing [ 14 ] , literal translation of Demonstrating a command ( Kiv \u1e25Asser nikoud ) [ 15 ] , this type of writing that dates from the last millennium before our era, used to note only the articulation of the consonants, excluding any mention of the vowels or the euphonths necessary for their effective pronunciation. Massoretic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] After the fall of the second temple, the Aramaic supplants the Hebrew language, which ceases to be commonly spoken by the Judean people. The Tiberiad massorets then conceive a system allowing, by marginal punctuation, to specify for the less informed reader the nuances of the written text so that it can be read orally without pronunciation error. Regarding consonants, massoretic spelling endowed each of the letters beghed kefat From an inner point called Daguech low to transcribe the occlusive version of each of these consonants, the unpissible letter then notes the pronunciation suckled by these same consonants. Another point is invented which overcomes the letter That , on the right to transcribe the chuinating phoneme [\u0283], on the left to note the whistling [s]. Massoretic transcription and phonetic transcription API of 29 classic consonant phonemes  A [ \u0294 ]  B [ b ]  B [ b ]  G [ g ]  third [ \u0281 ]  D [ d ]  D [ \u00d0 ]  God [ h ]  and [ In ]  G [ With ]  H [ h ]  ninth [ t ]  Y [ j ]  An [ k ]  about [ x ]  To [ l ]  M [ m ]  N [ n ]  S [ s ]  From [ \u0294 ]  P [ p ]  P. [ f ]  T. [ s\u02e4 ]  K [ q ]  R [ \u0280 ]  Seag [ s ]  That [ sy ]  Through [ t ]  Pitch [ th ]  The massortetes thus create a system of transcription of the consonants in which “at each sound corresponds a spelling and only one”. This principle also inspires the French -speaking transcription of Hebrew. Although most of these consonant nuances are ignored today, both by ashkenazi and by Israeli hebrew, they still survive in some communities of Iraquian or Yemeni Mizrahim and, above all, in several sepharod communities. Modern Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In modern Hebrew different alphabetical characters abandon their classic pronunciation and suffer a phonetic mutation sometimes very marked. Phonemes common to Hebrew and French [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Fifteen of these phonemes maintain their primitive joint. The phoneme noted by and abandoned his bilabial articulation [W] and is now pronounced in Labio-Dentale [V]. articulation of and articulation of reduced to the current sound transcription francophone and  B  [in] in  Allophone pairs Beghedkefat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The occlusives are maintained.The aspirated [B\u02b0] abandons its bilabial articulation and pronounced in Labio-Dentales [V]. The phoneme [g\u02b0] loses its aspiration, the phoneme [k\u02b0] moves its palatal articulation on the velar [x]. The phonemes [d\u02b0] and [t\u02b0] lose their suction and are now pronounced as the corresponding occlusives [d] and [t]. Gutturalis hermony [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The [H] phoneme is maintained, less suckled than in classic Hebrew. The phonemes formerly noted A And From tend to appear, and produce a dieresis marking an interconsonantic hiatus. The phonemes H guttural and about Palatal Aspirated abandon their respective joints and both approach the pronunciation of [X] ( also in German, or whom in Spanish). articulation of and articulation of reduced to the current sound transcription francophone A  From  s\u2019amuissent gaps and di\u00e9r\u00e8se (‘) H  about  [x] Customer  Emphatics [ modifier | Modifier and code ] A progressive displacement of the articulation of the phonemes formerly emphatic leads to a unique pronunciation for two formerly very differentiated sounds [ 16 ] , Thus : Emphatic K et l\u2019occlusive An both pronounce [K], Emphatic ninth and the dental Pitch Formerly suckled are pronounced both [t] occlusive not aspirated. emphatic reduced to current pronunciation transcription francophone K  An  [k] k  ninth  Pitch  [t] t  Vocal and euphonths [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonetic transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The biblical Hebrew uses five vocal phonemes, cleared in long vowels and short vowels, which make it possible to vocalize each of the consonant phonemes of the Hebrew alphabet. Classic writing does not note these vowels, because they deduce from strict grammatical rules and are supposed to be known to the native speakers of Hebrew. Here is their transcription into an international phonetic alphabet (API): Long vowel short vowel French transcription [the] [a] a [Illustrate] [mp] And [i\u02d0] [i] i [\u0254\u02d0] [ [t\u0254] O [U \u0303] [in] or Hebrew also uses euphonema horses and its named variants \u1e25atoufot . These phonemes are articulated like vowels, but pronounced without expiration of pulmonary air. The articulation of the consonant which precedes an euphonema creates a small air pressure between the throat and the point of articulation, the pronunciation is carried out by rapid and very brief ejection of this compressed air, which emits a sort of brief vowel named horses . The French sound that looks like it is the It is Mute barely heard at the end of the word “door”. Hebrew grammar does not recognize vowel in these special phonemes. When an euphonth helps pronounce the guttural consonants, it is called \u1e25at\u00e2f Because he steals his stamp on one of the Hebrew vowels, but is pronounced, as the horses , without pulmonary air emissions. The following table presents the horses and the \u1e25atoufot , followed by the transcription into an international phonetic alphabet of the ultra-breed vowels from which these phonemes borrow their stamp but not their pulmonary breath.  euphon\u00e8mes horses’  [A] \u1e25at\u00e2f  [\u0103] \u1e25at\u00e2f  [say] \u1e25at\u00e2f  [either] Classic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Grammatically, the horses is not considered a vowel and it forms, with the \u1e25atoufot [ 17 ] , the category of euphonths. Biblical Hebrew not notes vowels or euphonths. The classic Hebrew then transforms four letters of the alphabet into isotonic characters which, when they are quiescents, exercise a stable vowel indicator function. These letters are called in this case reading mothers . From the period of the second temple and the biblical catering undertaken by Esdras (Ezra), the scribes transform four letters of the consonantic alphabet into isotonic characters which, when they deposit their function of consonant indicators, can become indicators of Stable vowels. The classic Hebrew alphabet has twenty-two monograms, four of which are isotonic. Isotonic characters [ 18 ] A. become quiescents [ 19 ] When they “rest” their consonant indicator function to exercise a stable vowel indicator function. In the exercise of this alternative function each of these isotonic characters is considered by ancient scribes as a Em haqeriy\u00e2\u20ac ( Mother ), which medieval grammarians translate into Latin by Mummy Ready become “reading mother” in French [ 20 ] . Isotonic characters  A Alef  God he  and waw  Y yod  Massoretic Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massoretic Hebrew uses a rating system using names named niqoudot On the sidelines of the text to indicate, among other things, vowels and euphonths. The massortees cannot modify the traditional text, maintain the “reading mothers” which have become redundant because of their marginal punctuation indicating all the vowels (stable and unstable). vocalization of the consonant To  long vocalization spelling short vocalization spelling [ the ]  To [ a ]  To [ You ]  Leb [ \u025b ]  To [ i\u02d0 ]  to me [ i ]  To [ \u0254\u02d0 ]  to him And To [ Ye\u2019s ]  To [ U \u0303 ]  to him [ in ]  To Depending on his position in a word To Sencoir [decali] u a a a ter a u a . Modern Hebrew Transcription [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In classic Hebrew the five vowels duplicate themselves in long vowels and short vowels. Modern Hebrew no longer marks this distinction of length [ 21 ] And only the stamp is preserved. Like the ancient Hebrew, the modern Hebrew only notes the consonants, excluding any vowel and all euphonth. If, for some reason, Ariel and David cannot meet, the speaker Ariel can dictate his Hebrew message orally to a third party, the Benjamin scribe for example who, an expert in Hebrew grammar, written under the dictation a grammatically correct text, in characters Hebrews, whom he can then read to David in the absence of Ariel. David listens this time Benjamin, hears what he says, and understands what Ariel wanted to communicate to him through a Hebrew scribe who also understands what he reads [ 22 ] . Classic writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] When Ezra and his scribes, on the return of exile to Babylon, use the writing of Hebrew designed as the sacred language [ 23 ] , they only note the consonants of the language, to the exclusion of any vocal phoneme. They use what linguists call a consonantic alphabet (or Abjad). From the first millennium before the current era, literate Jews use a Hebrew alphabet of the Abjad type, which exclusively notes the consonants of their language. The rules of Hebrew grammar determine the choice of vowels to be used, which do not need to be noted for native speakers of ancient Hebrew. Hebrew characters, which derive from the Phoenician alphabet, are monograms (unique characters) which are also lipograms (characters not provided with diacritical signs). In biblical Hebrew, each consonant is transcribed using a separate letter. The Labio-Dentales [v] and [f] are unknown to the old language. From the biblical restoration undertaken by Ezra, the scribes transform four letters of the consonantic alphabet into isotonic characters which, when they deposit their function of indicators of consonants, can become indicators of stable vowels that subsequent grammarians will name “mothers of reading \u201d. Massoretic writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Jews of the first centuries in our era neglect the Hebrew language and speak more the Aramaic to the point such that the reading of consonant texts deprived of vocal indications becomes an arduous task. Massorient scholars then invent the use of marginal deacritic points [ 24 ] which indicate the vowels and a few other information concerning the pronunciation and canteillation of traditional texts. The massortees thus initiate a transcription Meticulous of all the phonetic nuances of the Hebrew language, since each phoneme of the language now corresponds to one, and a single character (letter or diacritical sign). Until today, all didactic works are transcribed according to the rules of massoretic spelling [ 25 ] . Contemporary writing [ modifier | Modifier and code ] At the dawn of XX It is Century, Eli\u00e9zer Ben-Yehoudah undertakes a masterful work of popularization of the Hebrew language which becomes modern Hebrew, vernacular language in Israel. Many books and newspapers are written and imprinted by using, not the massoretic transcription, but the so -called “full” writing ( Full spelling ( unwavering ketib ) [ 26 ] ) because it uses, in addition to conventional consonantic characters, isotonic characters which now note stable and unstable vowels to facilitate reading [ 27 ] . The use is then to note the isotonic character according to a vowel indicator using a monogram and, to indicate that it is based on consonant, to use a diagram which doubles this same isotonic character. Example: in tourists double yod ( Yi ) indicates a consonant, the yod simple ( Y ) indicates the presence of a vowel, and the word is transcribed Readym and results in “tourists”.  Scribe writing under the dictation. Ariel could also dictate her oral message to the transcriber Charles, a French -speaking completely ignoring the Hebrew language, his grammar and his writing, but very competent in French spelling. Listening to Ariel, Charles notes the phonetic phenomena that his ear hears, without necessarily understanding what is said, using the resources of the French language which will allow it to note as clearly all the phonological nuances of Dictation without using another alphabet than that of the French language (such as the international phonetic alphabet which it can very well ignore, for example). In the absence of Ariel, Charles can then read his text to David who listens to him, hears the message faithfully pronounced, and easily understands what is said before him in Hebrew by Charles who ignores this language, thanks to The right transcription he made of it [ 28 ] . The transcription does not obey rigorously codified rules, but to various uses which should be seen by reading many transcribed texts. Some general principles can however direct simple and effective transcription methods. Efficiency [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The effectiveness of a French -speaking transcription comes from the choice of Latin letters whose French pronunciation most resembles the Hebrew sounds that the ear hears. Sound [k], that Hebrew transcribes [\u05db\u05bc], could be transcribed in French as well by c by k , and in fact souccot And rush meet to report Song , the same “Cabins Day”. Nonexistent sounds in French, like [x] that Hebrew transcribes [\u05db] and which corresponds to whom Spanish, pose a problem that requires tip and imagination. The point of articulation of [x] being identical to that of [K], the transcription could choose to add a character h , to mark the aspiration of the phoneme, either to c or at k . As French already uses the Digram ch To report the sound [\u0283], the obvious choice to transcribe [x] is the Digram Customer as in expression Going ( holkhim ) meaning “we walk” [ 29 ] . Simplicity [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Simplicity is another important quality of the transcription. In the preceding example, it seems easier to prefer the use of \u2039k\u203a to transcribe [ k ] Rather than alternating his job with that of \u2039C\u203a, especially since French spelling gives the sound [s] to this last letter before vowels [e] and [i] (read, for example “this” \u00bb). Transcribe the adverb Yes , meaning “good”, by \u2039cen\u203a rather than by \u2039ken\u203a would give absurdly [ s It is n ] orally. Another damage to simplicity, alas very common, would be to mix translitity and transcription, \u2039Qibouts\u203a [ 30 ] translitt\u00e8re Kitits but \u2039kitouts\u203a transcribes it, and very well since the K formerly emphatic has lost this ancient quality and is pronounced [ k ] [Today. It is also necessary to avoid quoting in a French text a transcription from a foreign language (English -speaking or German -speaking for example). Transcribe SHE MMSEM\u05c1 (“The sun”) by \u2039sh\u00e9mesh\u203a is suitable in an English text [ thirty first ] , but the transcription \u2039Chemech\u203a is preferable in a French -speaking context. Method [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Before inserting in a French text the transcription of a Hebrew word, it is necessary to verify first to the dictionary that there is no French word derived from this word. So the name “philosopher” will be preferred to the transcription of the Greek philosophy , and the proper name “Talmud” to the transcription of Aramaic Talmoud . If it is essential to insert a transcription of an expression foreign to the French language, it is generally put in italics in a written French text. Example: “The Sidour is a prayer book. \u00bb\u00bb In some cases, the transcription can be preceded by the quotation of the word in original characters. Example: “As it is said in the Book of Genesis Genesis ( Calculate ). \u00bb All the Hebrew sounds familiar with the French ear, consonants and vowels, will be transcribed in French according to the spelling of the French. Some typical sounds of Hebrew, some gutturals for example, being unknown to French, the transcriber will be forced to use certain diacritical signs, few but chosen from those who are familiar to the French language reader [ 32 ] . Consonants [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Phonologically should be distinguished to distinguish the classical language and modern Hebrew. French -speaking transcription of classic and massoretic consonants [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The French -speaking transcription of the Hebrew consonants first envisages the sounds familiar to the French language. They are transcribed by monograms (such b ), and by two diggers ( to And ch ). In accordance with the grammar of French, the transcription g Use the Digram to in front of the vowels i or It is . So Stam (“perfect” signifier) \u200b\u200bis transcribed guemar (and no fond that would be pronounced [Jemar]) [ 33 ] . The phoneme [h] is transcribed h Although, much more aspired than in French, he pronounces himself strongly and resembles the h Germanic languages. The phoneme [w] is transcribed In and pronounces as the semi-vowel of French in the initial of the words “wadding” and “wallon” [ 34 ] . Transcription of sounds familiar to the French language  B [ b ]   b  G [ g ]   g , to  D [ d ]   d  God [ h ]   h  and [ In ]   In  G [ With ]   With  Y [ j ]   and  An [ k ]   k  To [ l ]   l  M [ m ]   m  N [ n ]   n  P [ p ]   p  R [ \u0280 ]   r  Seag [ s ]   s  That [ sy ]   ch  Through [ t ]   t  Three groups of Hebrew phonemes seem strange to the French ear, these are allophones aspirated of the group beghed kefat , the emphatic phonemes that the classic Arabic language also knows, and especially guttural phonemes. Allophones suckled by occlusives beghed kefat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Hebrew and French -speaking transcriptions of consonants beghed kefat aspirated  B [ b ]   bh  third [ \u0263 ]   gh  D [ \u00d0 ]   Dh  about [ x ]   Customer  P. [ f ]   f  Pitch [ th ]   th  The French language does not know the six suckled allophones which correspond to the six occlusive consonants of Hebrew. These phonemes being common in classic Greek [ 35 ] , the international phonetic alphabet uses Greek letters as a symbols of these sounds. Their French -speaking transcription is carried out exclusively for the classic Hebrew language, because the pronunciation of Hebrew has evolved over time, and these ancient sounds have disappeared or have been transformed into a contemporary Hebrew. [\u03b2] and [\u0278] are two aspired bilabials which rely on the point of articulation of [b] and [p]. The French transcription uses a diagram for each of these sounds, bh And ph , the first letter of which is the corresponding occlusive, the second letter a h marking the suction of these consonants. The French proper name “S\u00e9fardim” appearing in the Larousse dictionary comes from this old transcription. (In modern Hebrew, these bilabiales move their point of articulation and become the labio-dentales [v] and [f] transcribed in And f in French. The ancient pronunciation has disappeared but the community of S\u00e9fardim in Morocco and Tunisia reserves the sound [v] for the letter vav ( and ), and pronounces indistinctly [B], bilabial occlusive, the two letters B And B representatives of bilabials formerly discriminated against [ 36 ] ). Likewise, sounds [\u00f0] and [\u03b8] are transcribed Dh And th . Their pronunciation is very close to that of the initial words there (is-bas) et thick (thick) in the English language, and the Jewish communities of Iraq and Yemen still retain this original pronunciation. The proper name “Bethl\u00e9\u2019hem”, which comes from a transliteration, keeps the graphic trace of this ancient pronunciation. Letters D And Pitch generally pronounce [d] and [t] today, although some ashkenazes pronounce [s] for the Pitch . Finally, [\u0263] and [x], transcribed by gh and by Customer , pronounce respectively as no (none) and laugh (laughs) in the Dutch language. Some Sephardic communities still pronounce the [\u0263] (the jayn \/ G \/ of Arabic) but most of the other Jewish communities now pronounce [G] occlusive as much for G that for third , without scoring any aspiration. The phonem [x] is maintained, the only survivor of the series of Begadkefat aspired, he is pronounced today as in the word Espa\u00f1ol low (down). All the Hebrew letters presented above are monograms [ 13 ] , but also lipograms because they are not accompanied by any diacritical sign in religious texts read at the synagogue. Vowels and euphonths [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In French, vowels are generally transcribed in the form of lipograms that do not carry accents. And the diagram \/ or \/ Transcribed sound [u]. The letter E transcribes the sounds [\u025b] and [\u0259] [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The horses pronounces like the \u203aCaduc of French, while the vowel [ \u025b ] is pronounced like the \u2039\u00e8\u203a of the French word “mother” [ 37 ] . The first book of the Bible is called Genesis and pronounced \/ Being-out \/ But is transcribed Calculate (the first It is transcribes the sound [\u0259] and the second It is LOVE [\u025b]) [ 38 ] . Word OK meaning “in order, okay” is translined and pronounced \/ Bedoweer \/ But is transcribed without accents word [ 39 ] . The chapter XXXVII book Calculate (Genesis) begins with the words “and remained …” Uazh transcribed vay\u00e9chev in which It is claims to transcribe a long [\u025b], on which the tonic accent carries, as opposed to the in short, not accentuated by the last syllable. The modern Hebrew neglecting the length of the vowels, a modern transcription would give the lipogram \/ vayechev \/ [ 40 ] . The English -speaking will use English language resources to transcribe Hebrew. It is important not to mix the text of a French -speaking encyclopedia in English -speaking transcriptions [ 41 ] . German transcription notes sch The phoneme [\u0283] that Hebrew tranks \u05e9\u05c1, and the name Schwa given to an euphonema is recovered under this German spelling by general linguistics to qualify a phenomenon similar to horses (French -speaking transcription) in other languages \u200b\u200bthan Hebrew. Among the characteristics of the German language, that of writing in capital letters the initial letter of all the nouns leads to a German -speaking transcription of Hebrew and Yiddich which uses the same process, sometimes taken up in a French -speaking context. As a pronunciation is not affected by the use of capital letters or tiny, a transcription in a French -speaking context will avoid this process, but will note the proper names, in accordance with French grammar. The Hebrew Language Academy , transcribed Haakademia lelashon Ha`ivrit could well write Haakademia Lelachon Haivrit In a French -speaking context and translate “the Academy for the Hebrew Language”. Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Philippe Cassuto, professor at the University of Provence, is the author of a manual Hebrew grammar gantry Accessible on the website of the University of Provence, Aix-Marseille [3] . Robert B, Tunisian Sephardic, provides an interesting study although very prolix on his site Dikdouk, the French -speaking grammar site of biblical Hebrew  [4] . Hebrew language academy site [5]  The Hebrew Language Academy , Institution of the State of Israel, accessible in Hebrew and English. Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Book offering many French -speaking transcriptions: The Bible , Hebrew-French integral translation, Hebrew text according to the massoretical version, translated from the original text by the members of the French rabbinate under the direction of the Grand-Rabbin Zadoc Kahn, Sinai editions in Tel Aviv, New edition, 1994, with translation revised. Practical learning books: Roberto Strauss, French adaptation of Shifra Svironi & Roger Jacquet, Hebrew pocket , 142 pages, Assimil editions in Chennevi\u00e8res-sur-Marne, 2004, (ISBN\u00a0 9782700503234 ) , (accompanied by a pocket containing a conversation CD). (in) Zippi Lyttleton & Tamar Wang Colloquial Hebrew , 392 pages, Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group) in London, 2004, (ISBN\u00a0 0415240484 ) . SVIRONI & ROGER JACQUET figure, The hebrew , 720 pages, easily collection of Assimil editions in Chennevi\u00e8res-sur-Marne, 2007, (ISBN\u00a0 9782700502916 ) . Academic books: Paul Jo\u00fcan, Biblical Hebrew grammar , 624 Pages, Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1996, (ISBN\u00a0 8876534989 ) Brigitte Dont-Guez, Hebrew grammar , 243 pages, Verapax editions, Montreuil, 1993 reissued in 2004, (ISBN\u00a0 2950809502 ) . Nathaniel Philippe Sander and Isaac L\u00e9on Trenel, Hebrew-French dictionary , 811 pages, reprint of the Paris edition of 1859, Slatkine Reprints, Geneva, 2005, (ISBN\u00a0 2051019606 ) . (in) Shmuel Bolozky, 501 Hebrew Verbs, fully conjugated in all the tenses in a new easy-to-learn format alphabetically arranged by root , 910\u00a0pages, Barron’s Educational Series , New York, 1996, (ISBN\u00a0 0812094689 ) . French language study books: Maurice Grevisse, Good use, French grammar with remarks on the French language today , 1,194 pages, Duculot editions in Gembloux and Hatier in Paris, 1964, eighth edition, third draw. \u2191 [PDF]  Translitity standards , Jewish Studies Review .  \u2191 Maurice Grevisse, Good use, French grammar with remarks on the French language today , pages 26 to 53 deal with phonetics and transcription of the French language (see bibliography).  \u2191 Roberto Strauss Hebrew word for word Au editions Reise Know-How Verlag Peter Rump Gmbh in Bielefeld. He inspired Shifra Svironi and her husband Roger Jacquet for writing the Hebrew pocket , Small elementary conversation guide accompanied by a compact disc (CD) which allows you to exercise the French -speaking ear listening to the sounds of the Hebrew language. The text of the booklet provides a first approach to transcription which, for didactic reasons, is very tinged with translitity (see bibliography).  \u2191 Jacques Michel, researcher associated with F.N.R.S., Latin basic grammar , Vernights the eckel, anvers, it bookstore C. Klinckyck, Paris, in 1964, pages 8 at 12.  \u2191 Brigitte Dont-Guez, Simple and practical Hebrew grammar (see bibliography). This book gives, on page 14, the massoretic spelling Hassle expression which means “holy language”.  \u2191 Maurice Grevisse, on. Cit.  page 47 .  \u2191 Jean-Claude Chevalier, Claire Blanche-Benveniste, Michel Arriv\u00e9, and Jean Peytard, Larousse grammar of contemporary French , Librairie Larousse, Paris, 1964, pages 25 and 26.  \u2191 Robert B., Dikdouk, the French -speaking grammar site of biblical Hebrew , click of access : [first] (in the paragraph shades and similarities following the paragraph Reading mothers ).  \u2191 Nathaniel Philippe Sander and Isaac L\u00e9on Trenel, Hebrew-French dictionary (see bibliography). THE pages 55 and 300 give the words Baand ( Baghad ) translated by “deceive, betray” and Safes ( kefat ) Translated by “bind, put on irons”.  \u2191 Boutros Hallaq, university associate, Arabic for all , Collection “Languages \u200b\u200bpour tous”, Pocket Pocket, 1984, p. 252 and 253 .  \u2191 Roersch-Thomas-Hombert, Greek grammar elements , Ioritra \u00abCultura\u00bb, weather, 1964, page 3 .  \u2191 Andr\u00e9 Martinet, Evolution of languages \u200b\u200band reconstruction , article Platalization of \u201cG\u201d in Arabic , Presses Universitaires de France, collection “SUP”, section “Le Linguiste”, Paris, 1975.  \u2191 a et b A monogram is made up of a single letter, a diagram by two letters signaling a single phoneme (like ch in French).  \u2191 Brigitte Dont-Guez, on. Cit.  page 20 .  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Demonstrating a command \u00bb , on Morfix Dictionary  (consulted the January 26, 2018 ) .  \u2191 Zippi Lyttleton et Tamar Wang, Colloquial Hebrew , page 12 (see bibliography).  \u2191 Brigitte Dont-Guez, on. Cit. , p. 24 and 25 .  \u2191 Isotonia is defined as the balance of two functions that have the same shape.  \u2191 You Latin at rest .  \u2191 Brigitte Dont-Guez, on. Cit. , page 14.  \u2191 Some sepharades in love with authenticity, however, continue to mark this distinction.  \u2191 Brigitte Dont-Guez, on. Cit. , this work makes it possible to understand the rules of spelling that the scribe must respect which writes under the dictation in Hebrew, and which presents to pages 12 and 13 a table of Hebrew phonemes and their transcription into Latin characters.  \u2191 Hassle ( lachon hakodech ), the sacred language.  \u2191 Hased bye: Savaina ( \u1e25anikoud hateberyani ) the punctuation of Tiberias (Brigitte Donnut-Guez, on. Cit. , page 14 ).  \u2191 Massoretic Bibles, like that of Zadoc Kahn which this article reports, are for purely didactic use, because the rollers of the preserved Torah and read to the synagogue are calligraphicized in classic writing exclusively consonant.  \u2191 Zippi Lyttleton et Tamar Wang, on. Cit. , p. 3 .  \u2191 The site [2] Presents a review of the Israeli press in “full writing” of contemporary Hebrew.  \u2191 Shifra Svironi and Roger Jacquet, The hebrew , bilingual book of 720 pages Offering many transcriptions intertwined with translitation (see bibliography).  \u2191 Shifra Svironi and Roger Jacquet, on. Cit. , p. 115 , phrase 3.  \u2191 Shifra Svironi and Roger Jacquet, on. Cit. , p. 207 , phrase 7.  \u2191 Zippi Lyttleton et Tamar Wang, on. Cit. , p. 388 .  \u2191 Zadoc Kahn, Grand-Rabbi, and members of French rabbinat, The Bible , Complete Hebrew-French, Hebrew text according to the massoretic version, translated from the original text. This work presents very neat and unambiguous French -speaking transcriptions of many Hebrew words.  \u2191 From this word derives the guemara (transcribed gemara In English, see Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions , reissued by Keith Crim, General Editor , under the title The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions , Harper & Row Publishers , San Francisco) who, passing through Aramaic, became in French a proper name “G\u00e9mara” pronounced [J\u00e9mara]! (see New Larousse Illustrated in seven volumes, 1900 edition, to that IV , p. 803 ).  \u2191 Maurice Grevisse, on. Cit. , p. 28 and 34 .  \u2191 Roersch-Thomas-Hombert, on. Cit. , page 5.  \u2191 Robert B., site Dikdouk cite .  \u2191 Shifra Svironi and Roger Jacquet, on. Cit. , p. first .  \u2191 Zadoc Kahn, on. Cit. , p. 5 to 13 .  \u2191 Shifra Svironi and Roger Jacquet, on. Cit. , p. 32 , transcrivent OK ( chest ), but this presentation emerges rather from the didactic translitation, to insist on the pronunciation [\u025b] of the last two vowels.  \u2191 Zadoc Kahn, on. Cit. , p. seventy three , the transcription of the title to capital letters gives Vayechev without acute accent.  \u2191 Zippi Lyttleton et Tamar Wang, Colloquial Hebrew , which allows you to familiarize yourself with the English -speaking way of transcribing Hebrew (see bibliography).        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/hebrew-transcription-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Hebrew transcription – Wikipedia"}}]}]