[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-oil-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-oil-wikipedia\/","headline":"History of oil – Wikipedia","name":"History of oil – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The exploitation of oil dates back to an ancient era, but its importance, commercial and industrial, grows from the","datePublished":"2019-03-01","dateModified":"2019-03-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Puy_de_Poix%2C_gisement_bitumeux.JPG\/220px-Puy_de_Poix%2C_gisement_bitumeux.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Puy_de_Poix%2C_gisement_bitumeux.JPG\/220px-Puy_de_Poix%2C_gisement_bitumeux.JPG","height":"293","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-oil-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9891,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The exploitation of oil dates back to an ancient era, but its importance, commercial and industrial, grows from the XIX It is century to find out at XX It is century an economic boom and also a succession of crises.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4   Source and bituminous stream of Puy de la Pis, in the town of Clermont-Fd, Puy-de-D\u00f4me, France During the oil formation process, it leaves its Mother rock and migrates to the surface. If he does not meet a waterproof layer in his migration, he reaches the surface of the ground, where it is slowly destroyed by oxidation. If a waterproof layer stops it, it accumulates below it, thus constituting an oil deposit. Following subsequent land movements, faults can occur, and allow small amounts of oil to flee to the surface. Thus, the outcrops of natural oil residues on the surface often betray the presence of a base in the basement; They are found in many countries, still at present, including in France [ first ] . The deposit of the Tar Pits Brea (the Brea = Brai in Spanish) in Los Angeles, still active, trapped such a quantity of Pleistocene animals [ 2 ] that a museum was created [ 3 ] on this location.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Gas behaves in a similar way; He generally ignites by reaching the surface, giving rise to a permanent flame. We also know examples, sometimes very old (Bakou, Yanarta\u015f) or on the contrary very recent, as in Darvaza [ 4 ] . When the underground deposit is under the sea, the oil reaching the bottom of the sea, a little less dense than the water, will continue its ascent to the surface; There he trains the iridescents betraying his presence. Admiral Vo\u00efnovitch will notice it in the Caspian Sea in 1781. This particularity is always used in our time to highlight the existence of offshore deposits like that of Tupi [Ref. necessary] . The gas, on the contrary, forms gas hydrates and remains on the seabed.Thus, oil and natural gas have always been present in nature; The first petroleum research simply consisted of asking the inhabitants if they knew such sources nearby.  The use of oil dates back to antiquity [ 5 ] , but the supply was limited to natural oil outcrops, and to oil found by digging wells to find drinking water or brine. Mesopotamian civilizations used it as a pharmaceutical product, cosmetics, as fuel for oil lamps and from 6000 BC. AD for the caulking of boats [ 6 ] . The Egyptians used asphalt for mummification. Diodorus and Strabo write that bitumen was used in the construction of Babylon’s hanging gardens [ 7 ] ; The cylinder of Cyrus also attests. Herodotus signals a source of bitumen to Ardericca [ 8 ] , near Suse [ 9 ] ; They were found in Zacy (Ionian islands, Greece), and near the outcome, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. In many languages \u200b\u200bin Asia and the Middle East, we find the root oil or oil (Naphtte), which, given as a name for a village, frequently indicates the presence of hydrocarbons nearby.  In Asia, some sources indicate that wells were drilled in China from the IV It is century with bamboo stems [ 11 ] ; At VII It is A century, oil was known as “burning water” in Japan. Shen Kuo at XI It is century uses the first term \u77f3\u6cb9 ( Shy\u00f3u , literally “rock oil”) in his Mengxi Bitan encyclopedia to designate oil, which he thought there was a continual influx coming from the depths of the earth, unlike the charcoal whose abuse resulted in deforestation already at his time. At IX It is century, Al-Razi described the distillation of oil by means of an alambic, producing lamping oil; The latter was used by the Byzantines, then the Venetians, and it can be assumed that the “Greek Fire”, which burned enemy ships, contained it. The Amerindians used oil to calf the boats and for its supposed medicinal virtues. At the beginning of XIX It is A century, there was an occasional use of oil, especially in the United States. He was sold as a remedy \u00ab\u00a0miracle\u00a0\u00bb , or served in lamps and as a lubricant.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In Romania (Dacia), we find allusions to the exploitation of oil from the Roman occupation at I is century [ twelfth ] ; Latin Picula (fat, pitch) would have given the Romanian tar And the French “POX”. In 1440, a document attests to the property of a “black pitch fountain” in the village of Luc\u0103ce\u015fti, considered to be the cradle of the petroleum industry in Romania [ 13 ] . In Poland, Galicia provides the first indications. In France, the first wells (which mostly exploited bituminous sands) were dug around the Alsatian village of Pechelbronn (Bas-Rhin), whose name means precisely “bitumen well”, to exploit this known resource since the fifteenth century [ 14 ] . They were drilled in the period 1745-1785 by Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonni\u00e8re, with ten wells which reach 10 to 27 m depth, then 35 in 1801, and 72 m In 1869 [ 15 ] . Let us also quote Kutzenhausen in the same region [ 16 ] . The exploitation, associated with a refinery, will continue until the 1970s. The Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Oilles Antar will be created there [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , which will be absorbed by Elf Aquitaine in 1970. In the region only a few pendulum wells remain in the border between Germany and France, on the communal ban of Scheibenhard.  The beginnings of oil exploitation in Pennsylvania.  In 1855, George Bissell and Jonathan Eveleth learned that the oil that is very easily found in the northeast of the United States, in Pennsylvania, (and which was used until then by the Indians and the first settlers for lighting ) could provide the oil lamp by distillation. Several American lighting oil manufacturers, such as New York Charles Pratt, gradually give up whale oil to refine oil. The two men then created society Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company And ask Benjamin Silliman Jr., a chemistry professor at Yale University, to confirm the feasibility of this distillation on an industrial scale. In 1856, after having seen photos of Derrick Forifying the ground looking for salt, Bissell imagines to drill to extract oil rather than going through mines as it was customary at the time. At the same time, the petroleum industry was born in Romania, with the first refinery in 1857 in Plie\u015fti, which fueled the 1,000 lamps in public lighting in Bucharest. In July 1858, professor of geology Georg Christian Konrad Hun\u00e4us (of) Supervise the first oil drilling in Germany in the town of Wietze which operated the first oil well in June 1859 [ 19 ] . The Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company became in 1858 the Seneca Oil (Following a disagreement between partners) and then initiated a retiree from the railways called Edwin Drake as a prospector (mainly because it benefits from free transport) [ 20 ] . This, unlike a widespread idea (especially in the United States), is therefore not at the origin of the drilling of the first oil well in 1859. He was simply the employee of the first company to produce oil From a specifically drilled well for this purpose. Drake Fore therefore his well in Titusville in Pennsylvania [ 20 ] , in a region known for oil outcrops, and produced the first American barrels. The United States produced 274 tonnes in 1859, time of the black gold rush in Pennsylvania (in) . The previous year, the only producer was Romania with 200 tonnes. As early as 1862, the United States produced 3 million barrels (that is to say 400,000 tonnes), ahead of all the others (in 2007, world daily production was 83 million barrels per day [ 21 ] ). Different regions of the world participate in the “rush to black gold”: Alberta, California, Transylvania, Poland and Azerbaijan. The market remains confined to traditional applications, oil lampant in mind.In 1855, the American chemist Benjamin Silliman Jr. (1816-1885), taking up previous work, separated a certain number of products by distillation of oil: tars, lubricants, naphta, solvents for the paintings as well as the essence which, considered At this time as a minor product, is used as a stain remover. The oil market is experiencing enormous price fluctuations, each new deposit saturating the market for some time. John Davison Rockefeller manages to establish a monopoly situation on American refining, which will be questioned by implementing the antitrust law. In the field of transport, the development of the oil pipeline and the oil ship (Branobel, 1870s) authorize the bringing together of production and consumption sites. The first industrial capacity pipeline, between Baku and Batoumi (on the Black Sea), carries kerosene [ 22 ] . Table of Contents1901-1945: development of techniques and markets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Technique development [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Market development [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Business Development [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The evolution of major OPEC producers in the decade 2010 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] 1901-1945: development of techniques and markets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In the 1910s, important oil fields were already discovered in Canada (Alberta), Indonesia (Sumatra in 1885), in Persia (Masjed Soleiman, 1908), Peru (Zorritos, 1863), in Venezuela and Mexico: The oil estate quickly considers itself in its global dimension and became crucial during the years of racing in the oil fields, in the United States in Mesopotamia. Technique development [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Drilled in 1901, the first well of the Spindletop deposit in Texas inaugurated a new era: dug in a deep reservoir and not indicated by outcrops, it produces 80 KBBL\/J . The progress of oil exploration techniques, in particular by electrical analysis devices of the basements, experienced in northern Alsace by the Schlumberger brothers from 1927, revolutionized the sector [ 16 ] . This research will lead to the technique of diagraph, which makes it possible to detect producing strata during borehole. At the same time, the caroting techniques were developed, which precisely identify the geological layers; Gravimetry contributes to the identification of anticlines; Finally the seismic, by providing an increasingly precise description of the basement above all drilling, is essential. Direct prospecting of offshore petroleum was commercially born in 2000 by the use of specific electromagnetic methods in addition to seismic methods [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] . In order to adapt to demand below, oil refining considerably progresses in this period. Catalytic cracking in a fluidized bed is developed in the 1930s; It essentially makes it possible to transform heavy cuts, poorly valued, into fuels for the automobile. Market development [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  In 1878, several inventors contributed to the development of the electric bulb [ 25 ] ; This invention begins the decline of the oil lamp, which was hitherto the main outlet for oil. In 1905 Henry Ford launched mass production in the automobile, which opened the liquid fuels market, the area in which oil will be incomparable during the XX It is century. The only automotive sector, which will drop from zero to 800 million units in a century, will be enough to ensure the success of oil. However, it only concerns part of the barrel, which is still in 2009 the best valued part; It is therefore a question of finding outlets to all the rest of the oil cuts. Fuels constitute an intermediate cut of the distillation of oil; It remains to find a use for light products, which are often gas, and heavy products, often viscous and difficult to handle with the methods of the emerging industry. The naphta competes with fuel: transformed into olefins in a vapocker, themselves transformed into polymers, which make it possible to manufacture new materials adapted to extrusion and molding (polyethylene, polypropylene objects); We will also make films. The oil industry will produce fat for mechanics, lubrication oil for engines; The heaviest fractions such as heavy fuel oil will be used for a long time as fuel, in the marine diesel engines (1910 for the British navy [ 26 ] ), either in individual heating or electricity production; The residues (asphalt) are used for the coating of the roads. Chemistry will also grab petroleum products, which deliver synthetic intermediaries at an incomparable price, particularly benzene; Other ranges of products are born, often by using new knowledge of polymerization, with vinyl polychloride from the start of XX It is century, or nylon 6-6 in 1935. Plastic materials were almost all drawn from oil in 2009; This is also the case with synthetic fibers, up to carbon fiber. Light fractions are used as fuel; Methane was in 2009 the main source of hydrogen worldwide (96% of production). The propane and butane find a job as an individual fuel, in the form of a gas bottle. Ethane was long used as a simple fuel gas in refinery, or burned with a torch; But from the second oil shock, energy savings in refinery led to using all of the cuts in one way or another. Business Development [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Prices of oil in USD\/Bbl according to its API density. Oil can therefore be marketed in this perspective, helping to make this material a convenience, with relatively standard content; Variations in composition (aromatic or naphthenic oil) of density (API density), and impurities to be eliminated (sulfur, mercaptans) are identified and managed commercially, with a “light” so -called oil bonus because they contain a greater Proportion of fuel\/naphtha type cuts, the best valued section; On the contrary, so -called “acid” oils, because containing sulfur derivatives are penalized, again on the basis of content analysis. The graph opposite shows the parallel evolution of the price of a barrel of oil in USD, according to its API density, in the period 2008-2009. Large oil deposits, such as East Texas or Kirkouk, are so prolific that the main concern is then how to sell production. Oil becomes a major energy source, just like coal. During the two world wars, the oil supply of the belligerents is a major issue, as evidenced by Pike, Gertrude, Paukenschlag or Pluto, the strategic importance of the Kirkouk deposit during the Anglo-Iraqi war or the sabotage of the wells of Romanian oil by L\u00e9on Wenger, engineer of Petrofina to deprive the Germans of this resource during the Second World War [ 27 ] . The petroleum industry then developed in an increased number of countries, but remains largely dominated by American production which in 1939 represents 60% of the world figure [ 28 ] and went in 1945 to 65% of the 7 Mbbl\/d, the United States developing in addition to theirs [ 29 ] Latin American production (Mexico despite the nationalization of its petroleum industry, Venezuela, Argentina) [ 30 ] . Nevertheless, with regard to reservations, an increasing part is in the Middle East, where we begin to discover giant deposits, Tel Burgan in 1938 [ thirty first ] . From the 1980s, oil and certain petroleum products were subject to financial instruments (future, options) listed on the stock market, helping to promote trade on this subject. The strong economic growth experienced by developed countries between 1950 and the middle of 1970 is based on access to inexpensive energy. Its consumption went from 1.7 GTEP in 1950 to 5.2 GTEP in 1970, a tripling in 20 years. During this period, petroleum gradually dethrones coal in countries where it is rare, for the food of power plants and industry. The world’s population has increased by 60% during these years, while oil production is multiplied by seven [Ref. necessary] . At that time, oil was still “Easy” : New deposits are easily found, and a small number of producing regions is enough for world consumption. The means of transport (oilmen, oil pipelines) follow this development, resulting in a reduction in costs, and the increase in associated risks. The prices being clearly downward oriented, the countries with the largest reserves found in 1960, the organization of the oil exporting countries (OPEC), an organization responsible for coordinating the interests of member countries and whose action, relatively limited to Beginning, will gain power.  In 1953, the United States set up oil importation restrictions to stimulate national production. The closure of the Suez canal from 1967 to 1975 leads to the increase in the unit capacity of maritime transport, with, in the 1970s, supertankers of 550,000 tonnes. Significant negotiations took place in Tehran, then in Tripoli in 1971, where OPEC countries obtained companies a substantial revaluation of their income and insurance of new increases. The price of light Arabic ( Arabian Light ), a gross reference, was only 3.02 USD in the barrel. With a series of oil resources nationalizations in 1971 (Algeria, Saudi Arabia), OPEC kicks off the demands aimed at ensuring strong participation in oil -related profits. These demands were followed by effects by participation agreements signed with the Persian Gulf countries. In addition, American production reached its peak in 1971 [ 32 ] .  Window of the Amoco Cadiz off the French coast, 1978.  Global oil production since 1900.  Amount of oil available per capita. California has – from the first is Oil shock – launched an ambitious energy efficiency program which allowed it to almost stabilize its average consumption per person. Its population having increased, total consumption has nevertheless increased, but proportionally much less than in other states [ 33 ] . In February 1971, to everyone’s surprise, Algeria announced the nationalization of hydrocarbons (Sonatrah). It was followed by Iraq in 1972, then by Libya in 1973, which in turn nationalized five Anglo-American oil companies. In October 1973 the Kippur war broke out. The Arab countries, already dissatisfied with the devaluation of the US dollar which was used to pay their oil (the gold convertibility of the dollar having been removed), decreed an oil embargo. The price of oil jumped from 3 to 13 USD. An even more serious crisis took place in 1979, caused by the Iranian Revolution. The price culminated at $ 40 in 1981. World production went from 66 Mbbl\/j In 1979 at 56 in 1983, the level of 1979 was not found until 1993 – and it was never divided by the population. In this context, the non-members of the OPEC are embarking on a rapid development of prospecting and drilling in new regions, such as Campeche Bay, the North Sea, Siberia and Alaska. Nuclear energy efforts were intensified, as well as energy savings. The use of coal and natural gas for electricity was increased. The growth of the global economy marked a stop. Political repercussions were important. The oil shocks had various impacts in daily life: reduction of cars’ displacement, summer time, etc.  A new period of relatively low price, which followed the 1986 oil counter-shock, is due to the conjunction of several phenomena. On the one hand, following an agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia, the Gulf countries are massively increasing their production. It was partly a plan in the United States aimed at ” to flow ” The Soviet economy, for which oil represented an important source of currency. Gulf countries, unlike the USSR, have low production costs, and can therefore bear a drop in the price of a barrel. This plan worked, and is a very important cause, although little known, of Soviet collapse. This fall resulted in the loss of several million barrels per day between 1990 and 1995, but was offset by a drop in demand from the same countries. On the other hand, the oil of the new regions explored in response to oil shocks is exploited intensively, the world reserves exhausting at a much faster rate than that of the regions “Traditional” . The Northern Sea became an oil region, but with its high production cost and the low prices of the barrel on the world market, it does not generally the expected profits. But above all, the economic growth remaining low in most countries, demand does not increase much. The concerns about the oil supply is fading. Energy efficiency and new energy efforts are released. Chernobyl disaster also helps reduce nuclear programs. Investments in the petroleum sector are also reduced, and Western oil companies display unflattering balance sheets. The price ranges between $ 10 and 20 until 2001, except a peak at the time of the Kuwait war. He will even go under the $ 10 in 1998, under the double effect of a resumption of Iraqi production and a financial crisis in Asia.  From 2002, the price of oil experienced a rapid increase. This one surprised all the analysts, especially since it occurred without major political reason, unlike the shocks of the 1970s. If momentary parameters (hurricanes, rupture of pipelines, political incidents, situation in Venezuela) intervened, the substantive reasons are mainly economic: speculation on raw materials in general, and a barrel in particular; transactions on future thus exceeding those on physical oil the rise in demand, especially China, whose consumption has increased by more than 2 Mbbl\/j In four years, the result of the access of a fraction, however, low of its population in the consumer society; The rapid exhaustion of world reserves in certain regions, such as the North Sea, which have been exploited very intensively. For example, British production decreased by 40% between 2000 and 2006, while Australian production has halved; Too low investments in the 1990s (due to the low oil price in the 1990s) throughout the oil chain: prospecting, derricks, deposits, oil pipelines, oils, refineries the reluctance of OPEC member countries to increase their production on simple demand from consumer countries [ 34 ] . These price increases were partially offset, until 2004, by a spectacular rebound in Russian production, but it has increased much less since 2005. Unconventional oil has been the subject of increased investments, and military strategy Large powers is increasingly taking oil into account. The main parameters for estimating the medium and long -term oil demand are, among other things: economic growth (or recession); evolution of the share of oil in the energy mix; changes in the effectiveness of oil use (energy intensity per unit of GDP); the price of oil; climatic conditions. Other elements influence short -term demand: the price of competing energies (mainly gas and coal); taxation on petroleum products; the exchange rate of the dollar; the tank load rate; the speculation ; the number of days worked in the month; strikes in very oil consumption industries, etc. The rise in oil prices when it comes from real physical demand, has beneficial effects. It generates the investments necessary to improve refinery capacities and increase production in the future. During low -cost oil as the 1990s, investments were delayed; The installations are aged, prospecting is postponed, the effectiveness of the exploitation of deposits is not improved (only 35% of the oil in place in a deposit is currently recovered). The rise in prices thus heals the evils of the oil industry of the last 20 years [ 35 ] . In 2006, prices were slightly packed around 60 dollars. They left up in 2007, reaching historic records at 80 dollars (September 12) then 90 (October 19) and finally almost 100 (November 21) [ 36 ] . On Wednesday January 2, 2008, the barrel reached $ 100 for the first time in its history on the New York Stock Exchange, which corresponds to its highest level in constant dollars since April 1980, then new thresholds were exceeded [ 37 ] : $ 110 on March 12, 2008, 120 on May 5, 130 on May 21, 140 on June 26. On July 11, 2008, the price reached a peak of 147 dollars to which a net reflux (more than $ 20) succeeded, due on the one hand to information reporting an upcoming drop in purchases from China which would have formed large stocks as the Olympic Games approaches [ 38 ] , and on the other hand to the downward adjustment of demand from consumers in the United States, who reduce their automobile journeys by 4% [ 39 ] . On September 15, under the deep crisis that begins to shake up the world economy, the price returns under 100 dollars. On October 22, a barrel descends under 65 dollars despite the meeting of the OPEC cartel which withdraws market barrels and reduced production [ 40 ] . At the beginning of 2009, the price evolved between 40 and 50 USD\/BBL. Chakib Khelil, Algerian Minister of Energy, envisages [ 41 ] that the course can reach 60 USD\/BBL at the end of 2009. Oil players also changed in the 2000s. Giants of the public sector in the BRICS, such as Petrobras and Petrochina, become famous by succeeding in the biggest IPOs in the history of oil, with valuations that testify to the strong investor confidence in their growth. Following a trend increase, although irregular since 2005 [ 42 ] , the price of oil exceeds 100 $ The barrel in June 2014 [ 43 ] . The price of oil is divided by two in the second half of 2014, standing around 50 $ barrel in December [ 43 ] , price that is maintained on average throughout 2015 [ 42 ] . Excess offer is notably due to the development of shale oil in the United States and the will of OPEC not to give up market share [ 42 ] . The evolution of major OPEC producers in the decade 2010 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Production, in millions of barrels per day [ 44 ] 2012 two thousand and thirteen 2014 2015 2016 Saudi Arabia 9.53 10.12 10.42 9.5 9.4 Iran 2.81 2.85 3.54 3 2.68 Iraq 3.33 4 4.41 2.95 3.08 United Arab Emirates 2.76 2.93 3.03 2.65 2.76 Koweit 2.61 2.75 2.88 2.46 2.55 Venezuela 2.46 2.46 2.24 2.5 2.5 Nigeria 1.9 1.77 1.46 2.1 1.95 Angola 1.66 1.76 1.71 1.78 1.72 Libya 0.46 0.40 0.39 1.39 0.90 Algeria 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.17 1.15 Qatar 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.74 0.73 Equator 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.49 0.52 Total 30.98 31.65 32,62 31.30 30.45 \u2191 ‘ Bituminous source of the pitch \u00bb  (consulted the October 4, 2009 )  \u2191 Localities of the Pleistocene: The La Brea Tar Pits  \u2191 La brea tar pits museum  \u2191 ‘ On the edge of Darvaza’s crater \u00bb  (consulted the October 4, 2009 )  \u2191 http:\/\/www.sjgs.com\/history.html  \u2191 (in) Bitumen history  \u2191 (in)  William Tracy, ‘ Babylon a Rebirth \u00bb , Saudiaramcoworld, May 1989 (consulted the November 10, 2009 )  \u2191 Herodote, Pierre Giguet , Stories , Hachette, 1864 ( read online ) , p. 370  \u2191 Nadia Pla, ‘ Mesopotamia seen by Greeks and Romans: between fantasy and reality \u00bb , April 2008 (consulted the November 10, 2009 )  \u2191 ‘ SHEN KUO Northern Song scientist, author of “Mengxi Bi Tan” \u00bb  (consulted the November 10, 2009 )  \u2191 (in)  George E. Totten, ‘ A timeline of highlights from the histories of ASTM committee D02 and the petroleum industry \u00bb , June 2004 (consulted the November 10, 2009 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Romanian Petroleum History \u00bb , October 2009 (consulted the November 10, 2009 )  \u2191 Corneliu Iacu et Ionel Muntele, ‘ Romanian oil geohistory \u00bb , 2007 (consulted the November 9, 2009 )  \u2191 Pechelmbronn’s bitumen  \u2191 ‘ The oil museum, Pechelbronn \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?)  (consulted the August 15, 2013 )  \u2191 a et b A new renewable energy takes off in Alsace Le Monde, August 15, 2008  \u2191 Antar, a legendary name  \u2191 Pechelbronn in the National Archives  \u2191 (of) Roland G\u00f6\u00f6ck, Mining, coal, oil , Sigloch-ed., 1991 , p. 224  \u2191 a et b ‘ Titusville, in Pennsylvania, 1896 \u00bb , on World Digital Library , 1896 (consulted the July 16, 2013 )  \u2191 Oil production statistics in 2007  \u2191 Turab Gurbanov , Caspian oil and Azerbaijan foreign policy, volume 1 , Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007 , 289 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-296-04019-9 , read online )  \u2191 St\u00e9phane Sainson, Electrographies from sea. A revolution in oil prospecting , Cachan. Ed. Lavoisier 2012  \u2191 St\u00e9phane Sainson, Electromagnetic prospecting of underwater oil , Industry and technology n \u00b0 962, February 2014  \u2191 (in)  ‘ LIGHT BULB \u00bb  (consulted the November 22, 2009 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ From coal to oil \u00bb Or how British admiralty decided to go from coal to heavy fuel oil. [PDF]  \u2191 L\u00e9on Wenger, 55 years of oil 1904-1959 , Fabre, 1968 , 246 p.  \u2191 Geographic information, volume 4, number 4, 1940  \u2191 After a rationing campaign, the Americans from 1942 opened 25% more wells on their territory, put old wells into operation, build 400 additional refineries for themselves or delivered in spare parts for their allies, mesh their territory Hundreds of thousands of kilometers of pipelines.  \u2191 Jean Lopez, ” Oil. The dark weapon that saved the allies \u00bb, Wars & History , n O 9, October 2012 , p. 52  \u2191 H. man, \u00ab Oil \u00bb, Geographic information , vol. ten, n O 2, 1946 , p. sixty four  \u2191 According to data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006 , the production of 1972 is very slightly higher than that of 71, but 71 is the date of the peak usually given, the explanation is undoubtedly the inclusion by BP of natural gas liquids and the gain in refining.  \u2191 Raw data is provided by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy  \u2191 Prudent Saudis in investments in the face of uncertain demand  \u2191 Two Cheers for Expensive Oil, Leonardo Maugeri, Foreign Affairs , volume 85, March-April 2006. See in particular the first title: The Market at Work.  \u2191 Jean-Michel Bezat, “The Brut at 100 $ barrel: causes and consequences \u201d, in Le Monde: Files & Documents , n O 370 (December 2007), p. first  \u2191 ‘ History of oil prices \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?)  (consulted the August 15, 2013 ) Banks.com  \u2191 Oil: the courses continue to give in ground, by The Tribune July 24, 08  \u2191 The law catches up to oil, Commentary: Prices can’t outrun the long arm of supply and demand , Irwin Kellner, chief economist in Marketwatch, 04\/08\/08  \u2191 OPEC hopes to stop the fall in oil prices , L’Express , 24\/4\/08  \u2191 The Oil falls to near $50 as OPEC says prices too low , Chakib Khelil, Algerian Energy Minister, 04\/26\/09  \u2191 A B and C Agn\u00e8s Sinai, ‘ Will the fall in the price of the barrel hinder the energy transition? \u00bb , on Actu-kironnement.com , February 2, 2016 (consulted the February 4, 2016 ) .  \u2191 a et b Adam victory ‘ Oil: The price of a barrel was divided by two in 2014 \u00bb , on boursier.com , first is January 2015 (consulted the February 4, 2016 )  \u2191 According to Arcadia, African version of the Cyclops report  Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/history-of-oil-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"History of oil – Wikipedia"}}]}]