History of Anjou – Wikipedia
This article presents the History of Anjou From prehistory to the French Revolution. It notably covers the periods of the county of Anjou and the Duchy of Anjou. For more recent history, from the revolution to the present day, see the article Maine-et-Loire.
Paleolithic [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
On the Roc-en-Paille site, near Chalonnes-sur-Loire, animal bones made it possible to measure the evolution of fauna. This consisted of mammoths and reindeer around -30,000, to give way, at the end of the ice period, around -10,000 to wild boars and deer [ D 1 ] .
The main archaeological site attesting to an ancient human presence in Anjou is upstream of the monk. Dozens of cut stone tools have been found there, dating from the Acheulean and Moustérienne period.
Neolithic [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Under the Neolithic, the human presence becomes more marked and the population intensifies [ first ] . The first habitats develop mainly in the south of the Loire: Doué-la-Fontaine, Le Fief-Sauvin, Mazières-en-Mauges. It was also at this time that megalithic sites will be erected, most of which were also in the south of the Loire [ D 2 ] . Anjou stands out from other regions by setting up a particular type of dolmen, the Angevin type , with a narrow portico and a wider room [ 2 ] . This type of dolmen will spread in a whole part of the territory, including Touraine, Maine, Poitou, Orleans, and Berry. More than 2,600 polished stone axes were found in the department of Maine-et-Loire, some of which come from Touraine, as well as amber grains, attesting to the presence of trade or traffic networks [ first ] .
Bronze age [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The introduction of metal into the province follows the Neolithic period, around -2000, under the campaniform culture. It materializes by the discovery of many copper, flat ( Old bronze ) or by edge ( Medium bronze ), especially in the Saumurois [ P 1 ] . The heel axes at the end of the average bronze are also present in number (about 300 found, including 14 deposits [ P 2 ] ) and will remain used during the final bronze.
The Angevin province developed at the time under an Atlantic commercial influence, as evidenced by the incised “Bignan” type bracelets, the heeled heels of Rosnoën, the Norman or Armorican -type socket axes, as well as the Iberian or Iberian influences British [ P 2 ] .
ANDECAVES [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Gallic people occupying Anjou called themselves the Andecaves (or Andes ). Their territory was on both sides of the Loire. Ingranded (Ingrandes (Maine-et-Loire) and Ingrandes-de-Touraine) locals seem to indicate the approximate, ingrandus limits being a name derived from that of Equoranda of discussion, Horse you (en Latin) Oequus which means “just at the limits” and Finds it , a Gallic suffix and term which indicates a territorial limit or a border. Their main city, located on the edge of Maine was named Andegavum (Current Angers) [ D 3 ] . The Mauges are then occupied by another Celtic people, the ambilatra, who blend with the pictures during the Roman conquest [ P 3 ] .
For a long time, an open struggle had opposed the Andecaves to the Venets, a people of the same origin established in Basse-Loire and Morbihan, vis-à-vis which they had been able to preserve their independence [ 3 ] .
At the archaeological level, at the fief-Sauvin was a removal, probably military, of 5 ha [ 4 ] . Another oppidum had to be on the edge of the Loire, in Chênehutte-les-Tuffeaux, as well as a habitat north of the town of Allonnes [ P 4 ] .
The Roman occupation and the arrival of the Franks [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Handing the Guerre des Gaules, Pubius Crassus, commemorating Legio VII Claudia winter in 57 et 56 of. J.-C. in the Andes territory.
In 52 of. J.-C. , after the surrender of Vercingétorix, the Andecaves, under the leadership of their chief, Dumnacos, tried to resist the Romans. They joined the pictures who revolted against their Duratius chief, pro-Roman. The army then put the siege in front of Limonum (Poitiers), defended by Duratius. Having too few men with him to help Duratius, Caius Caninius, Roman legate, is fortified near the city, which has the effect of attracting the Gallic army which tries unsuccessful assaults before returning to Limonum . Caius Fabius, sent to the region by Caesar before, is a hurry to arrive at the aid of Duratius. Dumnacos, learning the arrival of a second Caesar lieutenant with more troops, is retiring, but this movement is planned by Caius Fabius who surprises him in full retirement on the banks of the Loire. Failing to cross the river, the Gallic army first fights against the Roman cavalry only but the arrival of the legions puts them definitively in a place which is not determined with certainty (between the bridges and Saumur) [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] .
Under the Romans, the Angevin territory is part of the III It is Lyonnaise. Juliomagus , “The Julius Caesar market” then replaces the name of Andegavum . Tacitus mentions a rebellion of the Andecaves in 21, followed closely by the Turons. However, the legate of Celtic Gaul, Acilius Aviola, comes to the end with his only cohort [ 6 ] .
The Peuinger table mentions three secondary agglomerations: Combaristum, Robrica and Segora. None of these agglomerations have been set precisely. Thus, Combaristum is sometimes placed in Segré, Candé or Châtelais [ P 5 ] .
Little by little, however, the Roman power is collapsing in the region. Christianity takes off, and a first bishop is mentioned in 372. IN It is A century, the Franks are already installed in Anjou, and are among the federated peoples of the Roman Empire. In 464, the chef Saxon Eadwace went up the Loire and the Maine, and took Angers [ 7 ] . COMES Paul, commander of Roman troops, dies in combat after asking for help from the Francs of Childéric I is . He takes up the city, and pushes the Saxon army [ 8 ] . In 486, Clovis I is , son of Childeric, beats Syagrius at the Battle of Soissons. This is the end of the Gallo-Roman domain, flap of the Roman Empire in which Angers was incorporated and the north of the Loire. Clovis continues his conquests and repels the Visigoths, who then held the south of the Loire, to Spain.
The High Middle Ages [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
On the death of Clovis, Anjou was incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom of Austrasia, and in 613, the territory was linked to Neustria. However, Anjou will face a new threat, which will last several centuries, with the arrival of the Bretons, driven from the island of Brittany by the Saxon and Angles invasions. Grégoire de Tours indicates that the Franks had to raise troops on several occasions against the Bretons from the IN It is century and WE It is century [ The 1 ] .
In 753, Pépin le Bref took Vannes and decided to create the Brittany march, in order to protect the Frankish kingdom from Breton incursions. This first walk encompasses the cities of Rennes, Nantes and Vannes.
In 849, hostilities resumed, with Breton Raids in depth in Western Francia and the taking of Rennes and Nantes. Erispoë crushes the Frankish army at the Battle of Jengland. At the Treaty of Angers in 851, Charles Le Chauve conceded the insignia of royalty to Erispoë, with the counties of Rennes and Nantes as well as the country of Retz. The march of Brittany is then completely incorporated into the kingdom of Brittany.
At the same time, the Normans, led by Hasting, started in 852 a series of raids, which will lead them to the looting of Saint-Florent-le-Vieil. They then settled on a neighboring island, and organize the bag of Angers. In order to thwart these Breton and Norman invasions, Charles Le Chauve created in 853 a large border march formed from the territories of Anjou, Touraine and Maine, and entrusts it to Robert Le Fort (great-grandfather of Hugues Capet ).
A few years later, the Treaty of Angers shattered. Solomon of Brittany returned to war in 863 against royal power. He pushes his troops to Orleans. Charles Le Chauve then negotiated the Treaty of Entremmes, conceding the territory of Between two rivers (Between Mayenne and Sarthe) in exchange for peace and Breton aid against the Normans. He also decided to erect in 864 Anjou as a county.
Robert the Fort is killed in a fight against the Normans in Brissarthe, in 866. The Marche de Neustrie then returned to Eudes, son of Robert, but Charles the Chauve dismisses him in 868 of this function which he gives to Hugues the abbot . Ingelger becomes at the same time viscount of Angers. The Hasting Normans continue their raids and seized Angers again in 872, despite the construction of a bridge fortified by Charles. Charles Le Chauve then besieged the city with the help of Solomon of Brittany, and managed to drive the Normans in 873. They took Angers one in 886.
In 879, Ingelger received from Louis II the Bègue, for having distinguished himself against the Bretons and Normans, half of Anjou in the east of Mayenne, the West part being the property of the counts of Nantes. When he died, his son Foulque I is acquire the title of Viscount of Angers.
The county of Anjou [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The birth of the county [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In 909, following the death of Alain I is from Brittany (907), Foulques I is From Anjou receives the county of Nantes. He is responsible for fighting against the Normans and the Bretons. Nevertheless Nantes was taken by the Normans in 914. Despite this Norman raid, Foulques I is kept the title of count of Nantes. But he was not definitively recognized until 930, at the same time as his title of count of Anjou, when his suzerain Hugues the Great qualified him as such in one of his charters. Foulques I is spent most of his life fighting the Vikings raids. The county of Nantes remained under the influence of the Counts of Anjou then passed under the domination of the Plantagenêts until 1203.
Under Foulques II Le Bon, the domain finally experiences a relative prosperity, nicknamed the Angevin Peace . He nevertheless seized Montreuil-Bellay at the expense of Guillaume Tête-d’Atoupe, count of Poitiers, but his most notable act is the sale of Saumur to the count of Blois Thibaut the cheater. His successors will not cease, for more than a century, to bring the city back in the Angevin domain.
Geoffroy I is Grisegonnelle, in contrast to her father, develops the power and influence of the county of Anjou by taking up hostilities. He manages to snatch the Loudunais, the Mirebelais and Thouars at Aquitaine in 973. He also participated in the Battle of Conquereuil alongside the Count of Nantes, Hoël 1er, against Conan I is from Brittany, count of Rennes. Geoffroy I is Extends the Angevin domain on the southern shore of the Loire to the doors of Nantes and at the edge of the Sèvre Nantes river. He built a powerful bastion to the south of Nantes at the Pallet, of which there is still a huge dungeon.
The Angevin boom [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
His successor, Foulques III Nerra, directs the county from 987 to 1040. At the war open with Eude I is , Count of Blois, he will not stop trying to recover Saumur and enlarge his influence to the east, in Tours. After a failed attempt by Conan Le Tort, count of Rennes, to seize Nantes [ H 1 ] , the King of France, Hugues Capet confirms the Angevin possessions on across the Maine. Foulque then strengthens its positions in Touraine, among other things by the construction of the castles of Semblançay, Langeais, Montbazon and Montnais. He does the same in the Mauges, which he acquires more peacefully, editing the fortresses of Montrevault and Passavant-sur-Layon among others. He finally dismisses the Rennes threat by killing Conan I is from Brittany to the second battle of Conquereuil;
Beginning 990, Eudes I is , count of Blois, launches an offensive against the Angevin presence in Touraine, and seizes Montbazon. He puts the siege in front of the castle of Langeais where Foulque took refuge, but the arrival of King Hugues Capet to the aid of the Angevin puts an end to his business. On the death of Eudes, Hugues Capet, ally of Foulque, referee in his favor: he then recovers Montbazon and occupied Tours.
But the death of Hugues Capet redistributes alliances. Robert Le Pieux, in love with Berthe de Burgundy, widow of Eudes, takes over the city of Tours and that of Langeais in Foulques Nerra, thus breaking the Angevin alliance, faithful support from the late King Hugues Capet. Instead of attempting an open conflict with the King of France, Foulque will denounce the union’s consanguinity between Robert and Berthe who will force them to separate in 1003. Foulque then resumes his offensive in Touraine. In 1005, he built the Château de Montrichard, then the Château de Trier in order to take Saumur, always possession of Blois. In 1017, he erected the fortress of Montboyau which then allows to isolate Saumur de Blois. Eudes II, count of Blois then tries to resume the advantage in Touraine, but fails in Montrichard in front of the alliance of Anjou and Maine. In 1025, he launched a new offensive in Montboyau. Saumur’s men come to lend him a hand. Foulque Nerra takes advantage of what the city is devoid of defense to take it, and sack it (in order to redeem itself from this act, it built the abbey of Ronceray). The Count of Blois, in check in Montboyau, then tried to take Amboise, an ally of Anjou, then tries to resume Saumur. At the end of the war, Eudes II sold Saumur against the destruction of Montboyau.
Meanwhile, Foulques Nerra organizes Anjou by appointing the first seneschal of Anjou, Lisois of Amboise appointed in 1016. Subsequently, the Angevin senes, obliged to follow their masters in the war, named in turn substitutes who became bailiff, then ordinary judges and finally lieutenant-general for the Sénéchaussées de l’Anjou.
The son of Foulques Nerra, Geoffroi II Martel, completes the conquest of Touraine at the expense of the Count of Blois. In 1044, he led a campaign that will see the defeat of the Blésois party, and the Tours, ultimate goal, by the Angevins [ D 4 ] .
He then turned to the county of Maine. Since the 1030s, the territory has been prey to foreign influences: Angevin, Blésoise and Normandy. On the death of Count Hugues IV of Maine, Geoffroy takes advantage of the minority of the young Herbert II to assume the administration of the county [ D 5 ] . In doing so, he ran into Guillaume le Bastard, Duke of Normandy, whose influence grows as his duchy rises in power. In 1052, with the support of the King of France, Henri I is , he drives out the Angevins, without completely destroying their influence on Maine. But the balance of power turns around, the power of the Duchy of Normandy becoming embarrassing for the King of France. He then joined forces with Geoffroy to hunt Guillaume du Maine, but the Franco-Angelvine alliance did not reach the Norman forces [ D 5 ] .
The Châtelaine crisis [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
When he died, Geoffroy leaves no son. He therefore shares his possessions between his two nephews: Geoffroi III The Barbu has the best part, Anjou and Touraine, while Foulques IV the Réchin receives Saintonge and the seigneury of Vihiers.
In 1061, Guy-Geoffroy-Guillaume VIII, Duke of Aquitaine occupied Saintonge, but Geoffroy and Foulque beat him in chief-beast and Foulque recovers Saintonge, however for a short time, because Guillaume took it back the following year and hunt the army of Foulque.
Not wanting to be content with the lordship of Vihiers, he took the head of the baronial opposition against his brother, when he got into a dangerous fight against the clergy. He easily wins to his cause some of the most powerful vassals of Geoffroy Le Barbu, his brother, already abandoned by the clergy and excommunicated by the papal legate: he seizes Saumur him , then walks on Angers on Wednesday holy . Thanks to the betrayal of Geoffroy de Preuilly, Renaud II of Château-Gontier, Giraud de Montreuil and the provost of Angers, appointed Robert, seizes the person of Geoffroy and throws him in prison. The punishment of traitors is not long in coming. Foulque Réchin could not or did not want to preserve his affidals from popular revenge. The next day Holy Thursday, a terrible riot lifts the city: Renaud de Château-Gontier, Geoffroy de Preuilly, Giraud de Montreuil, are massacred; The provost, apprehended in turn, soon after a similar spell.
After a short reconciliation with his brother, the fight resumes, and Foulque captures, drops him off and imprisoned him again in Chinon.
Some of his new vassals, including Sulpice II of Amboise, dispute his title, he will always be dealing with an opposition in Anjou, where feudal anarchy settles. To ensure the support of King Philippe I is , he gave him the Gâtinais. He must submit one by one by his turbulent vassals, not hesitating to take and fire castles.
To resist the Duke of Normandy Guillaume the Conqueror, he concluded several alliances, marrying his half-sister Hildegarde in Gui-Geoffroy-Guillaume VIII of Aquitaine and his daughter Ermengarde d’Anjou to the Duke of Brittany Alain Fergent. He also supports the Maine barons in revolt against the Duke of Normandy.
He has with the Archbishop of Tours a quarrel that almost made him excommunicate; But his liberalities assure him the indulgence of the commissioners appointed by the Pope to examine his conduct. Bertrade de Montfort, his wife, is removed by Philippe I is from France, king of France. He must also fight the revolt of his son Geoffroy IV Martel, who, later, in clerk of the county, was killed at the headquarters of Candé in 1106. After a recognized political domination of forty-one years, he died in Angers in 1109.
Rise in power of a principality [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
At the end of the reign of Foulque le Réchin, Anjou is weakened. The Gâtinais was given to the King of France, the Maine is under Breton domination, Touraine emancipates. In addition, the bustle of the vassals continues more beautifully.
Son of Foulque le Réchin, Foulques v The Younger became count of Maine and Anjou in 1109. He submits the rebel vassals, taking the castles of Goué and the Isle-Bouchard (1109), de Brissac (1112), de Montbazon (1118) and Montreuil-Bellay (1124) [ 9 ] . It also represses the attempts at independence of the bourgeois, slows down the movements of municipal emancipation and is obeyed by ecclesiastical feudalism [ ten ] .
Just after his advent, he married Erembourg, daughter and heiress of Hélie de Beaugency, count of Maine. This marriage definitively links Maine to Anjou, but forces him to pursue a pulseing policy between Henri I is Beauclerc, king of England and Duke of Normandy, and Louis VI le Gros, king of France [ ten ] .
But his action is not limited to an internal policy, and he intervenes in the conflict between the heirs of Guillaume the Conqueror. He joined the big one to King Louis VI, receives in exchange for the charge of Sénéchal and supports with his king the cause of Guillaume Cliton, claiming the Duchy of Normandy against his uncle Henri I is Beauclerc, king of England. In 1112, the help of Louis VI allowed him to keep Maine invaded by Henri Beauclerc. In 1113, he approached the English king and fiance his daughter Mathilde [ 11 ] In Guillaume Adelin, son of Henri Beauclerc. In 1116, he returned to the Capetian alliance and fight Thibaut IV in Blois, nephew of Henri and enemy of Louis VI, then participated in the campaign of Louis VI in favor of Guillaume Cliton and against Henri. The death in combat of Count Baudouin VII of Flanders (1119), another support of Guillaume Cliton, encourage Louis and Foulque to conclude an agreement with Henri Beauclerc, and Guillaume Adelin married Mathilde [ ten ] .
Foulque takes advantage of this peace to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem which he reached in May 1120 and where he was appreciated by his value, his courage and his piety. When he returned to Europe, he learned that Guillaume Adelin had died the In the sinking of Blanche-Nef, and that Henri Beauclerc refuses to make the dowry. Foulque again supports Guillaume Cliton’s claims, whom he married in 1123 to his second daughter Sibylle and gave him Maine in dowry, but the pope intervenes and cancels the marriage him [ ten ] .
Foulque nevertheless continues to support Guillaume Cliton, but the situation was still changing in 1127. On the one hand, Charles Le Bon, count of Flanders is assassinated the , and Guillaume Cliton, grandson of Mathilde de Flandre and brother-in-law of Louis VI Le Gros by his second marriage, claims the county of Flanders. On the other hand, Mathilde, the only legitimate child of Henri Beauclerc, widow of Emperor Henri V since 1125, is recognized as heir to the kingdom of England by his father who offers his hand to Geoffroy V, eldest son of Foulques . The agreement is quickly concluded and marriage is celebrated in Le Mans the , thus throwing the bases of the Plantagenêt Empire. Three months earlier, on May 31, 1128, Foulque had taken the cross and, after a last visit to Fontevrault where his daughter Mathilde had withdrew, widow of Guillaume Adelin, entrusted all his fields to her son and goes definitively in the Holy Land , at the beginning of 1129 [ ten ] , [ 9 ] .
When King Henri I is of England died in 1135, leaving his throne without male heir, the cousin of Mathilde, Étienne de Blois, seized the throne of England and at the same time of the Duchy of Normandy. While his wife turned his attention to England, Geoffroy concentrated his on the conquest of Normandy. After a vain attempt in 1135, he began a systematic conquest from 1136 which would last eleven years. He paid tribute to King Louis VI for the Duchy, a tribute he renewed with the new King Louis VII in 1141. He was master of Caen, Bayeux, Lisieux, cliff in 1141. Avranches fell in 1143 and Arques in 1146.
With these possessions, Geoffroy becomes the most powerful vassal of the King of France. The annual return of the Norman Treasury were then valued at 2,60,000 tournament books, as much as the royal treasure [ twelfth ] . Despite the Ducal title, it seems that Geoffroy then considers Normandy as an dependence on Anjou. While the Angevin denier was circulating in Normandy, he made the monetary workshops of Bayeux and Rouen close [ 13 ] .
Geoffroy also repressed three Barons revolts in Anjou, against the viscount of Thouars Aimey VI in 1129, 1135 and 1145-1151. It will take 3 years of siege, from 1148, so that the Place de Montreuil-Bellay fell. The threat of rebellion slows down in Normandy, and seems to be a reason for its non-intervention across the Channel.
In the last years of his life, he consolidated his control over Normandy by reforming the administration of the Duchy and in 1150, he associated Henri with his government.
The Plantagenêt Empire [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Their son Henri II brings together under his authority in England, Normandy, Anjou and their outbuildings as well as Aquitaine by his marriage to Aliénor, the repudiated wife of the King of France Louis VII. It was the origin of the secular rivalry of the kingdoms of England and France. Henri II added Brittany to his possessions that he militarily controlled and to whom he gave his son still child Geoffroi II.
Anjou is then the center of the Plantagenêt Empire, which includes England, Maine, Touraine, Vendômois, Berry, Aquitaine. The magnitude of this territory, which rides the English Channel, obliges Henri II Plantagenêt to have representatives within each state it controls. In Anjou, he relies on the seneschal. From 1165, it is this character who presides over the curia COMTLE. His power grows: he soon acquired a clean “domain” taken from that of the count. In 1187, he received the Treasury Guard kept in Chinon then the custody of the castles (1199).
Insertion in the Royal Capetian domain [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
However, Anjou still continued to fall under the crown of France. At that time, Anjou was confiscated to Jean Sans Terre who had perished his nephew Arthur, the last heir to the county. It is the king of France Philippe Auguste who breaks the power of the Empire Plantagenêt by the double victory of Bouvines and La Roche-aux-Moines in 1214. The loss of territories in continental France, final with the defeat of Jean- Sans-Terre in La Roche-aux-Moines, near Angers, facing the future Louis VIII, now makes England the center of the Plantagenêts. The Treaty of Paris, in 1259, carried out the attachment of Anjou to the Kingdom of France.
In 1226, the King of France Louis VIII died and left the Anjou by Testament as well as Maine in prerogative in Charles I is d’Anjou (1227-1285), which founded the second Angevin dynasty. Charles conquers southern Italy and is crowned king of Sicily and Naples. But the difficulties arrive very quickly and lead to the dramatic Sicilian vespers in 1282 during which were massacred thousands of French people including many Angevins.
In 1290, Marguerite, daughter of Charles II of Anjou, king of Naples and Jerusalem, count of Anjou, Maine and Provence, and Marie de Hungary, brought Anjou and Maine to dowry to Charles de France , Count of Valois, whose son, who became king of France under the name of Philippe VI, brings together these two provinces at the Crown.
The Duchy of Anjou [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In 1360, King John II erected the Anjou as a duchy, and gave him for prerogative to his second son Louis. Louis took the title of King of Sicily on August 30, 1383, the royal title of Naples being “king of Sicily and Jerusalem”. He died in 1384 in Bari, without having obtained a decisive result against his competitor Charles de Durazzo, who retains effective power.
Anjou in the Hundred Years War [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In the second half of the XIV It is century, Anjou is between, at the same time as Western Europe, in a crisis phase. Famines were more numerous, weakening a population already without hygiene, thus preparing for land conducive to the development of deadly epidemics. The black plague appeared in France at the end of 1347. It spread quickly, and in November 1348, it declared itself in Angers, in the Doutre district, at the Convent of Augustins [ The 2 ] To subsequently extend to the entire province.
To add to the misfortune of the Angevin population, the conflict between Capetians and Plantagenêt suddenly took a dramatic turn with the declaration of the Hundred Years War in 1337. But for Anjou, the war is still far from its borders, all the more More than the Brittany war of succession is in full swing. Philippe VI, King of France, supports Blois’ house at the succession of the Duchy of Brittany. He gathered 7,000 Genoese mercenaries in Angers for September 26, 1341 and left Angers in early October 1341. He jostled Jean de Montfort in the Humeau, then besiege Nantes where he took refuge. He removes the Fortress of Champtoceaux which, on the left bank of the Loire, locks the access of Nantes [ 14 ] . The Montfort party will then ask for help from the King of England, who will send part of his troops in Brittany from 1342. Once the truce of Malestroit signed, Croquart, captain in the balance of the English, decides to lead his bands in Anjou, which he devastated in 1348 [ 15 ] While two years earlier, the Angevin nobility had suffered at the battle of Crécy. The nobles Angevins suffer again during the Battle of Poitiers in 1365, during which John II of France was taken prisoner.
France slides towards anarchy, and in 1357, bands of truckers and late coming devastated the province, and seized the Louroux abbey which they plunder. They then strengthen the religious building in order to use it as entrenchment to lead raids in the Angevin territory [ 16 ] .
At the beginning of 1361, Bertrand du Guesclin and Guillaume I is de Craon go to Juigné-sur-Sarthe to fight Hugues de Calveley there. In the middle of the fight, Guillaume and 80 of his men in arms lose foot and run away, letting guesclin get caught with his men [ 17 ] . At the same time, to honor the Treaty of Brétigny, Louis I is , Duke of Anjou and Maine, goes to England as a hostage. He escaped three years later, raised an army in his territories and left in Guyenne fighting the English. In 1363, the arrow was taken by the English [ D 6 ] . In 1365, the Battle of Auray put an end to the war of succession in Brittany, idling with many mercenaries who then fell on the disarmed Anjou [ 18 ] . In 1368, 500 English disguised in peasants entered the city of Château-Gontier on a market day, and seized it, as well as several villages around.
Anjou will therefore see the armed confrontations multiply. In 1369, Jean Chandos advanced with more than 500 men, looting the region and its abbeys without meeting resistance. Just after his departure, the count of Pembroke fell in turn on Anjou with 300 knights, recruiting the latecomers of the Army of Chandos, looting the fields and ransoming the villages that Chandos had spared. Pembroke returns a second time with Hugues de Calveley and with more than 2000 men as well as seat equipment in order to take control of the cities of the Duchy. The English army arrives in Saumur soon, where it is repelled, not without having devastated the surroundings [ D 6 ] . Hugues de Calveley then joined the English troops, and seized the abbey of Saint-Maur in 1370 which he converted into a fortress. With a stable base, Hugues seizes the bridges and can then control river traffic on the Loire [ 19 ] . In the Saumurois, the English bands of Calveley take the lordship of Trier, but several times fail to take the abbey of Saint-Florent. The sentries of Angers no longer leave the walls of the castle: while the bands of Calveley plunder the south and east of the Duchy, Knolles camps on the Anjou-Brittany march, to the west [ 20 ] .
But the hegemony of the English is coming to an end. On November 11, 1370, Du Guesclin chased the English at the Battle of Pontvallain. Robert Knolles must then leave the Louroux abbey rushed, which he still held. Du Guesclin benefits from its momentum and chases the English of Saint-Maur, before continuing south. The English are trying a final maneuver by launching an attack on Angers and Saumur in 1372, without success [ D 7 ] . Anjou, rid of the English, tastes its first relative lull in 30 years.
Hostilities resumed in 1412. Thomas de Lancastre, Duke of Clarence, landed in France, and crosses Anjou, before the French nobility was decimated at the Battle of Azincourt, leading to the Treaty of Troyes. However, Yolande d’Aragon, in the absence of his son Louis III who left for Italy, refuses the treaty and takes the lead of the French resistance [ D 8 ] . The English will then try to break Anjou by seizing Maine. In 1419, they were in Lude, in 1420, Champtoceaux fell under the blow of the Bretons, which shaved the fortress. The Duke of Clarence then brings together an army and advances in Anjou. Yolande requests the help of Charles VII, king of France [ The 3 ] . The Franco-Scottish army crushes Clarence’s army at the Battle of Baugé. The Duke of Clarence himself leaves life there. But war does not stop there: the English always hold Maine, and launch raids in Haut-Anjou [ D 9 ] . In 1422, Lord Poole attack Segré and Chatelais before being arrested by an Angevin army. In 1427, Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers was occupied. A certain number of Angevin lords will then fight on the side of Joan of Arc between 1428 and 1430, such as Gilles de Rais or John II of Alençon. The latter will again fight the English, allied to his uncle, the Duke of Brittany, during the siege of Pouancé in 1432, which ravages the whole Haut-Anjou. The English tried vainly to take Angers in 1434, then launched a final ride in 1443. The Duke of Sommerset tried to cross the Duchy, took Saint-Denis-d’Anjou and settled in the Saint-Nicolas abbey that he must leave after an artillery salvo at the Château d’Angers killed one of his captains. Sommerset then tried to take the Pouancé castle for 3 weeks, in vain, before heading to Brittany.
This ride will be the last English attempt on Angevin soil. Anjou campaigns are gradually freeing themselves from the bands of sudden and truckers [ D 9 ] . Pierre de Brézé, seneschal of Anjou, Poitou and Normandy, will compete to release the rest of the kingdom. Maine was evacuated in 1448, evacuation followed by the victory of Castillon in 1453 which seals the end of the English presence on most of the territory of France.
King René and the Angevin Renaissance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
At the end of the war, the situation of Anjou is hardly enviable, without the province being one of the most affected and deadly [ The 4 ] . But the combined effects of war, plague and chronic famines affected the economy and Angevin demography. The campaigns are partly deserted, the peasants having taken refuge in closed cities, sheltered from the walls. In 1450, several hundred miserables still massaged in the suburbs of Angers [ D 10 ] . The fields are fallow, the vineyard is in a poor state, and some of the most renowned abbeys have been devastated.
René d’Anjou and his contemporaries will breathe new dynamism into the province. King René in particular surrounds himself with renowned artists, and thus creates a literary and learned court. In Anjou, he will redevelop the castles of Angers and Saumur. He will also rebuild Baugé Castle, completely abandoning defensive architecture in favor of a pleasure house [ The 5 ] , as he will do in various places of the Duchy. Other nobles will also be an instigators of this architectural development which notably sees the construction of Plessis-Bourré, the Château de Montsoreau, the castle of Lude or that of Plessis-Macé. These civil constructions, considered as transitional castles, prefigure the splendor of the Renaissance and the Loire Valley.
The Angevin economy was strongly stimulated by these construction or reconstruction projects. The slates of slates or tuffeau take advantage of an increasingly large request, encouraged by the sites of René or Jean Bourré. The textile industry benefits from the arrival of Norman weavers, fairs and markets are again attended, farming develops, exchanges on the Loire are multiplying. Seeking to highlight their lands which they had abandoned during the war, the nobles and the clergy develop sharecropping, soon imitated by the bourgeois and the officers [ The 6 ] , thus participating in the renewal of campaigns. The latter are increasingly seeking to get out of feudal power and hold urban councils in Angers. They see their will supported by the King of France which created on July 25, 1474, the town hall of Angers.
The University of Angers, created in 1364, was officially recognized by the Pope in 1432, although it has claimed since 1410 its independence from the bishopric of Angers. In addition to civil law and canon law, the university has the XV It is century of a faculty of medicine, philosophy and theology. The influx of students, the opening of new colleges, then the introduction of the printing will push it to settle in new buildings in 1477, and thus contribute to making Angers an intellectual center of importance [ The 7 ] .
However, the XV It is century does not spare Anjou. Several shortage ranged, in 1472, 1483, 1498. The plague is not eradicated and returns punctually ravaging certain parts of the duchy (1427-1440, 1463). A popular insurrection, Tricotterie even agitated Angers in 1461, gaining source in the misery and taxation of the Duchy. Despite growth, Anjou will nevertheless have to wait until the start of XVI It is century to reconnect with its economic and demographic power before the Hundred Years War [ O 8 ] .
Integration into the Royal Domaine [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
King René soon conflict with the King of France, Louis XI, his own nephew. Following the death of his son John II in 1470, then that of his grandson Nicolas, René reorganizes his succession. Louis XI denounces this will: in the absence of direct male descendants, Angevin prerogative must return to the kingdom of France. In 1474, Louis XI went to Angers with his army, under cover of a courtesy visit. René d’Anjou, who lies in his Baugé hunting residence, not far from Angers, sees his nephew arriving, the king of France, without suspecting that once in the Angevin city, the king would ask for the keys to the capital of Anjou. The surprise is total. Louis XI immediately set up a garrison in the castle of Angers and entrusts the command to Guillaume de Cerisay [ 21 ] .
At seventy-five, King René does not wish to start a war with his nephew, King of France. René gives in him Anjou without fighting and turns to Provence of which he is the sovereign and which he immediately joins [ 22 ] . Louis XI appoints Guillaume de Cerisay, governor of Anjou as well as mayor of the city of Angers [ 23 ] . Anjou therefore ceases to be a prerogative and definitively entered the royal domain in 1480, at the death of René.
The entry of Anjou into the royal domain will allow the kings of France to turn their attention to Brittany, still independent and of which Duke François II of Brittany is openly hostile to the kingdom. In 1468, he carried out a military campaign with the support of John II of Alençon, Charles the Bold and Charles of Guyenne. In 1472, Louis XI advanced in Anjou, took Ancenis on July 7, then occupied the castle of Pouancé, owned by Jean II of Alençon, then imprisoned in Loches in order to cope with the Breton troops, confined to La Guerche-de -Brittany [ 24 ] . The Franco-Breton war will end up sealing the fate of Brittany. In 1487, King Charles VIII returned to Haut-Anjou to besiege the Guerche-de-Bretagne. In 1488 finally, on April 15, an army of 12,000 French people, confined to Pouancé and commanded by La Trémoille, started from the Angevine fortress to put the siege to Châteaubriant, which fell on the 23rd. Subsequently, the Battle of Saint-Aubin -Du-Cormier will put an end to Breton independence, releasing Anjou from an armed threat.
The renewal of the Renaissance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Wars of religion [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Premise of the conflict in Anjou [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Luther’s theses arrived very early in Anjou so that in 1523, the vicars general of the diocese of Angers threaten people reading his writings, a prohibition that renewed and strengthens the following year François de Rohan, threatening the offenders excommunication and ordering the destruction of incriminated works [ 25 ] .
In Anjou as in the rest of the kingdom, the Protestant reform wins the spirits. However, the cupboards marks the end of tolerance at the national level. Supporters of the reform are soon to be condemned for heresy and for rebellion towards royal power. Anjou first benefits from the spirit of kindness of Bishop Jean Olivier, but in the big days of Angers, extraordinary session of the Paris Parliament, in the fall of 1539, the first convictions were taken against Angevin Protestants. The repression hardens and the pyres soon followed, in 1552 in Saumur, in 1556 in Angers. At the same time, the more and more reformed, including many nobles and notables, organized themselves: in 1555, the Calvinist church of Angers was open.
It is in this tense atmosphere that the handkerchief day takes place during the year 1560. Provocations and repressions multiply throughout this year 1560. The three orders are invited to choose their delegates to the Estates General summoned for December in Angers. Elections take place and the Protestants prevail in the Third Estate and in the nobility The Catholics protest and ask for the cancellation of the elections. The confrontation turns to the riot and in order to distinguish themselves between protagonists, the Huguenot reformers display a handkerchief in their hat.
The Duke of Montpensier, governor of Maine, Touraine and Anjou, made aware of the “handkerchief day”, soon arrived in Angers, accompanied by three soldiers’ companies. On October 24 he ordered all residents to lay down their arms. The bishop of Angers asks to denounce the reformed of the city and those who had taken part in the handkerchief day. Several are arrested, the elections are broken and elected Catholic deputies.
In 1567, the Catholic League was organized in Angers and in 1570, Saumur became a Protestant security place.
In August 1572, Anjou in turn underwent the massacre of Saint-Barthélemy, notably in Angers and Saumur.
In 1589, Duplessis-Mornay was appointed governor of Saumur by the King of France Henri III. In 1593 the Protestant Academy of Saumur was founded.
The Edict of Nantes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
It is in Angers that the Edict of Nantes is prepared from March 7 to by the King of France Henri IV which makes Angers its capital for a while. Faced with Brittany long hostile to the throne’s pretender, Angers, well located in the marches of the kingdom, was a stronghold of importance.
In 1597, the city of Amiens was resumed to the Spanish. Henri IV Can turn all his forces towards the last bastion of the League, ally of the Spanish: the Duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany. The situation of the latter is no longer tenable: the entire kingdom of France returned to royal obedience, by the military successes of the king and his conversion to Catholicism.
In the first days of 1598, the king sent his armies to Brittany and set out on the Loire valley. Thousands of soldiers converge on Anjou and Angers becomes a garrison city.
The Sieur de La Rochepot, governor of Place d’Angers, organized local local councilors with the population and local councilors, the welcome and the stay of the King of France.
Arrived in Angers, Henri IV multiplies symbolic gestures to completely rally the Catholics of lighting spirit. He goes to the cathedral to hear mass. He receives at the entrance to the church, the blessing of the bishop. A few days later, he follows the branch procession, a palm in his hand and his collar of the order of the Holy Spirit on the shoulders. Henri IV Lave the feet of thirteen poor at the episcopal palace, touches the patients of the nuts on the forecourt of the cathedral according to the royal tradition. Finally he laid the first stone of the Capuchin convent, still in Angers.
Meanwhile the Duke of Mercœur sends his wife, Marie de Luxembourg, in the company of his representatives to the King of Navarre, to negotiate his submission (Brittany rises against his Duke and Mercœur loses several strong Breton places which rally the king of France, the latest dinan, in which the population, rescued by the Falklands, shouts “long live the king”, “long live public freedom”). Henri IV Refuses to welcome the Lady of Mercœur in Angers. It is driven back to the Ponts-de-Cé (Faubourg Sud de la Ville located on the Loire). Nevertheless she meets the King’s mistress, Gabrielle d’Estrées. The two women quickly agree for a marriage between the only daughter of the Mercœur, Françoise with César de Vendôme, natural son of the king and Gabrielle d’Estrées. After this interview, Henri IV Lets himself be convinced by his mistress and finally accepts to receive the wife of Mercœur in Angers, as well as the delegates sent by her husband.
Between two hunting parts, Henri IV Prepares the surrender of the Duke of Mercœur and the preparation of the pacification edict. An agreement is signed with the Mercœur emissaries on 20 mars : He renounces his government of Brittany for a huge sum of money (we speak of 2 million pounds out of the 30 million used for the acquisition of the leaguers), but must consent to the marriage of her only daughter Françoise with César de Vendôme, natural son of the king and Gabrielle d’Estrées.
On March 28, the Duke of Mercœur met Henri IV In Briollay, at the Duke of Rohan with whom the king likes to hunt. Mercœur throws himself at the king’s feet and swears to be faithful to him. Duplessis-Mornay, faithful friend of Henri IV Assist this situation well maneuvered by Mercœur. The king is not fooled and accepts this submission of good grace. It is true that Mercœur still has military forces, especially with the presence of 2,000 Spanish who camp at the pellerin along the Loire and 5,000 others in Blavet under the command of his ally Don Juan d’Aguila.
Mercœur returns to Nantes. On March 23, a tax was lifted to cover the costs of reception for the reception of the King of France. Meanwhile, Mercœur demobilizes his own troops.
The marriage contract is signed at the Château d’Angers the .
The king can then definitively leave Angers for Nantes on April 12, leaving his great council at the Jacobins of Angers to put the last hand at the editorial staff of the edict which will be signed in Nantes. Henri IV Receives the ambassadors of England and the United Provinces who try to persuade him to continue the war against Spain, but the King of Navarre wishes to put an end to so many years of suffering, misfortunes and calamities in his Kingdom, as Sully reports.
The , the peace of Vervins is signed between France and Spain. The kingdom recovers all its possessions in the north of the country and the Spanish troops leave the Pellerin and the Blavet.
At the time, the edict was not called “edict of Nantes”, or even “edict of Angers” but ” Pacification edict ».
In the century of Louis XIV [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
From the start of XVII It is century, the provost and the Sénéchaussée d’Angers shared the administrative authority of Anjou. “By judgment of the Court in December 1611, the Lieutenant Crimunine and prosecutor of Roy in the Sénéchaussée d’Anjou and presidential seat of Angers, and the judges, lieutenants and prosecutor of the Roy in the provost of said place, regulating for sharing of the exercise of their charges. Read and published in the audience of said seats on Wednesday 4 day in January 1612. With a prescription made in the said seneschal of Anjou and presidial seat of Angers on Wednesday fourteenth day of November to said for the execution and maintenance of said Arrest “.
The financial district of Angers became administrative district under the direction of an intendant having full authority on the “sub-delegates” of the six election lands of the province of Anjou (Angers, Baugé, Beaufort, Château-Gontier, La Flèche and Saumur). (Loudun being still under the authority of the governor of Saumur).
The royal authority reaches the municipal level with King Louis XIV who appoints the mayors of major cities and aldermen. The royal, presidiaries, and specialized chambers are increasing their skills at the expense of the Sénéchaussées.
The 18th century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
( In the yellow limit of the department of Maine-et-Loire ).
At XVIII It is A century, it was the police of the rural communities, represented by seigniorial officers of justice, who ensures order and justice in the Angevin countryside, in the absence of any royal and police officer. These seigniorial police and justice functions make it possible to maintain public security in the Angevin rural communities and the proper functioning of economic life. At the level of the royal province of Anjou, the Angevin seneschals administer the province as well as justice through the bailiffs and the lieutenants general.
Under the Old Regime, the main seneschal of Angers, administering the Sénéchaussées de l’Anjou, is represented by 16 deputies also from Angevin secondary seneschals: (Angers, Baugé, Beaufort, Château-Gontier, Craon, la Flèche, le Lude).
The 16 deputies of the Sénéchaussée d’Angers are thus distributed:
- 3 Clergy deputies: Chatizel, Martinez and Rangeard.
- 4 deputies of nobility: Choiseul-Praslin, Dieuzie, Galissonière and Ruillé.
- 9 deputies of the Third Estate: Allard, Beaujour Brevet, Chassebluf-Volney, Desmazière, La Revellière-Lépeaux, Le Maignan, Milscent, Pilastre and Rich.
The Sénéchaussée d’Angers keeps its prerogatives on almost the whole of Anjou which will become the future department of Maine-et-Loire, as well as on the whole of Mayenne Angevine (Château-Gontier and Craon) and on the major Part of Maine Angevin (La Flèche and the Lude) less the independent bailiwick of Château-du-Loir attached to the main seneschal of Le Mans.
The French Revolution and the birth of Maine-et-Loire [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The generality of Tours according to the general regulations of January 24, 1789 (Estates General) was organized with a certain number of modification which suggested the dismantling of the ancient royal provinces.
Indeed, on November 11, 1789, the sudden constituent assembly by ordering deputies of the old provinces to consult, in order to set up a network of new departments of around 324 square leagues, or 6,561 km ² current.
Meetings are immediately held in the Hôtel du Duc Antoine-César de Choiseul-Praslin, deputy of the nobility of the Sénéchaussée d’Angers. Thirty deputies (of the three provinces) present plan to retrocede territories in Poitou and to subdivide the domain remaining in four departments, around traditional capitals, Tours, Angers and Le Mans, and around the city of Laval, which would recover from lands of Maine and Anjou.
On November 12, 1789, 25 deputies (of the three provinces) approved this sharing, but the two representatives of Saumur, Jean-Étienne de Cigongne and Charles-Élie de Ferrières, dissociates this decision. The Saumurois plead in favor of a department of Saumur located at the crossroads of the three provinces of Anjou, Touraine and Poitou, with Loudun for the sharing of powers. They accuse the representatives of Angers of getting along with their colleagues from Maine and Touraine for the buttressing of the Sénéchaussée de Saumur. They also accuse them of abandoning the 24 parishes formerly Angevines in Touraine (around Château-la-Vallière and Bourgueil). Discontent grows, the population of Bourgueil manifests for its maintenance in Anjou and joined forces with Saumur. Meanwhile, Chinon representatives, like that from Saumur, are also trying to create their own department. Dissensions appear within the municipal council of Saumur. Some representatives of the nobility and the clergy approve the division proposed by Angers. In December of the same year, the Loudunais broke their agreement with Saumur.
On January 14, 1790, the National Assembly decreed that ” Saumur and the Saumurois will be part of the Anjou department “.
Integrated into the department of ” Mayenne-et-Loire “(Futur” Maine-et-Loire “), Saumur tries to share with Angers the function of chief town. Having lost the game, the representatives of Saumur proclaim that the alternat between Angers and Saumur allows to thwart the intrigues and the cabals which are born from fixity …
On Monday, May 24, 1790, they obtained 104 votes in favor of the alternat, but 532 votes voted in favor of a permanent seat in Angers. The new department is formed. The Constituent Assembly confirms this structure on June 22, 1790 and the king on June 25, 1790.
In order to calm the susceptibility of the Saumurois, the 36 members of the new council of the department carry Gilles Blondé de Bagneux (former mayor of Saumur). Until November 1791, the first president of the Maine-et-Loire General Council was Saumurois.
Anjou was divided into several seneschals or bailiwicks, grouped under the name of “Sénéchaussées de l’Anjou”. The French Revolution marks the end of the Sénéchal function. Augustin-Félix-Elisabeth Barrin La Galissonnière was the last seneschal of Anjou appointed before the French Revolution. It will represent the nobility of Anjou at the meeting of the Estates General of 1789.
Lists of the main bailiwicks, followed by the number of deputies to elect and the names of the bailiwicks or secondary seneschal:
Other seneschals and bailiwick of the generality of Tours:
- Sénéchaussées du Maine at Le Mans, 20 deputies, (Beaumont-le-Vicomte, Château-du-Loir, Fresnay-le-Vicomte, Laval, Mamers, Sainte-Suzanne);
- Bailiwicks of Tours, 16 deputies, (Châtillon-sur-Indre, Chinon, Langeais, Loches, Montrichard).
The Sénéchaussée d’Angers keeps its prerogatives on almost the whole of Anjou which will become the future department of Maine-et-Loire, as well as on the whole of Mayenne Angevine (Château-Gontier and Craon) and on the major Part of Maine Angevin (La Flèche and the Lude) less the independent bailiwick of Château-du-Loir attached to the main seneschal of Le Mans.
The Saumurois still constitutes a seneschal independent of that of Angers but which nevertheless integrates the department of Maine-et-Loire, on the other hand the Saumurois still keeps his authority on Mirebeau, Moncontour and Richelieu for some time. The Loudunais, who separates the seneschal from Saumur into two distinct zones, also forms a seneschal independent of that of Angers.
In 1790, during the creation of the French departments, the Sud-Saumurois (Sénéchaussée de Loudun and Pays de Mirebeau dependent on the governor of Saumur and southern part of Anjou) was attached to the department of Vienne.
In 1802, during the appointment of the first prefects in France, it was a Loudunais, Pierre Montault-Désilles which became the first prefect of the department of Maine-et-Loire. The same year, his brother Charles Montault-Désilles, became the bishop of the diocese of Angers.
The title of Duke of Anjou was still carried by two Valois, by Henri III before he was king and by his brother and heir to the crown of France, Prince François de France (1555-1584).
The title of the Duke of Anjou was the third most important prerogative in France (after the Dauphiné and the Duchy of Orleans). This is how Gaston (son of Henri IV) and Philippe (son of Louis XIII) were briefly Duke of Anjou before becoming Duke of Orleans. The duchy of Anjou was then given to two sons of Louis XIV who died young and his second grandson Philippe who later became King of Spain under the name of Philippe V. The title was then given to the third great-granddat Son of the Sun King, Louis XV. Louis XVIII also received the title.
- Anjou, Maine-et-Loire, Encyclopédie Bonneton, Paris, 2010, p.9
- Mr. Gruet, Dolmens Angevins at Portique, Bull. SOC. Prehis. Franç., 1956
- Maine-et-Loire Departmental Archives Site
- Celtic tree: segora
- Celtic tree: Andecaves
- ANDECAVES
- Léon Fleuriot, The origins of Brittany: emigration , 1980
- Grégoire de Tours, ten books of history, II, 18
- Great 435, p. 13.
- Balteau 1936, p. 1269 and Levron 1965; p. 183.
- First named Alice or Isabelle, she adopted Mathilde’s first name at her wedding ( Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ).
- Jean Favier, Plantagenets, origin and destiny of an empire , ed. Fayard, Paris, 2004, page 203.
- Jean Favier, in the same place , page 203.
- Jean Favier, The hundred years war , Fayard 1980, p. 135
- English invasions, A. Joubert, 1869
- A. Joubert, on. Cit. , p.24
- History of Bertrand du Guesclin and his time, Siméon Luce, 1876; p. 348
- A. Joubert, on. Cit. , p.26
- A. Joubert, on. Cit. , p.30
- A. Joubert, on. Cit. , p.31
- History of René d’Anjou, Louis François Villeneuve-Bargemont Tome II (1446-1476) Editions J. J. Blaise, Paris: 1825
- Google Books
- angers.fr
- Through history, in Pouancé Pays, Alain Racinée, 1983
- [Archives 49: 16th century]
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