[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-myasthenia-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-myasthenia-wikipedia\/","headline":"History of myasthenia – Wikipedia","name":"History of myasthenia – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 L’ History of myasthenia retraces the evolution of knowledge concerning this autoimmune disease of the motor plate, the first","datePublished":"2018-02-28","dateModified":"2018-02-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Ch2Opechancanough.jpg\/150px-Ch2Opechancanough.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Ch2Opechancanough.jpg\/150px-Ch2Opechancanough.jpg","height":"260","width":"150"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-myasthenia-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9289,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4 L’ History of myasthenia retraces the evolution of knowledge concerning this autoimmune disease of the motor plate, the first descriptions of which date back to XVII It is century. It is especially in Great Britain and Germany that the first clinical studies take place. Long considered mysterious, myasthenia only receives its final name at the end of XIX It is century. Its pathophysiological mechanisms and the principles of its treatment are elucidated and specified during the XX It is century.  Thomas Willis (1621-1675) is the author of the first clinical descriptions of myasthenia in the medical literature        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The first documented case evocative of the disease is that of the Amerindian chief Powhatan Opchanagach (v.1550-1646), the uncle of Pocahontas, whose state of health in 1644 is reported by a colony of the colony of Virginia in these terms :: \u201cThe extreme fatigue he endured put his constitution; His flesh was softening, his muscles lost their tone and their elasticity; and his eyelids were so heavy that he could not see it anymore, unless his servants raised them […] he was unable to walk; But his mind rising over the ruins of his body, ruled from the litter on which his Indians transported him \u201d ( ‘ The excessive fatigue he encountered wrecked his constitution; his flesh became macerated; his sinews lost their tone and elasticity; and his eyelids were so heavy that he could not see unless they were lifted up by his attendants […] he was unable to walk; but his spirit rising above the ruins of his body directed from the litter on which he was carried by his Indians \u00bb ) [ first ] . This testimony allows Marsteller to establish the retrospective diagnosis of a generalized form of myasthenia in Opchanacanoughsh [ 2 ] . However, the latter does not die from his illness, but murdered in April 1646 , aged over 90, in Jamestown prison where he was waiting to be transferred to England to appear before King Charles first is . He was shot dead on the back, fired at close range by one of his guards wishing to avenge his family massacred by the Indians in 1644 during the third Anglo-Powhatans war [ N 1 ] , [ 3 ] . Twenty-eight years after this first non-medical description, in 1672, Thomas Willis, doctor, anatomist and professor of natural philosophy at Oxford, relates in his The soul of brute several observations of patients who “In the morning are able to walk with confidence by alternately swinging their arms or lifting any heavy object, and before noon, having exhausted their reserves [animal minds] dispersed in their muscles, find themselves barely capable of moving hands or feet ” . He quotes the case of a patient whose weakness, whom he calls “Fake paralysis” ( ‘ spurious palsy \u00bb ) concerned not only members, but also speech. He writes : “I was in charge of a prudent and honest woman who for many years was subject to this kind of dummy paralysis which affected in an intolerable way not only its members, but also its language; Who at times could speak freely and quite normally but who after speaking for a long time or quickly was no longer able to articulate the slightest word, became as silent as a fish and could not find the use of speech for an hour or two ” [ 4 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsCharacterization of the disease at the end of XIX It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Improving knowledge at XX It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Therapeutic progress [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Electrophysiological progress [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Physiopathological understanding [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Characterization of the disease at the end of XIX It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  It was only 200 years later that another English doctor, Sir Samuel Wilks, first is Baronnet (1824-1911), consultant of Guy’s Hospital, gave in 1877 an anatomoclinical description of a case of “Cerebridge, hysteria and bulbar paralysis” in a young girl whose weakness is described as fluctuating and whose autopsy does not find the bulbarly softened expected expected [ 5 ] .  Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840-1921), professor of neurology at Heidelberg was the first to give a detailed clinical description of myasthenia. Almost simultaneously, in Heidelberg, Wilhelm Erb (1840-1921), one of the founders of German neurology, published, in 1879, three observations in the first article entirely devoted to this new disease [ 6 ] . He gives an in -depth description of a form which he describes as ” odd ” ( ‘ mandatory \u00bb ) of bulbar paralysis, in which he insists on the presence of a bilateral ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia, facial paresis and weakness of the neck muscles. He finds fluctuations in symptoms. One of these 3 cases has a fatal evolution, but is not autopsied [ 7 ] . In the Germanic medical literature, the disease receives the name of this doctor ( ‘ Erb’s disease \u00bb ).        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4 Hermann Oppenheim (1858-1919), Berlin neurologist, reported in 1887 a case of “chronic gradual chronic paralysis without anatomical lesion”. Eight years later, in Berlin, Hermann Oppenheim, then rising figure of German neurology and favorite pupil of Carl Westphal, reports the case of a patient complaining of an intermittent weakness of the four members, then of the Bulbaire innervation muscles , which dies of respiratory failure [ 8 ] . He describes the disorder of “Progressive chronic bulbar paralysis without anatomical lesions” [ 9 ] . With clairvoyance, he first makes the rapprochement between these symptoms and those of curare poisoning [ ten ] . However Openheim, who was however the favorite assistant of Carl Westphal, will be dismissed from the academic route by the anti -Semitic discriminatory measures of the Prussian administration for the benefit of Friedrich Jolly, who will continue his work on Chronic Progressive Bulbary Paralysis. This will not prevent Oppenheim from publishing in 1901 a summary of the 58 known observations using this time the term of myasthenia , invented in the meantime by Jolly.  The last years of XIX It is century will see the publication of a fairly large number of other isolated cases, in Germany (by Eisenlohr in 1886), in Great Britain (by Lauriston Elgie Shaw in 1890 and Julius Dreschfeld in 1893) and in the United States (by Hermann Hoppe in 1892), until the Polish Samuel Goldflam (1852-1932), based on this work and on three other personal cases, defined in 1893 the complete framework of the different clinical forms of the disease in a recognized work recognized As a founder and titled: About an apparently curable bulbar paralytic symptoms complex with the privacy of the extremities ( About a complex of symptoms with apparently regressive bulbar paralysis and endeavor to the ends of the limbs ) [ 11 ] . Its name is therefore added to that of Erb in the eponymic name of affection (which thus becomes the maladie d’Erb-Goldflam ) [ twelfth ] .  In 1895, Friedrich Jolly, in a communication presented to the Berlin Society, which was then published in the journal Berlin clinical week , proposes the name of ” serious pseudoparalytic myasthenia “, After having given up that of ‘ pseudoparalysis myasthenica \u00bb . This is also the first study demonstrating muscle fatigability by means of an electrophysiological test in two young boys aged 14 and 15 [ 13 ] . By stimulating a muscular group until exhaustion it reveals weakness in unstimped muscles which constitutes an index of a factor circulating at the origin of this weakness [ 7 ] . In this same work, Jolly suggests the effectiveness of physostigmine [ N 2 ] , but the judge too dangerous to be used to treat patients [ 7 ] . Improving knowledge at XX It is century [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Therapeutic progress [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  In 1906, Edward Farquhar Buzzard (1871-1945), doctor of the Queen Square hospital identified an infiltration of lymphocytes (phenomenon he sheds lymphorragie ) in the muscle fibers of certain myasthenic patients. He also notes an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus [ 14 ] . The relationship between myasthenia and thymus anomalies is specified at the start of XX It is century. Leopold Lacquer and Carl Weigert de Frankfurt are the first to describe the association of the disease with a clever thymoma [ 15 ] . Gordon Holmes in 1923, then Norris in 1936 noted hyperplasia or a thymus tumor in the majority of serious forms of the disease, those which lead to death and are autopsied [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] . In 1911, the German surgeon Ferdinand Sauerbruch introduced the first effective treatment of the disease by carrying out Thymectomy at the Z\u00fcrich University Hospital in a 20 -year -old patient with myasthenia and hyperthyroidism [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] . Twenty-five years later, the American surgeon Alfred Blalock, a pioneer of thoracic and cardiac surgery perfected and contributes to developing this delicate and risky operation due to the frequent complications of anesthesia in myasthenic patients. THE May 26, 1936 , BLALOCK successfully operates a 19 -year -old girl with a generalized form of myasthenia, associated with a thymoma refractory to radiotherapy [ 20 ] , [ 7 ] .  At the beginning of 1934, Mary Broadfoot Walker, doctor at St. Alfege’s Hospital From Greenwich, discovers that a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine is followed by a rapid and spectacular improvement of the muscle weakness of a 56-year-old patient with myasthenia: this is the “Miracle of Saint-Alf\u00e8ge” [ 21 ] . This idea came to him when he heard the D r Derek Denny-Brown, consultant at St. Alfege , evoke the resemblance between the symptoms and the clinical signs of myasthenia and those observed in curare poisoning of which an antidote, known at that time, was precisely physostigmine [ 22 ] . This case is the subject of a publication in the newspaper the Lancet in June 1934 [ 23 ] . At the time of this founding article, MB Walker successfully experiences a related molecule but devoid of the undesirable effects of physostigmine, synthesized three years earlier by Aeschlimann and Reinert; This is neostigmine, marketed by the rock firm under the name of prostigmine\u00ae [ 24 ] . It should be remembered, however, that Mary Walker is not the first to have used an anticholinesteraic drug in this indication: indeed as early as 1932 Lazar Remen (1907-1974) of the University of M\u00fcnster in Westphalia also successfully treated the One of his 3 patients, aged 49 by neostigmine, without however discussing this result more in his article [ 9 ] , [ 25 ] . Electrophysiological progress [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Physiopathological understanding [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Willis, from the end of XVII It is century explains the weakness of its patient by “Announcement of some substance” to reach muscle fibers. The probable role of a “toxic” agent for the muscle is mentioned by Buzzard on the histopathological argument that constitutes the presence of lymphocytes, noted by Weigert in 1901 and by itself (“lymphorragies”) in 1905, in muscles or other fabrics of myasthenic patients [ 26 ] . In 1960, a cytolytic effect of the serum of patients with myasthenia on the frog muscle was highlighted [ 27 ] and the Scottish neurologistJohn A. Simpson is advancing the hypothesis of autoimmunity for the first time as a mechanism of the disease [ 28 ] . Two years later, a founding experimental work of Chang and Lee shows that the alpha-bungarotoxin (\u03b1-btx) an alpha-neurotoxin extracted from the venom of the striped naughty (or krait of Taiwan), an extremely dangerous snake, is irreversibly attached to the neuromuscular junction of the mouse diaphragm [ 29 ] , which opens the way to clinical research on myasthenia using radioactive iodine 125 as a marker of \u03b1-BTX to quantify the fixing of toxin on the motor plate. This is how we discovered, in 1973, that the number ofNicotinic receipts of functional acetylcholine is considerably reduced in the muscles of patients with myasthenia, compared to normal muscles [ 30 ] . (in) Trevor Hughes , ‘ The early history of myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Neuromuscular Disorders , vol. 15, 2005 , p. 878-886 (in) And. Arli , Histoy of myasthenia gravis. In\u00a0: Rose FC, Bynum WF eds. Historical aspects of the neurosciences , Raven Press, 1982 (in) JC. Resulted , Myasthenia Gravis\u00a0: an illustrated history , Roseville, California, Publishers Design Group, 2002 \u2191 During his detention, Opchanacanough had been delivered to the curiosity of the population of Jamestown. The governor, Sir William Berkeley (1606-1677), furious at the news of this attack, immediately went to the bedside of the dying chief. The latter, speaking in perfect English, said these last parloes: ‘ Had it been my good fortune to have taken Sir William Berkeley, I would not have meanly exposed him as a show to my people \u00bb ( “If I had the good fortune to capture Sir William Berkeley, I would not have explained it at a spectacle to my people”  \u2191 At that time, it was an extract from the Calabar bean then called the Eserine, whose pharmacological effects had been described in 1872 by the Scottish Thomas Richard Fraser (1841-1920). The chemical synthesis of physostigmine was not successful until 1935, by Percy Lavon Julian and Josef Pikl.  \u2191 (in) R. Beverly , History and present state of Virginia , Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1947 , p. 61-62  \u2191 (in) HB Marsteller , ‘ The first American case of myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Arch Neurol , vol. 15, February 1988 , p. 185-187 (PMID\u00a0 3277598 , DOI\u00a0 10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520260073024 , read online , consulted the July 21, 2012 )  \u2191 (in) James A. Wright , Destiny Comes on the Wind\u00a0: The Legend of Opechancanough , James A. Wright, 2012 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-4660-4898-0 And 1-4660-4898-0 , read online )  \u2191 (the) Thomas Willis , The soul of the brute, which is vital and sensitive to , Oxford, Ric Davis, 1672  \u2191 (in) S. Wilks , ‘ On cerebritis, hysteria, and bulbar paralysis, as illustrative of arrest of function of cerebrospinal centres. \u00bb , Guy’ Hosp Rep , vol. 22, 1877 , p. 7-55  \u2191 (of) IN. Erb , ‘ For the casuistics of the bulbar paralysis: About a new probably bulbar symptom complex \u00bb , Archive Psychiatrist Nervenkrankenheiten , vol. 9, 1879 , p. 336-350  \u2191 A B C and D (in) Trevor Hughes , ‘ The early history of myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Neuromuscular disorders , vol. 45, 2005 , p. 878-886  \u2191 (of) H. Oppenheim , ‘ About a case of chronic progressive bulb paralysis without anatomical findings \u00bb , Virieves Arch Fur pathologys Anatom unde physiology , vol. 180, 1887 , p. 522-530  \u2191 a et b (in) Stanley Freedman , ‘ Antisemitism and the History of Myasthenia Gravis \u00bb , Image , vol. 12, April 2010 , p. 195-198 ( read online )  \u2191 (in) James F. Howard, Jr. , Myasthenia Gravis\u00a0: A manual for the Health Care Provider , St. Paul, MN 55104, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Inc., 2008 , 136 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-0-9818883-0-9 And 0-9818883-0-5 , read online ) , \u00ab\u00a01. Historical notes\u00a0\u00bb , p. 3  \u2191 (of) S. Goldflam , ‘ About an apparently curable bulbar paralytic symptoms complex with the privacy of the extremities \u00bb , German Zeitschrift for Nerve Healing customers , vol. 4, 1893 , p. 312-352  \u2191 Myasthenia Encyclopaedia universal  \u2191 (of) F. Jolly , ‘ Ueber myasthenia gravis pseudoparalytica \u00bb , Berlin clinical week , vol. 32, 1895 , p. 1-7  \u2191 (in) If. Buzzard , ‘ The clinical history and post-mortem examination of five cases of myasthenia gravis. \u00bb , Brain , vol. 28, 1906 , p. 438-483  \u2191 (of) L. Lacquer and C. Refusal , ‘ Contributions to the teaching of the Erb’s disease \u00bb , Neurol Centralbl , vol. 20, 1901 , p. 594-601  \u2191 (in) G. Holmes , ‘ Discussion of a case presented at the Royal Society of Medicine \u00bb , Brain , vol. 46, 1923 , p. 237-241  \u2191 (in) Eh. Norris , ‘ The thymoma and thymic hyperplasia in myasthenia gravis with observations on the general pathology \u00bb , Am J Cancer , vol. 27, 1936 , p. 421-433  \u2191 (of) F. Sauerbruch , ‘ The opening of the front center fur area \u00bb , Contributions to Clin Surgery , vol. 77, 1911 , p. 1-18  \u2191 (of) M. Overhaus , M. Kaminski , A. Hirner and N. shepherd , ‘ The history of thymus surgery \u00bb , The surgeon , vol. 78, n O 10, 2007 , p. 950-953 ( read online )  \u2191 (in) A. Blalock , MF. Mason , HJ. Morgan And al. , ‘ Myasthenia and tumours of the thymus gland, report of a case in which the tumour was removed \u00bb , Ann Surg , vol. 110, 1939 , p. 554-561  \u2191 (in) H. Place , ‘ The miracle at St. Alfege’s \u00bb , With hist , vol. 9, 1965 , p. 184-185  \u2191 (in) JD Johnston and Brian Houston, ‘ Dr Mary Walker – A Pioneer in the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis \u00bb , on The website of the association against serious myasthenia of the United Kingdom ( Myasthenia Gravis Association ) , MG-association UK, Fall 2002 (consulted the November 25, 2012 )  \u2191 (in) MB Walker , ‘ Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine \u00bb , Lancet , vol. 1, 1934 , p. 1200-1201 (DOI\u00a0 10.1016\/S0140-6736 (00) 94294-6 )  \u2191 (in) MB Walker , ‘ Case showing the effect of Prostigmin on myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Proc r soc with , vol. 28, 1935 , p. 759-761  \u2191 (of) L. often , ‘ On the pathogenesis and therapy of myasthenia gravis pseudoparalytica \u00bb , Dtsch z neura healing , vol. 128, 1932 , p. 66-78  \u2191 (in) Vincent A., ‘ Unravelling the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Nat Rev Immunol , vol. 2, 2002 , p. 797-804 ( read online )  \u2191 (in) Nastuk WL, Plescia o et Osserman Ke, ‘ Changes in serum complement activity in patients with myasthenia gravis \u00bb , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , vol. 105, 1960 , p. 177-184  \u2191 (in) Simpson and, ‘ Myasthenia gravis, a new hypothesis \u00bb , Scott with j , vol. 5, 1960 , p. 419-436  \u2191 (in) Chang C and Lee C, ‘ Isolation of neurotoxins from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus and their modes of neuromuscular blocking action \u00bb , Arch Pharmacodyn Ther , vol. 144, 1962 , p. 241-257  \u2191 (in) Fambrough DM, Drachman DB et Satyamurti S, ‘ Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: decreased acetylcholine receptors \u00bb , Science , vol. 182, 1973 , p. 293-295        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-myasthenia-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"History of myasthenia – Wikipedia"}}]}]