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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Jacques-Pascal Virebent , born the April 7, 1746 In Toulouse and died the August 13, 1831 In the same city, was the architect of the city of Toulouse at the end of the reign of Louis XVI at the beginning of that of Louis-Philippe, which allowed him to design a certain number of sites today emblematic of the center of the City like Place Wilson, Place du Capitole or the boulevards and the Jean-Jaur\u00e8s alleys. He is also the founder of a line of architects and manufacturers of architectural ornaments in Toulouse [ first ] . He is buried in the Terre-Cabado cemetery.          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4 Terracotta ornaments rue de Bornier Son of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Virebent, Controller General of the City of Toulouse, Jacques-Pascal Virebent studies like his brothers (who will become G\u00e9ometers) mathematics and then participate in the courses given to the Royal Architecture Academy of Toulouse, where he is ‘Student of the Knight Rivalz (drawing and painting) and Labat de Savignac (civil architecture). He continued his studies in the 1760s at the Benedictine college in Sor\u00e8ze whose methods are then very innovative. Then make a trip to Languedoc and Provence for “Appropriate the beautiful forms, the picturesque aspect of the precious monuments that our homeland still contains, and the plans, the elevations, the cups, and especially the beautiful watercolors which he brought in his journey (..) fixed his taste And gave in the rest to his compositions a firmness, a male and severe elegance, which was then seemed to have completely rejected from modern architecture ” [ 2 ] . He also made a stay in Paris where he worked under the direction of a southern like him, the architect Fran\u00e7ois II Franque, to projects at the Invalides.  Returning to Toulouse after his father’s death, he was appointed there in 1782 architect and chief engineer of the city. A position which he will occupy almost fifty years until 1830, a year before his death, and under the many political regimes which were succeeded from 1789. It is these changes that will allow Virebent, despite limited means, to mark the city of its imprint: the very complex game of competing authorities which paralyzed any decision in the Toulouse of the Ancien R\u00e9gime (the traditional conflict between the Parliament and the Capitouls being more or less effectively arbitrated by the Governor, the Intendant and The States of Languedoc represented here by the Archbishop) is simplified by the revolutionary and Napoleonic centralization which leaves on the spot only a prefect and a municipality under orders. The new laws (and especially the possibility of expropriations from 1807) also give the architect tools that the urban planners who had preceded it would not have dreamed of. Tenacious and patient, surrounded by a solid family network, he imposes his style in many emblematic places of the city. During the Revolution, he would have a number of monuments of destruction, the steeple of the Dalbade and the Jacobins, the Convent of the Augustins, the Statue of Henri IV and the bust of Louis XIV (by Marc Arcis) at the Capitol. But it is also responsible (at least in part) for the destruction of the convent of the Grands Carmes and its very particular church.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4From his five sons, two, Auguste and Fran\u00e7ois were architects and their father counted that they took his suite at the town hall since they have already helped him in his functions since the 1820s. But it was his urban vitry nephew who He succeeded him finally and the sons turned on (y-understand the other 3 brothers Victor, Sylvestre and Prosper), who had bought in 1829 the manor and the land of Launaguet, founded a brickterie where they will revolutionize the architectural decoration thanks to the ” Plinthotomy “, a ceramic molding process allowing to create ornaments hitherto solely achievable in stone.  Entrance to the Jardin des Plantes Heir to Toulouse urban planners from XVIII It is Century (Mondran, Garipuy and Saget), turned formed and influenced the generation that succeeded him (Vitry, Eski\u00e9), helping to create a particular style to the city, flexible adapting the styles in vogue to local constants. His great work was the construction of Place Villeneuve (current Place Wilson) but he was also the designer of a large part of the boulevards and the other Toulouse squares. Table of ContentsThe alignment plan [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Place du Capitole [ modifier | Modifier and code ] La place Villeneuve (place Wilson) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Place des Carmes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The boulevards and the aisles of Angoul\u00eame (Jean Jaur\u00e8s) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Place de la Trinit\u00e9 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The alignment plan [ modifier | Modifier and code ] A first plan of alignment of the streets of Toulouse, but on too large scale, had been made from the Saget plan by engineer Philippe Gleizes in the late 1770s. Virebent pushed the municipal administration to resume the site and obtained in 1801 a decree stipulating “that it is important to fix in a stable and uniform way the width to be given to the streets of this town (…) instead of the arbitrariness and chance from which they have so far been abandoned” [ 3 ] . The decree fixes the widths to be achieved for the main streets (10 m ), secondary streets (8 m ) and the small traverse streets (6 m ). The engineer Julien Rivet is responsible for drawing up the general plan in 1\/1000 in two and a half years … but will not finish it until 1819 because “It is not easy to grasp, to combine, to grant, to stop all the parts of the general plan of alignment of a city, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 735  ha 90 to 57 CA; which has 6,500 houses, 198 islands or moldings, 330 streets, and 24 main places ” [ 4 ] . Problem: a ministerial instruction of 1815 fixed the scale of these plans at 1\/2000 … hence a reduction in the plan requested from Rivet which delivers his work in 1824. Virebent made it affixed by his son Auguste the lines of its projected alignments. Everything was finished in 1825. But we realize that the particular plans of the streets are not 1\/500 required by the investigation of 1815 (but 1\/125). Virebent had to go in 1829 to Paris to defend his plan which was finally returned by the central administration for revision: there are not enough streets to be realized and their width is insufficient. These concerns, such as the difficulties of the site in Place Villeneuve, darkened the last years of Virebent. After his death, Joseph Vitry (who had helped Rivet on the first version) will be responsible for drawing up the revised plan which was ultimately ratified by the king at the end of 1842 and will remain in force in Toulouse until the 1970s. Place du Capitole [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Panorama of Place du Capitole with, on the left and right of the Capitol, the buildings designed and built by Jacques-Pascal Virebent. It was in 1806 that the town hall asked Virebent to work on this project. The place is then made up of the space left free by the destruction of two medieval “moulons” (houses of houses) XVIII It is century. It is a question of creating uniform facades to the west, north and south of the square to harmonize with the large facade of the Capitol built by Guillaume Cammas from 1750 to 1759. Virebent is inspired for his drawings of style Already applied near Place Villeneuve (current Place Wilson) and inspired by that of the H\u00f4tel de Malta, “The most beautiful facade that exists in Toulouse (…), composed according to the style of the beautiful palaces of Italy, these indeed have main lines everywhere, smooth funds on which members are detached without confusion of architecture with which they are decorated with, crusaders of an elegant profile whose supports are often continuous and linked, everywhere a noble and attractive simplicity ” [ 5 ] . The first works took place from 1809 to 1812 on the south side between rue de la Pomme and rue Saint-Rome. A large building (that of the current Caf\u00e9 Bibent) replaces the old facades linked to the old Saint-Martial college (which then served as theater). A second tranche of works took place from 1823 to 1835 on the north side where a similar building was built between the streets of R\u00e9musat and Taur (old Castela bookstore). Virebent had also planned acroters at the top of the facades which will be refused by the municipality because of their cost [ 6 ] . The west side, rebuilt from 1850 to 1852, well after the death of Virebent, took some liberties with the drawing of the architect (the alignment plan he had planned is also modified to align this new facade with that of the Capitol). The long arcaded building designed by Jean Bonnal is a compromise between the style turn and that of the buildings of the rue de Rivoli in Paris (architects Percier and Fontaine). La place Villeneuve (place Wilson) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  One of the buildings in Place Wilson (ex-Place Villeneuve, Angoul\u00eame then Lafayette). It is the longest site of the period turn, that undoubtedly to which he devoted the most efforts and passion (his portrait by Roques, just before his death, shows him holding the plan of the place) and that ‘He won’t even see over. Today, it is, with rue Saint-Antoine du T which leads to it, the Toulouse site which best shows its conceptions and its success. In 1778, the Capitouls, exasperated by “The fatal accidents that endanger the lives of citizens” caused by rollers coming to fulfill the rights of entry into the city in the northern wing of the Capitol, decide to “Opening the so -called Versailles door” , undoubtedly the old Villeneuve door mured in 1562 after the Protestants borrowed it to leave Toulouse at the end of the fights of “deliverance”. But nothing was done until 1783, when the young man turned, just appointed architect of the city, obtained a Capitouls a deliberation ordering “To have the old door of Villeneuve incessantly opened by performing the quote drawn up by Sieur Virebent, director of public works” . The opening provided in the wall is 23 toises (45 meters). Virebent also made a model of this first project carried out: an “interior” and “exterior” place (like the one that Saget has just achieved in Saint-Cyprien) with a monumental door in the middle. The wall is open the same year but nothing really advances, probably for financial reasons, until the end of 1788 (the scarcity had given the idea to the municipality to have the work done by charity workshops) where turns turning Directed a new plan undoubtedly very close to the initial project and already providing for a walk in a straight line towards the Canal du Midi. The work begins but the disorders of the revolution too, which quickly end it. In 1797, the municipality noted its helplessness: “The above Capitouls, wanting to give the roads of Paris and Rouergue an access worthy of the importance of this city and their communications, projected the construction of the Villeneuve Porte; the resources that the city then possessed and hope To be helped by the above province, contributed to adorn this projected entry of an external place and a larger inside, which was to understand the whole terrain vacant there; the clearing was started but the Means that have not made it possible to continue its execution, this place has become the receptacle of the filth of neighboring neighborhoods and can serve as a lair for malicious people; the municipality, today without foreign resources and whose only income consists In the product of local charges, cannot be hidden that the execution of the plan in question becomes in this inexecutable circumstance ” [ 7 ] . A reduced project, limited to the interior square, was approved by the Management Board in 1798 and conceded in exchange for the land to a certain citizen Delmas who did nothing and has even completely disappeared from traffic in 1800. Virebent will take advantage of the project to destroy the ramparts (and the alignment plan which has just been decided) to relaunch its project. In 1805, he wrote to the mayor: “It is enough to reflect on a project drawn up and have the desire to perfect it to find some change to make it. The project of the door and Place Villeneuve is in the case. By meditating again, I thought that It was necessary to bring the diameter of this place to 94 m instead of 74. It will be larger and more pleasant ” [ 8 ] . No more rampart, therefore more monumental door but a thin barrier in the middle of a large oval opening onto the large alley designed before the Revolution. The project was approved by the prefect in 1806 and nearly 300 m Walls are finally destroyed to build the new “Inner” Moulons “Moulons. We are there when the Empire finished but Virebe succeeded in convincing the new municipality to resume work in 1817. The last buildings of the Oval were only completed until 1834, three years after his death. Note that the decorations provided by the architect at the top of his buildings have, just like Place du Capitole, been refused by the municipality for the sake of economy [ 9 ] . This is one of the patterns that will push the wires turn to embark on the manufacture of low -cost architectural decorations. Place des Carmes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The municipality had a project to walk in this location since 1803 but it seems that it is the project of Fontaine in honor of Napoleon (commanded by two Toulouse deputies to the Parisian sculptor Jean-Baptiste Stouf) who unlocked things on the side of the state [ ten ] . A decree of January 25, 1807 Authorizes the construction of a fountain in the city center thanks to the money from the Laganne legs [ 11 ] , a commission in which Figure Virebent develops a complete project at the site of the ex-Coat of the Grands Carmelites then ownership of the State and the April 21th According to, the prefect enjoins the mayor to buy the land. This is not asked: the entire mold is immediately bought and shaved (with the magnificent church of the Great Carmes) in stride. The rectangular shape of the mold created a large place on which the herbs market moved to the narrow place Rouaix from 1813. The widow Laganne being still alive, the fountain project is submitted later but was transformed with the return of the Bourbons in 1815 in the statue of Henri IV. Virebe even built a provisional wooden monument painted on the occasion of the visit of the Duchess of Angoul\u00eame (the place has been renamed “Place Bourbon” for the occasion) the September 2, 1815 . The assignment of the Laganne legacy funds to the construction of the force water tower to develop a new more modest project for which turned on his son Auguste, but the project chosen is that of the Parisian sculptor Thierri, finally abandoned by the municipality in 1827 . A simple pool with water jet will ultimately be conducted temporarily [ twelfth ] . The boulevards and the aisles of Angoul\u00eame (Jean Jaur\u00e8s) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The walls of Toulouse had already been shaved on the Saint-Cyprien side by the work of Saget in 1775 and replaced by an granting barrier. A decision facilitated at the time by a royal decree [ 13 ] granting the property of the walls to the city and which also allowed the first drilling at the level of the future Place Villeneuve in 1783. But the revolution seems to make the ramparts in the state [ 14 ] And war in the Pyrenees makes you difficult to do with any new destruction. Toulouse finally obtains confirmation of the property of its walls with the generous Napoleonic decree of July 27, 1808 [ 15 ] And Virebent can finally hope to see one of the main recommendations of his alignment plan under construction: the destruction of the walls of the Saint-Etienne gate at the Porte Arnaud Bernard to create a large boulevard in the continuity of the large alleys created as created as created as created in the Distribution of the Large Boulevard. 1750 by Mondran and Garipuy. Peace acquired in 1815, demolition work could start in 1816, especially since the granting barrier was pushed back to the Canal du Midi. In 1818, the wall between the black penitents and the Place Villeneuve was shaved, the ditches filled, the boulevard Saint-Aubin trac\u00e9. Stop at the beginning of 1819 when the Minister of War, because of the “geographical position” A you “Military role” from Toulouse, requires “to suspend the demolition of the enclosure”  [ 16 ] . It was not until 1825 that the municipality obtained the “Free and definitive enjoyment” from the wall from the Matabiau door (current place Jeanne d’Arc) to the Garonne upstream [ 17 ] . The town hall is pressed: demolition work began at the beginning of 1826 for the rampart ranging from Place d’Angoul\u00eame (ex-Place Villeneuve) at the Porte Arnaud Bernard (the Ministry of War quickly arrested the demolitions on the Arnaud Bernard, no concerned by the transaction of 1825 but the king finally authorized them in 1829). The alleys of Angoul\u00eame, projected by turning for at least 1789, were created between 1821 and 1825, the expropriations having been voted in the town hall in 1817. Virebent increased their initial width from 26 to 40 then 60 meters in their part au- beyond the boulevard. Place de la Trinit\u00e9 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] It was in 1820 that Virebent obtained from the municipality that the Moulon was shaved where the House of the Religious of the Trinity was found until the Revolution (installed there in XIV It is century). The goal is to create a place with fountain (the work on the water tower will be launched the following year) and to widen a very crowded crossroads between Place du Pont-Neuf and Porte Saint-Etienne on the side , the place of the Capitol and that of the Salin of the other. Result, a triangular place. In 1824, the municipality launched a competition for La Fontaine; 45 projects are sent including one by Jean-Antoine Raynaud (the architect of the water tower), two of Vitry and one of Augustus Virebent, son of the city architect. The commission selects the two of Vitry and that of the young man turn which, as for the Place des Carmes and that of Angoul\u00eame, is rejected by the municipal council then cold with the old architect who seeks to impose his son to succeed him. It is therefore one of Vitry’s projects (all the same nephew of Virebent) which is chosen and, slightly modified (the sirens had to be in marble), was inaugurated in 1826 [ 18 ] . \u2191 Jean-Loup Marfaing, In the dictionary of Toulouse , Loubati\u00e8res, 2004  \u2191 M\u00e8ge, Notice on M. Virebent , p. 146 and 147. Note that this taste of young people turn for Roman architecture is then quite in the standard of return to the ancient which characterizes the architecture Louis XVI (which already dominates in the last years of the reign of Louis XV ). Most of the biographical indications mentioned here come from this elogious notice.  \u2191 Cited in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 247 . Most architectural and urban information on Virebent comes from this work.  \u2191 Preface to General plan , quoted in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 248 .  \u2191 Letter from Virebent to the chief of the municipal executive (September 12, 1810), cited in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 253.  \u2191 According to M\u00e8ge, “His project for Place Royale, partly executed, was mutilated by the municipal council. The first floor was to rest on a peristyle which would have served as a covered place. The facades, whose architecture is so simple and so noble, should be Crowned by acroters who, by embellishing the appearance of the square, would have established more harmony between these buildings and the Capitol. ”  \u2191 Deliberation of January 26, 1797, quoted in Toulouse, Memoirs Plots , p. 278.  \u2191 Letter of 22 Germinal year 13 (April 12, 1805), cited in Toulouse, Plots of memory, p. 278.  \u2191 According to M\u00e8ge, “The project of the square located beyond the old Villeneuve door experienced great oppositions when it was designed by M. Virebent, and it is only more than forty years after it was fully executed; -We forced this architect to remove the acroters that crowned the facades ” .  \u2191 The same “lure” had been used by the Capitouls in the previous century: they had defeated the opposition of the Parliament to the Place du Capitole project by mounting a statue of Louis XIV which had never been carried out.  \u2191 Former Capitoul, Charles Laganne had bequeathed part of her fortune to the city on the condition that she uses it to the water supply of the Toulousains.  \u2191 On all these questions, see the Heritage Department sheet .  \u2191 Dated October 24, 1775, he accepted the Toulouse claims on the walls (since they had been maintained by the Capitouls for at least 1345) in exchange for an annuity. Quoted by Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 271.  \u2191 Decree of November 22, 1790, quoted in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 272.  \u2191 Signed during the Emperor’s only visit to the city when he wanted to bring to the Toulouse the bitter pill of the creation of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne (which would significantly reduce the territory of Haute-Garonne) .  \u2191 Letter from the prefect dated March 19, 1819, cited in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 273.  \u2191 Transaction of September 18, 1825 validated by the order of October 9, cited in Toulouse, plots of memory , p. 273.  \u2191 Information from the heritage management sheet.  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Toulouse, plots of memory , Municipal Archives of Toulouse 2005. M\u00e8ge, “Notice on M. Virebent” , In History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres de Toulouse , 1836 ( read online ) , p. 139-158 Historical notice on M. J.S-P.Cal Virebent: Honorary engineer of the city of Toulouse; former director of the Special Arts School; professor of architecture at said school; member of the Royal Academy of Sciences; Registration and beautiful letters , France, 1831 ( read online ) Marie-Louis Desazars de Montgailhard, \u00ab\u00a0Virebent (Pascal)\u00a0\u00bb , In Toulouse artists and art in Toulouse at XIX It is century , Toulouse, Bookstore-Marqueste\/E.-H. Guitar, 1924 ( read online ) , p. 172-174 Jacques-Pascal Virebent, architect of the city of Toulouse , V. N\u00e8gre, Architecture School of Toulouse 1985. 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