[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/ituri-conflict-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/ituri-conflict-wikipedia\/","headline":"ITURI conflict – Wikipedia","name":"ITURI conflict – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 This article concerns an in progress war. after-content-x4 This information may lack perspective, do not take into account recent","datePublished":"2017-01-01","dateModified":"2017-01-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/38\/Info_Simple.svg\/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png","height":"12","width":"12"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/ituri-conflict-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6636,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4This article concerns an in progress war.         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4This information may lack perspective, do not take into account recent developments or change as the fights progress. The title itself can be provisional. Do not hesitate to improve this article by ensuring quote your sources . The last modification of this page was made on April 11, 2023 at 00:01.  The Ituri conflict or war of ituri Following the Second Congo War (1998 – 2002), he essentially opposed Lendu militias (the Patriotic Resistance force of Ituri) and Hema in the Ituri district located in the eastern province north -east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is linked to criminal interests and geopolitics of the Great Lakes.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4  In 1911, war broke out after the assassination of the great Hema chief, Bomera, by the Indru (also called Walendu-Bindi, Lendu-Bindi or Lendu-Sud). Hostilities will extend the following year in the territory of Djugu [ first ] . During the Second Congo War in 1999, Ugandan troops used this litigation to form ethnic armed militias to better control the population but also for extraction and (illegal) gold (illegal) [ 2 ] . After the departure of the Ugandan armed forces, the criminal cartels involved in this traffic remained on the spot and continued to rely on rural militias and other self -defense groups; Different testimonies agree to affirm that since the colonial era, there has never been deplored any conflict of land between the Hema peoples and this despite the tangle of their villages particularly in the territory of Djugu [ 3 ] . Ethnicity is instrumentalized in local economic, local, national and international goals [ 4 ] . Several ethnic cleaning operations, with the culmination of the massacre of a thousand biras and Hemas at the Nyankunde hospital [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . The December 16, 2002 , Pretoria\u2019s global and inclusive agreement officially ends the Second Congo War. In accordance with this peace treaty, the Ugandan army which occupied the district of Ituri withdrew from its capital Bunia the May 6, 2003 . Immediately, Lendu militias launched a raid on the city and massacre tens of hemas without being able to have an exact assessment of the number of victims [ 2 ] . The same week, the Hemas in turn organize deadly attacks in retaliation.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Dozens of militias, armed bands and warlords, sometimes using children-soldiers, make terror reign in the region, the situation is chaotic and the population is taken hostage [ 7 ] . Some militias are still controlled by the Ugandan army, sometimes with competitions between the Ugandan generals themselves because they are linked to criminal networks and trafficking. Rwanda and the government of Kinshasa also support certain militias [ 8 ] . The forces of the mission of the United Nations Organization in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Monuc) deployed in the region are exceeded but in June 2003 , the UN authorizes the European Union to deploy the Art\u00e9mis operation, 2,000 essentially French blue soldiers. Bunia is secure, certain neutralized militias, international judgments mandates are launched against the most notable warlords, and several of them are actually imprisoned in The Hague to be tried before the International Criminal Court: Hemas Thomas Lubanga and Bosco Ntaganda, and Lendus Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui and Germain Katanga, accused of being responsible for the Bogoro massacre. MONUC officials and soldiers in Bunia are also accused of crimes, in particular to organize and take advantage of prostitution networks with sometimes minors and even children [ 9 ] . Table of ContentsMassacre de Bogoro [ modifier | Modifier and code ] FRPI attacks (2008\u20132012) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] FARDC counterattacks and surrender offer (2012\u20132014) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] New offensives from the FRPI (2014 – Present) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] External link [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massacre de Bogoro [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The February 24, 2003 , an attack by Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Congolese militia leaders from the FPRI and the FNI, takes place against the military camp and the village of Bogoro, mainly populated by Hemas. During this attack, 200 civilians are killed and many others are suffering from abuses. This leads the International Criminal Court to issue arrest mandates for war crimes and crimes against humanity and in particular for “Murders, rapes, sexual slavery, use of children-soldiers, attacks on civilians, looting, destruction of goods” [ ten ] . Arrested by the Congolese authorities, Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are transferred to the ICC to The Hague the first October 17, 2007 and the second the February 7, 2008 . Following the trial, Germain Katanga is found guilty of part of the charges but bleached accusations of rape and sexual slavery. He is sentenced to 12 years’ imprisonment knowing that he has already carried out seven since his arrest [ 11 ] . The lack of appeal from the accusation leads to a disagreement between the various parties linked to the accusation. For his part, Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui is acquitted the December 18, 2012 Loads of war crimes and crimes against humanity. This verdict is then confirmed by the call chamber. Even if the Second Congo War officially ended in 2003, a low intensity conflict continued for several years in Ituri, with tens of thousands of additional dead. This resurgence of the conflict is due to both the absence of real authority in the region, which has become a patchwork of areas claimed by armed militias, and the competition between the various armed groups for controlling the region’s natural resources. The most important rebellious group is the Patriotic Resistance force of Ituri (FRPI), based in Walendu Bindi and trained in 2002. Half of the members of this militia are children-soldiers under the age of 18, some barely eight years old [ twelfth ] . FRPI attacks (2008\u20132012) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Despite the ceasefire accepted in 2006, a dissident group of FRPI activists launched sporadic attacks on government forces and the civilian population from 2008. These attacks include many atrocities, rapes, fires, rapids [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . In January 2010 , Kakado Barnaba Yunga, the spiritual leader of the FPRI goes into trial in Bunia. Yunga is accused of rebellion, abstract, rape and cannibalism, among other crimes [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . During the following years, tens of thousands of civilians are moved by FRPI activists, who continue to attack them and perpetrate many crimes [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] . FARDC counterattacks and surrender offer (2012\u20132014) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Due to the rise of FRPI’s attacks, the FARDC (Congolese army) begin large -scale operations against him. Cattle and other stolen goods are recovered and returned to the local population [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . Little by little, FRPI activists have disunited, and many are incorporated into the FARDC [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . In September 2014 , Monusco opens an office in the village of Avebo in order to provide activists with a place to get, with mixed success [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . Cobra Matata chief, for example, goes to the Congolese authorities the November 21, 2014 [ thirty first ] , [ 32 ] , but the FRPI does not abandon. New offensives from the FRPI (2014 – Present) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Despite the government’s efforts, the FRPI manages to launch attacks against civilians until today, creating resurgence after 2014. More goods are stolen and crimes are committed [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . Activists may use bases in Uganda as support for their operations [ 37 ] .  FARDC soldiers on patrol in Aveba in 2015. Although the commander of the FRPI Mbadu Adirodu has promised the surrender of 300 activists to May 2015 , in June the peace negotiations are broken and the fight continues [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . \u2191 Dan Fahey, \u00ab\u00a0This Land is my Land: Land Grabbing in Ituri\u00a0\u00bb? in An Ansoms, Losing Your Land: Dispossession in the Great Lakes , Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014, p. 48  \u2191 a et b David Reybrouck ( trad. Dutch by Isabelle Rosselin), Congo: a story , Arles, Actes Sud, 2012 ( rompr. 2018), first re  ed. , 711 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-330-00930-4 ) , p. 505  \u2191 I will feel Vlassenroot and tim Raeymaekers , “The conflict in Ituri” , In Africa of Great Lakes , The Harmattan, 2004 , p. 208  \u2191 I will feel Vlassenroot and tim Raeymaekers , “The conflict in Ituri” , In Africa of Great Lakes , The Harmattan, 2004 , p. 210-213  \u2191 ‘ R.D.C. : the army must not appoint war criminals \u00bb , Human Rights Watch , January 14, 2005  \u2191 AFP, ‘ Rdcongo: a 2 echief militiaman of Ituri transferred to the International Criminal Court of Hague \u00bb ( Archive.org \u2022 Wikiwix \u2022 Archive.is \u2022 Google \u2022 What to do ?) , October 18, 2007  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Letourneux \u00ab Killings in Ituri \u00bb, Young Africa , May 19, 2003 ( read online )  \u2191 Reybrouck 2012, p. 506  \u2191 Francis Kpatind\u00e9 \u00ab MONUC scandal \u00bb, Young Africa , first is June 2004 ( read online )  \u2191 Marie-France Cros \u00ab The Ituri War before the ICC \u00bb, LIBER Belgium , November 24, 2009 ( read online )  \u2191 (en + fr)  ‘ Case Case \u00bb [“Katanga affair”], on www.icc-cpi.int  (consulted the September 19, 2017 )  \u2191 Paul R. Bartrop, Steven Leonard Jacobs , Modern Genocide\u00a0: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection , 2015 , 2270 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-61069-363-9 )  \u2191 ‘ Bunia: the FRPI tears two localities from the FARDC \u00bb , Radio Okapi , September 29, 2008 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the FARDC in front of a new militia, FPJC, in Kagaba \u00bb , Radio Okapi , October 4, 2008 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the village of Kombokabo under control of FPJC militiamen \u00bb , Radio Okapi , October 9, 2008 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Walendu Pindi: fights oppose the militiamen of the FJPC and the FARDC \u00bb , Radio Okapi , April 14, 2009 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Bunia: Beginning of the Kakado trial, spiritual leader of the militiamen of the FRPI \u00bb , Radio Okapi , January 21, 2010 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Bunia: Spiritual leader of the FRPI, Kakado Barnaba now prosecuted for war crime \u00bb , Radio Okapi , February 6, 2010 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: return to calm after the clashes between militiamen of the FRPI and FARDC \u00bb , Radio Okapi , October 9, 2011 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: fifth attack from FRPI in Irumu since the beginning of the month \u00bb , Radio Okapi , October 14, 2011 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: a new FRPI attack is 30,000 displaced \u00bb , Radio Okapi , October 20, 2011 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: hundreds of people and their cattle flee the attacks of the FRPI \u00bb , Radio Okapi , August 15, 2012 (consulted the January 29, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: 2 old women raped during the attack on the militiamen from FRPI in Irumu \u00bb , Radio Okapi , May 19, 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ DRC: FARDC kill a dozen militiamen from the FRPI in Ituri \u00bb , Radio Okapi , November 2, 2013 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ DRC: FRPI militiamen multiply their attacks in Bahema Mitego \u00bb , Radio Okapi , January 4, 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the FRPI requests a safety corridor to go to the FARDC in Getty \u00bb , Radio Okapi , 6 mars 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: failure of the attempted negotiations for the surrender of Cobra Matata \u00bb , Radio Okapi , August 10, 2014 (consulted the January 29, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: The Monusco develops a home site for ex-Fri in Aveba \u00bb , Radio Okapi , September 18, 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the FRPI accused of abuses in several villages \u00bb , Radio Okapi , September 19, 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Bunia: 28 militiamen from the FRPI went \u00bb , Radio Okapi , November 27, 2014 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 Ituri: Cobra Matata went to the FARDC in Bunia , Radio Okapi, 22 November 2014  \u2191 DRC: surrender of the rebel chief COBRA MATATA , Jeune Afrique and AFP, November 22, 2014  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the abuses of the FRPI militiamen continue despite the surrender of Cobra Matata \u00bb , Radio Okapi , December 7, 2014 (consulted the January 29, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: 29 dead recorded in clashes between FARDC and FRPI \u00bb , Radio Okapi , January 22, 2015 (consulted the January 28, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: armed men attack the Lagabo displaced camp, 12 injured \u00bb , Radio Okapi , 9 mars 2015 (consulted the 15 mars 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: humanitarian workers under threats from the FRPI in Walendu Bindi \u00bb , Radio Okapi , April 17, 2015 (consulted the May 22, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ DRC: an attack by armed men in a nightclub left 14 dead in Aru \u00bb , Radio Okapi , January 31, 2015 (consulted the first is February 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Surrender of around 300 militiamen from the FRPI in Ituri \u00bb , Radio Okapi , May 18, 2015 (consulted the May 22, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: the fights between FARDC and FRPI left 38 dead \u00bb , Radio Okapi , June 14, 2015 (consulted the June 14, 2015 )  \u2191 ‘ Ituri: return to calm after the clashes between Fardc and Frpi in Aveba \u00bb , Radio Okapi , June 4, 2015 (consulted the June 14, 2015 )  Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Massacre de Plaine your External link [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Le Proc. The Germain Katanga It Mathii Ngudjolo Chui, on project the Open SOCIETY INITIAL  Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Franck Leibovici and Julien SerousSi , Bogoro , Paris, theoretical questions, coll. “Non -covered realities”, 2016 , 351 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-917-13146-6 )        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/ituri-conflict-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"ITURI conflict – Wikipedia"}}]}]