[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/japanese-space-program-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/japanese-space-program-wikipedia\/","headline":"Japanese space program – Wikipedia","name":"Japanese space program – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Takeoff in the H-IIA launcher taking the Selene lunar probe in 2007. The H-II launcher family. 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The H-II launcher family.  The Japanese space program brings together all Japanese civil or military space or military activities. Launched in the mid -1950s, the program had many achievements that made Japan the fourth spatial power of the planet to its credit. After autonomously developing MU launchers using solid propulsion, Japanese engineers have succeeded with the H-II family to master the most advanced techniques in terms of propulsion (liquid hydrogen). In the scientific field, Japan regularly places spatial observatories in orbit and has developed expertise in observation of X -radiation. Japan has obtained more mixed results in the field of solar system exploration but has ahead of NASA By succeeding in recovering an asteroid soil sample thanks to its hayabusa probe which has also demonstrated the capacities of Japan in the field of electric propulsion. The Japanese space industry has also developed strong competence in the field of telecommunications, the observation of the land and the military space applications. Japan spatial activity has long been under the influence of American space policy, which has notably resulted in a particularly important involvement in the development of the International Space Station (12.8% of investments against 8.3 % for the European space agency) and that of the HTV cargo ship, with significantly positive fallout such as the high proportion of Japanese astronauts in the crew of it. During the 1990s, the Japanese space program was in crisis: the economic climate in Japan no longer made it possible to finance all the projects selected and several missions were victims of material failures. Until 2003, the Japanese civil space program was supported by two organizations: the ISAS responsible for scientific missions and the NASDA more focused on space applications. This situation which led to the coexistence of two families of launchers and distinct launching facilities ceased with the creation in 2003 of the JAXA bringing together the activities of the two organizations as well as that of the Nal Organization dedicated to aeronautical research. The budget for the Japanese space program was in 2019 360 billion yen (\u20ac 2.9 billion) including \u20ac 1.47 billion for Jaxa. For the latter, the main investments focus this year on the development of the H3 launcher (\u20ac 246 million), the JDRS optical Relais Satellite program (\u20ac 89 million), the supply vessel of the HTV-X space station (\u20ac 30 million ), the development of the XRISM space telescope (\u20ac 29 million) the future Martienne MMX mission (\u20ac 13 million). Other budgetary lines are directly managed by ministries: the office of the cabinet (\u20ac 340 million) which mainly charge for QZSS navigation satellites, the Ministry of Defense (\u20ac 283 million) which funds the military telecommunications satellites and Spatial surveillance and the firm secretariat (\u20ac 497 million) which is responsible for the development of the constellation of optical recognition satellites and IGS radar.   Table of ContentsThe development of shoven rockets (1954-1965) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The first Japanese satellite (1965-1970) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] First scientific missions (1971-1979) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The creation of the Nasda [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Development of application satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Development of the H-I launcher (1981-1986) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Scientific satellites of the 1980s and first space probes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The M-V launcher and the scientific missions of the years 1997-2006 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The solar system exploration missions [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Exploration of the moon [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Exploration of other planets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Participation in the inhabited space program [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Development of the H-II heavy launcher (1986-1994) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The 1990s’ chess series (1994-1999) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The questioning of the organization and the program [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The implementation of the Japanese military space program (1998) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The creation of the JAXA space agency (2003) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Development of a new generation of launchers [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Organizations involved in the space program [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Le budget spatial 2022 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Participation in inhabited space missions [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Exploration of the solar system [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Spatial telescopes and observatories [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Other scientific satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Earth observation satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Sharum rockets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Telecommunications satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Meteorological satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Navigation satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The development of shoven rockets (1954-1965) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Hideo Itokawa Pioneer of Japanese astronautics around 1961 University professor and aeronautical engineer Hideo Itokawa plays a major role in the birth of the Japan space program. Itokawa, who designed military planes during the Second World War [ Note 1 ] , must convert when the embargo on Japanese aeronautical construction was decreed by the United States in 1945 after the defeat of its country. In 1953, when these sanctions were lifted in application of the San Francisco Treaty, Itokawa devoted himself to the development of small rockets, an area he discovered during a stay in the United States. Despite the lack of official support, he created within the Institute of Industrial Sciences of the University of Tokyo a small research group bringing together colleagues sharing the same passion. The announcement in 1954 of the organization of an international geophysical year (1957\/1958) allows it to win a modest research budget (3.3 million yen). He develops with his colleagues a small rocket with a solid propelled propelled Crayon (in reference to its dimensions), followed by Babe which reaches an altitude of 6 km In August 1955 and then a multi-stage version of the latter. While, in all other countries, research works relate to propulsion to liquid ergols, Japanese engineers choose to develop rockets using solid propulsion. This choice of architecture will strongly influence Japanese developments during the following three decades [ first ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4A new budget envelope of 117.4 million yen allows the development in 1957 of the Kappa-Sondes series series [ Note 2 ] whose KAPPA 6 version will be used to represent Japan in the international geophysical year. This solid propeller rocket which can take 12 kilograms of scientific instruments up to an altitude of 60 km , has a mass of 260 kg For a length of 5.6 m and a diameter of 25 cm . This development attracts the interest of the public and that of the authorities who decided in 1958 to create a National Council for Space Activities. Shortly after the government created an agency for the development of national spatial activities in the scientific and technological field. For its part, the University of Tokyo, in which Itokawa and its colleagues have developed aerospace activity, creates the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science ( ISAS ). New versions of the increasingly powerful Kappa rocket are developed. KAPPA 8 (1.5 tonnes for a length of 11 m ), drawn for the first time in September 1959, can launch 80 kg of instruments at 200 km altitude. The Kappa 9L, which is the first three-story Japanese shower rocket, reached 310 km in April 1961. KAPPA 10, which will be exported to Yugoslavia and Indonesia, reached 700 km In 1965. A new family of high performance probes, baptized lambda, took over from the Kappa. The objective is to achieve suborbital flights reaching the altitude of 3,000 km [ 2 ] .  A lambda-4S-5 probe rocket on its launch pad. The shoven rockets have hitherto been launched from an isolated beach in Michikawa in the prefecture of Akita. But their scope has increased sharply and they are now likely to crash into China in the event of failure. Itokawa gets in search of a site located on the Pacific Coast of Japan with good communications but weakly populated and benefiting from a Cl\u00e9ment climate. After two years of research, the Uchinoura site in the prefecture of Kagoshima (on the island of Ky\u016bsh\u016b, the most southern Japan) was finally retained in 1961 despite the transport times (31 hours of train to go to Tokyo) and the opposition of local fishermen. To appease these, it is decided that the shots can only take place during two periods of a total duration of 90 days in the year (around September and February), which will constitute a very strong constraint for launches and in particular those of space probes. Despite a very tormented relief, the 510 hectare site is quickly arranged and the first shot of a lambda 3, which reaches an altitude of 1,000 km, takes place in July 1964 [ 3 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The first Japanese satellite (1965-1970) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Osumi, the first Japanese satellite. Lambda 3 represents what can be done more powerful in terms of shower rocket. Logically the next step is to place an orbit satellite. In 1965 the National Council of Space Activities gives the green light to the ISAS for the realization of a scientific space program. Itokawa offers to develop a new MU rocket to launch these satellites. The authorization to carry out the new launcher is given in August 1966. In parallel Itokawa made develop a latest version of the lambda family baptized lambda 4S because he thinks that this rocket has the ability to place a satellite in orbit at low cost before the MU are operational [ 4 ] . The Lambda 4S is an unused rocket of 9.5 tonnes 16.5 meters long which has 4 floors all using a solid propulsion with a solid propergol. The rocket has two small extra propellers providing an additional thrust during the first 7 seconds of the flight. What differentiates it from the previous versions is the addition of a fourth floor, containing 88 kg Solid propergol, loaded, when the rocket culminates, to bring the horizontal speed allowing to reach the orbital speed. Like all the launchers in this family, it has been drawn from an inclined launching ramp oriented in the desired direction. The top floor has a gyroscopic system which allows the orientation of the top floor to be controlled when it starts its ballistic phase after the extinction of the third floor and before its fire [ 5 ] . The satellisable mass is limited to 12 kg But this is the lightest of the launchers ever developed. Three launches took place between September 1966 and April 1967 which all resulted in failures. The United States, some of whom are responsible for Japan developments in the field of solid Propeergol engines, offered at that time to the Japanese government to use American launchers but Itokawa firmly opposes this option arguing that Japan must be able to master this technology. Following a hostile press campaign launched by the big daily newspaper Asahi Shimbun , he resignals and leaves spatial research forever. A fourth launch attempt took place in September 1969 but resulted again with a failure following the collision between the third and the fourth floor. The fifth launch finally makes it possible to place in orbit the first Japanese artificial satellite called \u014dsumi. This one, of a total mass of 38 kg , is a simple technological demonstrator with a radio-transmitter, thermometer and an accelerometer. The satellite radio breaks down after completing 7 orbits (338×5150 km and inclination of 31 \u00b0). Slood rockets of the Lambda family will continue to be launched until 1977 for suborbital flights, but satellization is now entrusted to the next generation constituted by Mu rockets [ 6 ] . First scientific missions (1971-1979) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] MU rockets use the same solid propergol technology but are much more massive. MU-4S, which have 3 floors, have a mass of 43.8 t , a diameter at the base of 1.41 m and a length of 23.6 m . They can place in low orbit a payload of 100 kg [ 5 ] . After a first failure in 1970, a MU-4S rocket managed to place in orbit on February 16, 1971 the Tansei satellite of a mass of 62 kg . This is also a simple technological demonstrator but its successor launched on September 28 of the same year has a scientific payload intended to study solar wind and cosmic radiation. His instruments detect a new belt of radiation. During the 1970s, 10 scientific satellites were launched by MU rockets. The first version of this launcher family is not guided and the orbit reached is not very precise [ 7 ] . The MU-3C version, the first copy of which is drawn in 1974 includes a radio-guidance system which makes it possible to place orders acting on the orientation of the push of the second floor: it is equipped with small side rockets which act On the roll while a Fr\u00e9on injection system in the nozzle makes it possible to deviate from the push of the main propeller [ 5 ] . On February 21, 1979, a rocket of this type in Hakucho orbit (or Corsa-B) First space-ray spatial observatory. He was developed at the initiative of Minoru Oda who will exercise until his death in 2001 a great influence on the Japanese scientific space program by making this very particular area one of the strong points of space research of his country [ 8 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The creation of the Nasda [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Japanese space activity supervised by the ISAS was entirely devoted to scientific research. Japanese manufacturers were concerned in the late 1960s in the lack of government ambition in the space field and created in 1968 a advice for the promotion of space activities which brings together 69 companies involved in space and whose objective is to Promote the development of space applications in areas such as telecommunications. To meet this demand, the Japanese government created in 1969 the National Space Development Agency of Japan ( Nas ) whose first manager, Hideo Shima, is the engineer of the railways that has developed the Shinkansen, the Japanese high -speed train. The NASDA aims to develop launchers, the development of the technologies necessary for application satellites as well as their design. The Isas for its part retains the rockets and scientific satellites and can develop its own launchers provided that their diameter does not exceed 1.41 meters. This division of Civil Japanese Spatial Activities, which leads to a multiplication of developments, is a unique characteristic in the spatial world which will perpetuate for 30 years. On the budgetary level, the NASDA receives most of the funds allocated to space (on average 80%) while the ISAS sees its share falling at 8% [ 9 ] .  Le Spatial Center of Tanegashima. The first objective of the NASDA is to have a liquid ergol launcher powerful enough to place a satellite on a geostationary orbit at 36,000 km above sea level. The agency first searches for a site where it could be tested and then launched its future rockets. An old launching base of probes in Takesaki on the small island of Tanegashima at 100 km South of the Uchinoura launch base is chosen. Tanegashima’s launch base is built on part of the coast facing the Pacific Ocean. The intention of NASDA engineers is to develop a launcher by the gradual mastery of technologies required for propulsion to liquid ergols. A first launcher Q , capable of placing a satellite of 85 kg at 1000 km altitude, must be launched in 1972; The launcher N the first launch of which must take place in 1974, can place a satellite of 100 kg in geostationary orbit. But these plans are upset by considerations of foreign policy. The American government in the mid -1960s attempted to persuade Japanese and European leaders to give up developing their own telecommunications launchers and satellites for the benefit of American launch services or construction licenses. The Japanese government initially refused but changed its mind following a summit with American president Lyndon Johnson which took place in October 1967: the latter proposed to exchange the restitution in 1972 of the Okinawa islands and the archipelago d’Ogasawara, administered since 1945 by the American army, in exchange for the purchase by the Japanese of a manufacturing license of the Thor rocket. This agreement was ratified in the fall of 1970 and the development of LA launchers and was abandoned for the benefit of the license construction of the American rocket. The Mitsubishi company built the rocket, which is baptized N-I, after the license has been acquired for a price of around 6 billion yen [ ten ] . Development of application satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  1-scale model of the H-I rocket. On September 9, 1975, Nasda placed its first satellite in orbit thanks to the N-I rocket. Kiku-1, which weighs 83 kg and is placed on an orbit of 1,000 km , is the first satellite in a series intended to develop the space technologies necessary for the creation of telecommunications satellites. Kiku-2, which is also part of this series is launched on February 23, 1977 and allows Japan to become the third country to have placed a satellite in geostationary orbit. To acquire the knowledge necessary for the implementation of a network of telecommunications satellites, Japanese companies are encouraged to turn to the United States for the development and launch of the first operational satellites. Agreements are signed with American companies give birth to families of Yuri satellite for the broadcasting of Satellite and Sakura television. Paradoxically Japan, whose electronics industry will dominate the world, will then continue to source abroad for its telecommunications satellites [ 11 ] . The characteristics of the N -I rocket – payload of 130 kg In geostationary orbit, guidance system – were already exceeded at the time of its first flight in 1975. In order to be able to place modern operational satellites in geostationary orbit, NASDA decides to acquire the development license for the Thor -Delta rocket. The new launcher, whose Japanese version is called N-II, can place 360 kg in geostationary orbit. The first flight which takes place the February 11, 1981 Place in orbit the Kiku-3 satellite, a machine of 640 kg with plasma propulsion by impulse. This launcher is then used to launch telecommunications satellites in geostationary orbit. In parallel, Japan participates with the United States and Europe in the establishment of a network of geostationary satellites as part of global meteorological organization. Japanese participation takes the form of the GMS weather satellite Himawari 1 of 325 kg which was launched on July 14, 1977 since the launch base of Cape Canaveral by an American rocket Delta. The following four meteorological satellites will be placed in orbit between 1981 and 1995 by Japanese launchers [ twelfth ] . Development of the H-I launcher (1981-1986) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] To have a more powerful launcher while gaining autonomy compared to American technologies, the Nasda launched in February 1981 the development of a new version of the N-II launcher comprising a second burning cryogenic floor a hydrogen\/liquid oxygen mixture entirely Designed in Japan. At the time only the United States and Europe were able to master, not without difficulty, this technology. To develop the engine that propels the second floor, ISAS and NASDA work in cooperation. The new H-I launcher can place 550 kg in geostationary orbit. The cryogenic engine developed by Japanese engineers called Le-5 develops a 10.5-ton thrust with a specific 447-second pulse. Of a mass of 255 kg , it is reletable. The first flight of the new launcher takes place on August 13, 1986 and places in low satellite orbit including the Ajisai passive geodetic satellite of 685 kg . For the second flight, the Kiku-5 satellite (or ETS V), a technological demonstrator of 550 kg , is placed in geostationary orbit. The peak engine used is for the first time Japanese manufacturing [ 13 ] . Scientific satellites of the 1980s and first space probes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 1971 the ISAS which became too big for the University of Tokyo was detached from it and became an inter-university national research institute attached to the Ministry of Education of Science and Culture and having its own campus installed in Sagamihara. Although having a small part of the resources allocated to the Japanese space program, the ISAS managed to develop a rich scientific program during the decades 1970 to 1990, several missions of exploration of the solar system which are the most known to the general public Because the most spectacular. The ISAS uses to launch its satellites and space probes its small MU launcher with a solid propeller whose performance it regularly improves. The remaining satellites remaining in terrestrial orbit includes the series of astro, observatories or space telescopes, the exo satellites intended to study the high layers of the atmosphere and the spatial environment of the earth and the solar-n which study the sun study [ 14 ] .  The parabolic antenna of 64 m Used to communicate with space probes and located in Usuda. The MU-3S launcher, used by the ISAS in the early 1980s, can place 300 kg In low orbit. It launched between 1981 and 1983 Hinotori (ASTRO-A) an Observatory with X-ray, Tenma (Astro-B) and Ohzora (Exos-C). To be able to launch a probe towards the comet of Halley and participate in a concerted effort of all space nations in the face of this exceptional event, the ISAS develops a new version of its launcher, the MU-3SII which makes it possible to double the payload to 700 kg Thanks to large -sized extra accelerators and the lengthening of the upper floors. The rocket of a mass of 61 tonnes successively launched in 1985 two space probes meeting the comet of Halley: Sakigake (or MS-T5), the first interplanetary probe in Japan, responsible for performing recognition and suisei ( or Planet a) which must pass near the core of the comet and take images with its camera. Sakigake after having during its race for the comet studied the solar wind approaches 7 million kilometers from the comet while Sueisei increases 151,000 km from March 8, 1986 and managed to take images of the cloud hydrogen around it as well as to determine its speed of rotation. Communications with the two space probes are provided via a parabolic antenna 64 meters in diameter that the Japanese space agency inaugurated for this occasion and which is located in Usuda in the Nagano valley at 170 km northwest of Tokyo. During the following years the MU -3S launcher was used to launch two X -ray observatories in the Astro -X – Ginga series in 1987 and Asuka (or ASCA) in 1993 – Akebono in 1989, a satellite intended to study the Aurora Boreales, Yohkoh in 1991 a solar observatory head of the Solar-X series. The Geotail satellite which studies the terrestrial magnetosphere and is developed jointly with NASA was launched in 1992 by an American rocket. Finally in 1990 the Isas launched with his rocket the first planetary probe Hiten responsible for placing an orbit sub-Satellite around the moon. The mission which takes only one scientific instrument, is a success despite the loss of the radio link with the sub-Satellite. The latest mission of the Mu-3s launcher placed in orbit on February 15, 1995 the German Spatial Space Capsule carrying microgravity experiences but this one, too heavy for the rocket, performs a premature premature back-to-school [ 15 ] . The M-V launcher and the scientific missions of the years 1997-2006 [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The Solid M-V Propeergol rocket is about to launch the astronomical astronomical observatory. The ISAS, to be able to place heavier loads in orbit, develops a new launcher called M-V which allows you to launch 1.8 t Or a doubling compared to the previous generation. Like the rockets of the MU family who preceded it all its floors use the propulsion with a solid propeller but its dimensions make it a completely different launcher. The new 4 -storey rocket has a diameter of 2.5 m [ Note 3 ] For a mass of 135 t and a length of more than 30 m : It was at the time of the largest launcher using only solid propergols. Development was longer than expected because the manufacturer Nissan has struggled to develop the deployable nozzles intended to limit the dimension of the new launcher. The Uchinoura shooting step had to be adapted, but despite its size the new launcher has been fired from an inclined launch ramp like its predecessors. The first shot, which takes place on February 12, 1997, wins the Haruka space-telescope which once deployed an antenna more than 8 meters wide. The second shot which took place in February 1990 and took away the Astro-E space observatory, is a failure. The first floor nozzle is pierced by a hot gas jet shortly after takeoff and the launcher fails to place the satellite in orbit. His copy, baptized Suzaku will finally be placed in orbit by the same launcher on July 19, 2005. The solar system exploration missions [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Exploration of the moon [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Japan is the first of the new space nations (China, Europe, India, Japan) to embark on the exploration of the solar system planets. The ISAS first developed a Hiten technological demonstrator (Muses-A) which was placed in orbit in 1990. This includes a 193 kilograms mother vessel placed on a high terrestrial orbit allowing the overflight and a sub-sub 11 kg satellite which was to be dropped and then curb in order to place itself in orbit around the moon. The two devices do not carry any scientific instrument except a micro-meteritis detector. Although the mission is enamelled with incidents, the objectives for developing interplanetary flight techniques are almost fulfilled [ 16 ] . In the early 2000s, the Japanese space agency embarked on the development of a real Lunar-A lunar space probe. This includes an orbiter carrying two penetrators who were to be dropped from the lunar orbit and sink into the lunar soil. Each penetrator embarked on a seismometer and an instrument for measuring internal thermal flows in order to measure seismic activity and provide elements on the internal structure of our satellite. After 10 years of development, the project was abandoned in 2007 following the difficulties in developing penetrators. Only a few months after the cancellation of Lunar-A, the Isas launched in October 2007 immediately after the cancellation of Hiten the Selene\/Kaguya space probe. This heavy machine of 3 tonnes carrying around fifteen scientific instruments, two sub-satellites of which are placed in lunar orbit and studies the planet and its environment from December 2017 to June 2019. The mission which is a success of very detailed data on the Moon surface (topography, soil composition) as well as on the environment of the moon (plasma, magnetic and gravitational fields) [ 17 ] . The development of his successor Selene-2, a landing that could arise near the lunar pole around 2020, is abandoned in 2015. Exploration of other planets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] On July 4, 1998 Japan launched its first space probe to the planet Mars. Nozomi is a small size machine (540 kg , 258 kg without fuel) which must be placed on a very elliptical orbit (300 x 475,000 km ) Around Mars to study its magnetic field and its atmosphere. He won 14 scientific instruments representing a mass of 33 kg some of which are developed by laboratories from other countries. Initially placed on a very elliptical terrestrial orbit which makes him circumvent the moon, he uses his engine to fit into a transfer orbit to March but the thrust is insufficient because a valve has remained partly closed. A solar storm in 2002, which further decreases the probe capacities, ends the hopes to insert the probe on a Martian orbit. The following interplanetary mission launched on May 9, 2003 by the ISAS rocket is particularly ambitious. The little Hayabusa probe (510 kg ) After having studied the small asteroid Itkawa, baptized in honor of the founder of the Japanese astronautics Hideo Itokawa, must arise briefly on its surface, recover a sample of its soil and bring it back to earth. The mission has an impressive number of first: recourse to ion engines which provide cumulative acceleration of 3.5  km\/s , landing on a celestial body with very low gravity, atmospheric back to high speed of a space capsule and recovery of a soil sample from another celestial body. Although having encountered a large number of problems which differs its return in 2010, Hayabusa manages to fulfill all its objectives. Japan is preceding NASA for the first time in the field of space exploration. While Hayabusa accomplishes his journey a m-v launcher placed in orbit in February 2006 Akari the first Japanese infrared space telescope then 6 months later in September 2006 the Hinode space observatory [ 18 ] . This launch is the latest M-V launcher shot which is withdrawn from the service due to its particularly high cost. The development of a new light launcher is launched: it takes up the technical characteristics of the MU series (solid propergol), must be less expensive than M-V but with more limited capacities (1.2 tonnes in low orbit). But this program initially called Advanced Solid Rocket before being renamed Epsilon is late and its first shot should not intervene before 2013. Participation in the inhabited space program [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The American space shuttle program, which made its first flight in 1981, gives birth to cooperation programs between the United States and the European and Japanese space powers. The European Space Agency is developing a space laboratory, SpaceLab, transported to the hold of the shuttle which makes it possible to carry out scientific experiments in the space implemented by mission specialists. The SpaceLab will fly 22 times between 1983 and 1998 aboard a space shuttle by taking Japanese astronauts during 4 of these missions. The first Japanese experience was swept away by a shuttle in December 1982 but was implemented in space by non -Japanese astronauts. Japan decides to finance a SpaceLab mission taking only Japanese experiences called Spacelab J (like Japan). At the same time three astronauts are selected by the NASDA to participate in thefts as mission specialists: the chemistry researcher, Mamoru Mohri who is retained for the first flight, the surgeon Chiaki Mukai and the engineer Takao Doi. 22 Experiences in materials of materials and 12 experiences in life sciences are selected for SpaceLab J. But the space shuttle is nailed to the ground by the Challenger accident of 1986 and the Mission Spacelab J is pushed back sine die. The Soviet Union then proposes in Japan to fly its experiences aboard the MIR station (Space Station) which must be put into orbit the following month but the Japanese authorities prefer to repel this proposal and wait for the SpaceLab J mission to be replaced. But in 1986 the largest Japanese private radio station, TBS, decides to celebrate its 40 It is Birthday by paying 11.3 M\u20ac A one -week flight aboard the Soviet station MIR to one of its journalists, responsible for making programs from space. After a difficult selection (all proposed candidates were rejected by Soviet doctors), Toyohiro Akiyama, editor -in -chief of the international section, is selected. It is the first space tourist who benefits from the financial problems of the Soviet Union in decomposition. Launched aboard Soyuz TM-11 on December 2, 1990, it became the first is Japanese astronaut. Finally, the SpaceLab J mission was launched on September 12, 1992 as part of the STS-47 flight with the Japanese astronaut Mamoru Mohru on board [ 19 ] . Development of the H-II heavy launcher (1986-1994) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In the mid-1980s, Nasda decided to develop a new heavy launcher using only national technologies ending Japan’s dependence on the American space industry. The authorization to develop this new launcher, baptized H-II, was obtained in 1986. The engineers opted for advanced technical solutions with a first floor powered by a new fushed engine, the 107 tonnes of thrust , both efficient (it uses the liquid\/liquid oxygen hydrogen torque) and large sophistication (stored combustion). The second floor is an improved version of that of the H-I which was already of local construction and used the same combination of ergols. Two large auxiliary propellers with a solid propergol also developed locally provide during the first part of the flight the main of the push. Manufacturers are increasing security systems and systematically make the most expensive choices for the new Japanese launcher to be impeccable. The development of a Fus\u00e9e LE-7 engine is much more difficult than expected and leads to a significant delay. The first flight finally took place on February 4, 1994 and takes place perfection [ 20 ] . The 1990s’ chess series (1994-1999) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] But this success does not last because the Japanese space agency will know in the following years a series of failures which affect the whole of its program. The second flight of the H-II, which takes place the August 28, 1994 , carries the Kiku-6 experimental satellite whose apogee engine refuses to operate. Two years later, in February 1996 , Nasda loses the mini Hyflex space shuttle after a suborbital flight. It flows before it could have been recovered. The big satellite of observation of the earth ADEOS I launched August 1996 is lost less than a year later following an incident due to an error in design its solar panels. Finally during the 5 It is Launch of the H-2, the second floor of the rocket does not work as long as expected and the COMETS satellite (and) Intended to test new space telecommunications technologies is placed on an unusable orbit. The lost equipment represents a cumulative value at the time of \u20ac 1.8 billion. A commission made up of 8 Japanese personalities and 8 foreign personalities with Jacques-Louis Lions President of the French Academy of Sciences is appointed to try to learn from this series of failures. The commission in its report rendered in 1999 does not note serious faults but stresses that the NASDA has committed itself in the last decade in a significant number of projects with a relatively limited budget and without having strengthened its supervision. She also notes that although having become a leader in many spatial techniques, the agency fails to enhance its know-how. To top this black period, on November 15, 1999, the seventh flight of the H-II launcher was the victim of a failure and it must be destroyed in flight [ 21 ] . The questioning of the organization and the program [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The H-2A launcher is a technical success but a commercial failure. The H-II launcher had been developed with the aim of taking market share in the field of commercial satellite launches. But with a cost of 188 M\u20ac , or twice as high as that of launchers dominating this activity (Proton and Ariane), the Japanese launcher had found no commercial outlet. The Nasda therefore decided in the late 1990s to recondate its launcher in order to increase its reliability but also to lower its cost to 80 M\u20ac with the aim of taking 17% of commercial launcher market share. To reduce the price of the launcher, the manufacture of engines is simplified by significantly reducing the number of rooms, the dogma of “all national” is abandoned for the auxiliary propellants which use American technologies allowing to gain in thrust, the floors Lightened, less expensive materials are used and a combination of caps and extra propellers is offered to optimize each launch. After a difficult development of the new version of the engines, the first flight of the new H-2A launcher takes place on August 29, 2001 [ 22 ] . The implementation of the Japanese military space program (1998) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Japanese spatial program unlike that of the two major space powers has previously remained completely civil reflecting the peaceful orientations of the country inscribed in the Japanese Constitution consequences of the defeat of the Second World War. But on August 31, 1998 North Korea announced that it had succeeded in orbit its first satellite made which will be challenged by all Western experts who believe that the attempt has not succeeded. However, the launcher’s trajectory, derived from a Taepodong-1 ballistic missile, flew over northern Japan and proves that it is now within reach of a military shot from North Korea. Japanese military officials also believe that this launch is hiding in fact a long -range ballistic missile test. This incident highlights Japan’s dependence on American intelligence satellites which alone can provide detailed information on possible hostile preparations in the North Korean territory. However, the American soldiers, who had detected the North Korean rocket shot, but had not reported it to Japanese leaders, postpone the requests for intelligence from Japanese authorities despite close military cooperation between the two countries. The Japanese government therefore decides to launch its own intelligence satellite program called Information Gathering Satellite (IGS). This is presented as a program for mixed use, both civil and military, but in fact the images that will be produced by the satellites, will never be declassified except during the tsunami in March 2011. The IGS program must include 4 Purely military satellites (two optics, two radars) placed on a polar orbit with an 85 \u00b0 inclination. The satellites take up the architecture and alos components built by the manufacturer Mitsubishi Electric Company (Melco). The latter is also selected for the construction of military satellites. To save certain components such as data recording systems while the mechanisms used to orient optical sensers are ordered in the United States. A considerable budget of $ 2 billion is assigned to the IGS program. The first two satellites (an optics and a radar) are launched by a H-IIA rocket on March 28, 2003 [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] . The creation of the JAXA space agency (2003) [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 2001 the Koizumi I government decided to reform the public sector. One of the consequences is the merger of the Ministry of Education to which is attached the ISAS and the Ministry for Technology on which the NASDA depend as well as the NAL (Aerospace Research Organization). THE first is October 2003 The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences and Technology (Mext) which results from this merger decides to group the activities of the ISAS, NASDA and the NAL within a unique agency, the Japanese aerospace exploration agency ( Jaxa ). The year of this reorganization NASDA has a budget of \u20ac 1.11 billion and employs 1090 people, the ISAS which employs 294 people has a budget of 139 M\u20ac and the NAL has 176 M\u20ac and occupies 417 people. These sums do not represent the entire spatial budget since other ministries allocate to spatial budget agencies to cover their own needs (represents around 40% of the total budget in 2012). A president from the private telecommunications sector is appointed in 2004 and sets up a new distribution of spots which is characterized by an increased role in the private sector. This is how all the launching activities of the H-IIA rocket are transferred to its manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries while the development of the Middle Power GX launcher and the QZSS satellite positioning system is initiated as part of a Private\/public partnership. In 2005 the JAXA presented a framework document which specifies the agency’s objectives for the two decades to come [ 25 ] . In parallel, the Japanese space shuttle shuttle shuttle project is abandoned. Development of a new generation of launchers [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Epsilon launcher on his shooting step. The same year, the manufacture of the light M-V launcher, particularly expensive was stopped. In August 2010, managers of the Japanese space program announced the development of its replacement, called Epsilon, responsible as its predecessor to launch scientific satellites. The first flight takes place on September 14, 2013 and places in orbit the small Japanese space telescope Sprint-A. There is a rate of launching a shot per year [ 26 ] . The Japanese government decides in mid-2013 to develop the replacement for its main launcher H-IIA with the aim of dividing the launch costs. The new rocket, baptized H3, whose development was entrusted in early 2014 to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, must be operational in the early 2020s. With a capacity close to its predecessor, its architecture is based on the development of a new fushed engine liquid ergols less expensive to produce and the reuse of the second floor of the light Epsilon launcher as an extra propeller [ 27 ] . Organizations involved in the space program [ modifier | Modifier and code ] JAXA is the Japanese space agency which oversees the launch and development of launchers, scientific and experimental satellites, space probes and participation in the inhabited space program. The JAXA results from the merger in 2003 of the NASDA responsible for the development of launchers with liquid ergols and the application satellites and the iSS in charge of the scientific component of the Japanese space program. JAXA is placed under the supervision of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Sciences and Technology (Mext). JAXA only manages 50% of the space program. The program of military or civil application satellites is managed by more than a dozen ministries whose main ones are: The firm secretariat (\u20ac 497 million) which is responsible for the development of the constellation of optical recognition satellites and IGS radar. The office of the firm (\u20ac 340 million) which mainly loads the QZSS navigation satellites. The Ministry of Defense, which funds the DSN military telecommunications satellites and space surveillance. Le budget spatial 2022 [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The spatial budget for the 2022 fiscal year (voted in March 2021 and applying from April 2021) amounts to 449.6 billion yen (\u20ac 3.6 billion) in high progression compared to the previous year (23.1%). The most important increases focus on the Japanese space agency and defense agency programs [ 28 ] . About this sum of about half 212.4 billion \u00a5 (\u20ac 1.65 billion) are allocated to the Japanese space agency. Japan’s participation in the Artemis program amounts to 51.4 billion yen (\u20ac 395 million) including 37 billion \u00a5 for the development of the HTV-X spacecraft and \u00a5 6.1 billion for the Lunar Gateway Lunar Space Station. 3.4 billion \u00a5 are devoted to the development of the small Slim lunar landing and \u00a5 2.8 billion are the contribution of Japan to the Lunar Astromobile LUPEX project studied with India. The XRISM space telescope receives 4 billion \u00a5 and the MMX 2.6 billion \u00a5 space probe. The new H3 launcher, whose inaugural flight is planned for 2022, receives 18.9 billion yen. The ALOS-4 Radar Earth Observation Satellite project receives 12.2 billion \u00a5. Finally 5 billion \u00a5 are devoted to the development of new technologies including 4.5 billion \u00a5 for the experimental telecommunications satellite ETS-9 [ 28 ] . \u00a5 11.2 billion are combined with operations in the KIBO module of the International Space Station. The second program by the importance of its budget is that of the firm secretariat which receives 80 billion yen for the management and development of the constellation of optical recognition satellites and IGS radar. The third spatial budget by importance is that of the Ministry of Defense Ministry which has 55.3 billion yen to develop a complete spatial surveillance system at maturity 2023. Of this sum 28.8 billion yen are devoted to the detection system and prediction of orbit of spatial objects [ 28 ] . History Budget [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , [ thirty first ] . Ministry \/ Agency Later 2019 2022 Budget total 2,9   Mds \u20ac 3,6   Mds \u20ac Jaxa Total 1,47 Mds \u20ac 1,65 Mds \u20ac including H3 launcher 246 M\u20ac 150 M\u20ac including JDRS (Relais satellite) 89 M\u20ac  dont Programme Artemis (HTV-X,…) 30 M\u20ac 395 M\u20ac dont ALOS-4  99 M\u20ac dont t\u00e9lecope spatial XRISM 29 M\u20ac 31 M\u20ac dont  MMX 13 M\u20ac 20 M\u20ac dont DESTINY+ 5,7 M\u20ac  dont  JUICE 4 M\u20ac  International space station  87 M\u20ac dont be-9 4 M\u20ac 35 M\u20ac dont  SLIM  27,6 M\u20ac dont  LUPEX  22 M\u20ac Department of Defense Total 283 M\u20ac 430 M\u20ac Including DSN (Military telecom)   whose spatial surveillance 23 M\u20ac 220 M\u20ac Cabinet secretariat IGS (reconnaissance) 497  M\u20ac 620 M\u20ac Bureau du Cabinet QZSS (navigation) 340 M\u20ac  The headquarters of the JAXA space agency is in Tokyo [ 32 ] . The Tsukuba space center, located in Tsukuba at 50 km Northeast of Tokyo, brings together on 530,000 m\u00b2 the main research, development and testing facilities of the space agency [ 33 ] . The Sagamihara campus in the eponymous city was the headquarters of the former Isas agency responsible for the scientific space program. It is devoted to the scientific aspects of the space program as well as the development of new spatial technologies [ 34 ] . The Earth Observation CenterHatoyama in the prefecture of Saitama develops the technologies necessary for earth observation satellites and has large parabolic antennas to receive data from satellites [ 35 ] . The Test Center for Hoiro Rockets in yourhiro has several test benches where the liquid ergols and the propellants with a solid propellant are tested [ 36 ] . Finally, the Japanese space agency has several stations equipped with parabolic antennas to communicate with its satellites and space probes. A parabolic antenna 64 meters in diameter is in the center of distant space of Usuda in the Nagano valley at 170 km northwest of Tokyo and is used to communicate with space probes [ 37 ] . The Japanese space agency has two launch bases: The launch base of Uchinoura in the Kagoshima prefecture (on the island of Ky\u016bsh\u016b was used for the launch of the strong propriety rockets developed by the Isas carrying scientific satellites and space probes. Since the last launcher of this Family, the M-V, was withdrawn from the service in 2006, no more satellite launch is made from this base. It continues to be used for the launch of shunder rockets. The Tanegashima launch base located in Takesaki on the small island of Tanegashima at 100 km South of the Uchinoura launch base is the center from which the H-IIA and H-IIB launchers are launched. The base has two steps and installations to prepare the useful loads, assemble the launcher and control the launches [ 38 ] .   The Le-7a engine developed by Jaxa, which burns hydrogen and liquid oxygen, is at the forefront of the technique. The JAXA has a powerful heavy launcher H-2A modular capable of placing in low orbit 10 to 15 tonnes and geostational transfer orbit from 4.1 to 6.1 tonnes. The marketing attempts have so far not succeeded because the launcher is too expensive consequence of a fairly low launch rate (on average 2 launches per year). A more powerful H-IIB version is used exclusively about once a year to launch the HTV cargo ship responsible for supplying the international space station. To try to gain market share in the field of commercial launches, the space agency has launched the development of H3which must gradually succeed from 2021 to the H-IIA and H-IIB launchers while being cheaper to produce. The Middle Power GX launcher project, produced by a private initiative, was abandoned in 2009. Finally the Jaxa has a light launcher (1.2 tonnes in low orbit) with a solid propergol called Epsilon, the first flight to Location on September 14, 2013 and which took over from the M-V scientific satellite launcher arrested in 2006 for reasons of cost. Update December 2016 and H-IIB in 2021  Status Dates vol Launcher Capacities Launches\/ Use Operational  2001- H-I Leo: 10 to 15 t . I am GTO: 4.1 to 6.1 t  January 31 3 available variants 2009-2020 H-IIB LEO\u00a0: 19\u00a0 t . GTO\u00a0: 8\u00a0 t  9\/0 Launch of HTV Cargo vessels two thousand and thirteen- Epsilon LEO\u00a0: 1,2\u00a0 t . 2\/0 Light launcher with a solid successor to M-V successor In development  2023 H3 Successor to the launcher H-IIA and H-IIB  Project launched in 2014 Withdrawn  1994-1999 H-II: LEO\u00a0: 10\u00a0 t . GTO\u00a0: 3,9\u00a0 t  7\/7 First Japanese launcher with liquid construction ergols completely indigenous 1986 – 1992 H-I LEO\u00a0: 3,2\u00a0 t . GTO\u00a0: 1,1\u00a0 t  9\/0 Partial manufacturing under license of the American launcher Delta 1996 J-I LEO\u00a0: 0,85\u00a0 t . 1\/0 Light launcher with liquid ergols abandoned due to its cost 1981 – 1987 N-i LEO\u00a0: 2\u00a0 t . GTO\u00a0: 0,73. 8\/0 License manufacturing of the American launcher Delta 1986 – 1989 N-I LEO\u00a0: 1,2\u00a0 t . GTO\u00a0: 0,36\u00a0 t . 7\/1 License manufacturing of the American launcher Delta 1997-2006 M-V LEO\u00a0: 1,9\u00a0 t . 7\/1 Isas launcher with a solid property; Scientific missions 1970 – 1993 MU Leo: from 180 to 770 kg  24\/3 Isas launcher with a solid property; Scientific missions 1963-1979 Lambda LEO\u00a0: 26\u00a0 kg  4\/4 Isas launcher with a solid property; Scientific missions Canceled  2012 GX Evolution of the J-I launcher combining a first floor of the Atlas V and a upper floor powered by a new engine burning methane and oxygen. Project abandoned at the end of 2009. Participation in inhabited space missions [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Kibo developed by Japan is the largest pressurized module in the international space station. JAXA is an important participant of the international space station with a participation of 12.8% in the development of the American subset and the logistical support provided through the launch of supply and logistical support missions provided by the vessel Cargo HTV, 9 copies of which have stolen between 2009 and 2020. A new version of this Cargo ship, called HTV-X and adapted to the H3 launcher must fly for the first time in 2022. Japan provided the JEM space laboratory Belly , which is the largest pressurized module in the space station. His participation gives him the right to have a place for a Japanese astronaut in the permanent crew about 6 months a year [ 39 ] Update December 2016  Status Launch Mission Description Operational  2008-2020 Kib\u014d Japanese laboratory of the International Space Station Development  2022- HTV-X New version of the Cargo HTV vessel. Finished  2009-2020 HTV Spatial cargo ship used for supplying the international space station. 9 missions scheduled between 2009 and 2020. Abandoned   ORANGE Module of the international space station containing a large centrifuge. Development stopped in 2005 by NASA for budgetary reasons when it was largely built.  HOPE-X Spatial shuttle project abandoned in 2003 Exploration of the solar system [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Hayabusa model on a 1\/2 scale.  At the end of 2020 The Japanese space agency has three space -in -activity spatial probes: Akatsuki who was to be placed in orbit around Venus at the end of 2010 was the victim of a failure of his propulsion. A new attempt to insert in orbit made it possible to insert the 2016 space probe on a higher orbit than expected. Hayabusa 2 is the continuation of the Hayabusa mission which was launched in 2014. As its predecessor, the mission includes the study of an asteroid and the sample of a soil sample which must be returned to earth. Bepicolombo is a project carried out in collaboration with the European space agency which includes two solidarity satellites whose launch took place in 2018. The two satellites must be placed in orbit around the planet Mercure. The Japanese satellite Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter or MMO has the main objective of studying the atmosphere and the planet’s magnetosphere. The missions under development are: A small experimental landing intended to land on the surface of the moon. The project called Slim must be launched in 2021. Destiny+ which must study the characteristics of cosmic dust (interplanetary, cometories or interstellar) and the processes of ejection of these by asteroids. Destiny+ is also a technological demonstrator which must validate advanced propulsion techniques. It must fly over the Areocroiser Phaeton asteroid (3200). The mission should last more than 4 years. The very old project of Lunar Selene-2\/Selene-R probe, including an landing, a rover and possibly a small orbiter as well as penetrators, has been abandoned. The projects now under study are: MMX A mission to return to Phobos soil samples, satellite on the planet Mars which could be launched around 2024. Okeanos (around 2026) is an in situ analysis project of Jupiter Trojiter asteroids in competition with the Litebird cosmology mission. The return of a soil sample is also envisaged. April 2018 update  Status Launch Mission Description Operational  2010- Akatsuki Venusian orbiter. 2014 Hayabusa 2 Return of asteroid sample 2018 BepiColombo Mission in cooperation with the European space agency intended to analyze the surface of the Mercury planet and study the magnetosphere as well as the exosphere. Development  2021 SLIM Small experimental lunar landing 2022 DESTINY+ Study of interplanetary dust, asteroid overflight 2024 MMX Return of sample from the Martian moon Phobos In the study  Around 2026 Okeanos In situ analysis of Jupiter Trojper asteroids Finished  2003-2010 Hayabusa ITOKAWA asteroid study, sample return. 2007-2009 Selene you kaguya Lunar orbiter. 1998 – 2003 Nozomi Martian orbiter. Failure of insertion in orbit of transfer to Mars. 1990-1993 Hit Flight to the moon, demonstrator. 1985-1992 Suisei Overview of the comet of Halley. 1985-1995 Sakigake Study of interplanetary space, flying over the comet of Halley. First space probe in Japan Spatial telescopes and observatories [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The Astro-E space observatory. In 2012 Japan has two operational space observatories: Hinode (or Solar-B) launched in 2006 is a solar observatory; Suzaku (or Astro-e) launched in 2005 is a X-ray observatory. The large-sized X-ray-ray space telescope (or NEXT) (2.4 tonnes for a length of 14 meters) with particularly ambitious characteristics was Lost during the deployment phase in orbit in February 2016. A copy is under development with a launch scheduled in 2020. Several projects have been either canceled or have remained in the study phase for many years. The Astro-G space radio station, Halca successor, whose characteristics announced were particularly ambitious, was canceled in 2011 both for budgetary reasons and taking into account the technical difficulties encountered. The two projects under development are: X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) is a spatial X-ray spatial telescope which takes up part of the instrumentation of the Hitomi telescope which had disintegrated in March 2016 shortly after its launch during its deployment without having been able to provide a single scientific data. The launch of Xarm is planned in 2021. Nano-Jasmine nano astrometry satellite which should be followed by larger copies. Its launch is planned in 2020. Projects under evaluation are: SPICA A large infrared telescope (3 -meter mirror) studied in cooperation with the European space agency. But its very ambitious technical characteristics (a purely mechanical cooling system) and the budgetary aspects have so far rejected the start of the project whose launch has been abandoned in 2020 [ 40 ] . Litebird A fossil radiation observatory which must take over from the Planck satellite. The satellite whose launch would occur in 2026 is in competition with Okeanos. update April 2018 ‘  Statut Satellite Launch Mission Description Operational  2006- Hinode or Solar-B Solar observatory 2005- Suzaku or Astro-E II X -ray observatory. two thousand and thirteen SPRINT-A ou EXCEED Small ultraviolet telescope. Demonstrator. Development  2020 Nano-JASMINE Nano astrometry satellite which should be followed by larger copies 2021 XRISM Mous X-ray telescope taking up part of the astro-h functionalities In the study  2026 LiteBIRD Fossil radiation observatory Took of  2016 Astro-H\/Hitomi X -ray observatory. Destroyed during the deployment in orbit shortly after its launch. 2006-2011 Astro-F or Akari or Iris Infrared telescope. 2000 Astro-and X -ray observatory. Launch failure 1995-1996 SFU Infrared telescope. Also embarked on microgravity experiences. Descend to earth by the mission of the American space shuttle STS-72 1991-2001 Yohkoh ou solar-a Solar observatory. 1997 – 2003 Halca Ou Muses-B Ou Vsop Ou Haruka Radio-telescope. 1993-2001 ASCA or ASTRO-D X -ray observatory. 1987-1991 Ginga or star X and gamma rays observatory 1983-1985 Astro-B or Tenma X -ray observatory 1981-1981 Astro-A or Hinotori X -ray observatory 1979-1985 Hacucho ou corsa-b X -ray observatory 1976 Weather in L’ X -ray observatory. Failure of orbit 1975 TAIYO OU SRATS Observatory X -ray and Ultraviolet of the Sun Canceled  2012 Astro-G OU VSOP-2 Radio-telescope. Canceled in 2011.  SPICA Infrared telescope. Abandoned in 2020.  TOPS UV, infrared and small visible telescope. Canceled and replaced by Sprint A. Other scientific satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Update December 2018  Statut Satellite Launch\/ End of mission Mission Description Operational  1992- GEOTAIL VCR study 2016 SPRINT-B\/ERG\/Arase Study of the life cycle of relativistic electrons in the area of \u200b\u200bspace surrounding the earth and delimited by magnetopause. Took of  1984 Ohzora or exos-c Study of the components of the atmosphere and interactions with ionospheric plasma. 1978 Kyokko OU EXOS-B Study of terrestrial dawn 1978 Jikiken or exos-a Earth’s study study 1978 UME 2 OU ISS B Ionosphere study 1977 Tansei-3 Study of plasma, magnetism and particles in the earthly environment 1976 UME 1 or ISS A Ionosphere study 1972 DENPA OU REXS Study of the terrestrial magnetic field, the ionosphere … fallen down a few days after its launch. 1971 Shinsei Study of solar wind, cosmic radiation … 1989-2015 Akebono OU EXOS-D Study of acceleration processes above the dawn. Earth observation satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Update December 2016  Status Launch\/ end of mission Mission Description Operational  2009 GOSAT (IBUKI) Carbon dioxide distribution measurement 2012 GCOM-W (SHIZUKU) Climate change study 2014 GPM-Core Measurement of tropical precipitation (developed with NASA) 2014 ALOS-2 (DAICHI 2) Radar observation. Cartography, disaster management, resource management 2014 ASNARO 1 (sasuke) Mini satellite (500\u00a0 kg ) optical observation (resolution 2 m ) 2017 GCOM-C (SHIKISAI) Measurement of carbon and energy cycle 2018 Asnaro Mini satellite (500\u00a0 kg ) d’observation radar 2018 GOSAT-2 (IBUKI 2) Carbon dioxide distribution measurement Development  2020 ALOS-3  2020 ALOS-4 Radar observation. Cartography, disaster management, resource management 2021 EarthCARE Measurement of the radiative assessment of the land (joint development with ESA) 2022 Daring-3 Carbon dioxide distribution measurement Finished  1997-2015 TRMM Measurement of tropical precipitation. Developed with NASA. 2006-2011 Alos (Daichi) Radar observation. Cartography, disaster management, resource management 2002-2003 Adeos-2 Almost copy of Adeos I. Also lost prematurely. 1996-1997 ADEOS-I (Midori) Study of water, energy and carbon cycles. Climate change. Lost following a mechanical detail of solar panels. 1992 – JERS-1 (FUYO) Radar and optical satellite. Resource measurement and monitoring 1990-1996 MOS 1b Resource measurement and monitoring 1987-1995 MOS 1a Resource measurement and monitoring 2009-2015 GOSAT (IBUKI) Carbon dioxide distribution measurement Sharum rockets [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The ISAS, the scientific branch of the Japanese space agency, maintains a launching activity of useful scientific charges in the upper atmosphere using shunder rockets developed by the national manufacturer Ihi Aerospace. Generally two campaigns take place each year (one in winter and one in summer) during which one to two-rockets are launched. The shots have taken place since the main launch base of Isas Uchinoura but the space agency also carries out shots from stations located near the poles for the study of the terrestrial magnetic field: the SH\u014dwa Antarctic base (Japan) and the bases launch located in And\u00f8ya and in the Svalbarden Norway archipelago. At the end of 2016 Japan has 3 models of shore rockets: S-310, S-520 and SS-520 which can take on a suborbital trajectory of loads respectively of 50 kg (maximum altitude of 150 km), 150 kg (300 km) and 140 kg (800 km) [ 41 ] Characteristics of Japanese-active Japanese-rockets ( Update December 2016 ) [ 42 ] , [ 41 ]  S-310 S-520 SS-520 Length 7,1 m 8 m 9,65 m? Diameter 0,31 m 0,52 m Lot 0,7 t. 2,1 t. 2,6 t. Stages first first 2 Altitude 150 km 300 km 800 km Payload 50 kg 95\/150 kg 140 kg Vol inaugural 1975 1980 1998 TIRS name 55 32 2  The ETS-VII Experience Satellite. Update December 2016  Statut Satellite Launch Mission Description Operational  2010 Ikaros Solar sail. 2012 SDS-4 Tests of a Spat -Emitter\/Receiver of the AIS System, an active thermal deontrol system … 2017 SLATS Use of ion propulsion to maintain itself on a very low terrestrial orbit Took of  2008-2019 Winds (Kizuna)  2006-2017 Kiku-8 (ETS VIII) Experimental telecom satellite platform, two antennas of 320 m 2 , communications inter satellites 2005-2009 OiCets (Kirari) Communications inter satellites 1998-1999 COMETS\u00a0 (and) (Kakehashi)  1997 KIKU-7 (ETS VII) Includes a sub-satellite to test technique of appointments and inter-satellite mooring 1994 Kiku-6 (ETS VI) 3 -axis stabilized platform test. Partial failure (no geostationary orbit) 1987 KIKU-5 (ETS V)  1982 KIKU-4 (Ets III)  1981 Kiku-3 (ETS IV)  1977 KIKU-2 (Ets II)  1975 Kiku-1 (you are i)  Telecommunications satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Update December 2016  Status Launch Mission Description Operational  2016 Himawari 9 Satellite for Mixed Telecoms\/Weather 2014 Himawari 8 Satellite for Mixed Telecoms\/Weather In development  2021 JDRS 1 Relay satellite with terrestrial stations for mixed civil\/military use Finished  2006-2020 MTsat 2 (Himawari 7) 4 It is generation 2005-2015 MTsat 1 (Himawari 6) 3 It is generation. Satellite destroyed at launch in 1999, replaced in 2005 Meteorological satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Update December 2016  Status Launch Mission Description Operational  2016 Himawari 9 5 It is generation 2014 Himawari 8 5 It is generation Finished  2006-2020 MTsat 2 (Himawari 7) 4 It is generation 2005-2015 MTsat 1 (Himawari 6) 3 It is generation. Satellite destroyed at launch in 1999, replaced in 2005 1981 to 1995 – 2003 GMS 2, 3, 4, 5 (HIMAWARI 2, 3, 4, 5) Second generation 1977-2001 GMS 1 (HIMAWARI 1) First generation Navigation satellites [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Japan is developing an additional regional satellite positioning system of the GPS system called Qzss The Qzss system is based on the use of the signal emitted by three satellites that take turns vertical to Japan. GPS receivers that capture the signal of these satellites can benefit from increased precision. In addition, signal losses are significantly reduced in mountainous areas and urban areas (usually reverberated or blocked by buildings). The satellites are placed on a very elliptical tundra orbit which allows them to stay more than 12 hours a day above Japan. Three satellites placed with different inclinations make it possible to ensure permanent coverage above Japan. The system is developed as part of a private public partnership. A first satellite was launched in 2010. The system became operational in 2018 after the launch of two satellites in 2017 and a fourth the following year. Update December 2018  Statut Satellite Launch Mission Description Operational  2010 QZS 1 (MICHIBIKI)  2017 QZS 2  2017 QZS 3 Satellite in geostationary orbit increasing the precision of the system 2018 QZS 4  In development  2023 QZS-5 New generation satellites in geosynchronous orbit intended to be launched on an H-II-A 202 2023 QZS-6 2023 QZS-7 In 1994, Japan plans to review its longtime policy prohibiting it from using space for military purposes. The launch of a rocket supposed to take the North Korean satellite Kwangmy\u014fngs\u014fng 1 on August 31, 1998 which passes over the Japanese archipelago reacted the Japanese diet. The United States has not warned its ally in advance of this shot, the Japanese legislative assembly decides to develop a national national space intelligence system [ 43 ] . The IGS program is placed under the responsibility of the Japanese aerospace exploration agency. At the time Japan had little experience in observation satellite: the first Japanese remote sensing satellite for civil use, the MOS-1 satellite was launched in 1987. The Information Gathering Satellite (IGS) program brings together the development and use of optical and radar intelligence satellites. The program is under direct control of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister of Japan. It is the second position of the space budget (\u20ac 634 million requested in 2012, or 20% of the total budget). In July 2012, Japan had 5 operational satellites, including 4 optics and 1 radar. A second radar satellite was launched in 2013 so that the country has complete coverage which requires 4 satellites including two radars and two optics [ 24 ] , [ 44 ] . Japan has developed since 2013 a series of geostationary military telecommunications satellites operating in X band whose development and management are entrusted to a consortium of private companies including NEC, NTT Com and Sky Perfect JSAT grouped in a joint venture called DSN Corporation. The first DSN-2 satellite was placed in orbit in 2017. DSN-1, embarked as a payload on a civil satellite, was launched in 2018. DSN-3 should not be launched before 2022 [ 45 ] . Updated November 2018  Statut Satellite Launch Mission Description Operational  2011 IGS 3 radar Radar recognition 3 It is generation two thousand and thirteen IGS Optique 5V Demonstrator 5 It is generation two thousand and thirteen IGS radar 4 Radar recognition 3 It is generation 2015 IGS Optique 5 Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. 2015 IGS RADAR 4 REPLER Radar recognition 3 It is generation 2017 IGS radar 5 Radar recognition 3 It is generation 2017 DSN-2 (Kirameki 2) Military telecommunications (first Japanese military telecommunications satellite) 2018 DSN-1 (Kirameki 1) Military telecommunications (on -board payload on a civil satellite) 2018 IGS radar 6 Radar recognition 3 It is generation 2018 IGS Optique 6 Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. 2020 IGS Optique 7 Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. Development  2019 IGS Optique 8 Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. 2021 JDRS 1 Relay satellite with terrestrial stations for mixed civil\/military use 2022 DSN-3 Military telecommunications. 2022 IGS radar 7 Radar recognition 3 It is generation 2023 IGS radar 8 Radar recognition 3 It is generation Took of  2011 IGS 4 Optics Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. 0.6 meter resolution 2009-2017 IGS 3 Optics Optical recognition of 3 It is generation. 0.6 meter resolution 2006- IGS 2 Optics Optical recognition of 2 It is generation. Resolution identical to first re generation. 2007 IGS 3 Experimental Optics Optical recognition of 3 It is Experimental optical satellite generation with a resolution of 0.6 meters 2007-2010 IGS 2 radar Radar recognition 2 It is generation. Resolution between 1 and 3 meters identical to the first re generation. 2003 IGS XX Optics Lost following the launch failure 2003 IGS xx radar Lost following the launch failure 2003 IGS radar 1 Radar recognition. Resolution between 1 and 3 meters 2003 IGS Optical 1 Optical recognition of first re generation. Resolution of 1 meter (monochrome), 3 meters colors Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 He is notably the coconceptor of the hunter Nakajima Ki-43.  \u2191 The three families of rockets that will follow one another, kappa, lambda, MU are baptized in reference to Greek letters K, L, M.  \u2191 The ISAS therefore does not respect the rule set for the creation of the NASDA which limited the diameter of its launchers to 1.4 m .  References [ modifier | Modifier and code ] \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 4-8  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 9-11  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 11-14  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 14-15  \u2191 A B and C (of)  ‘ MU \u00bb , Spacerockets (consulted the June 30, 2012 )  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 15-16  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 18-19  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 20-21  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 22-23  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 23-24  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 24-27  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 28-30  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 31-32  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 37  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 38-47  \u2191  (in)  ‘ Hit \u00bb , NASA – Catalogue NSSDC, October 8, 2010 (consulted the November 27, 2010 )  \u2191 (in) Brian Harvey, Henk H F Smid a Theo Pirard, Emerging space powers\u00a0: The new space programs of Asia, the Middle East ans South America , Runs practice, 2010 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-4419-0873-5 ) , p. 62-67  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 50-62  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 101-107  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 68-71  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 71-73  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 74-78  \u2191 Harvey et all, p. 96-99  \u2191 a et b (in) Martin Rolland and Mathieu Grialou (CNES), ‘ Launch of an IGS intelligence satellite \u00bb , Ministry of Foreign Affairs – French Embassy in Japan, September 30, 2011  \u2191 (in) Mathieu Grialou (CNES), ‘ The Japanese space sector \u00bb , Ministry of Foreign Affairs – French Embassy in Japan, November 30, 2006  \u2191 ‘ Launch Result of Epsilon-1 with SPRINT-A aboard \u00bb , Jaxa, September 14, 2013  \u2191 (in) Jaxa, ‘ Selection of Prime Contractor for Development and Launch Services of New National lagship Launch Vehicle \u00bb , 25 mars 2014  \u2191 A B C and D (in) Park to-come, ‘ Japan budgets a record $4.14 billion for space activities \u00bb , on spacenews.com , The Planetary Society, 9 mars 2021  \u2191 ‘ The Japanese space budget stopped in its momentum, international technological news \u00bb , January 22, 2010  \u2191 Cnes, ‘ Japanese Space Bulletin \u00bb , DEC 2018 – Jan 2019  \u2191 (and) Bureau you Cabinet, ‘ Proddites the budget Fy2021 pour Le MONEXT \u00bb , January 29, 2021  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Tokyo Office \/ OTE-MACHI BRANCH \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Tsukuba Space Center \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Sagamihara campus \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Earth Observation Center (EOC) \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Noshiro Testing Center (NTC) \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Usuda Deep Space Center \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC) \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the July 7, 2012 )  \u2191 (fr)  Astronaut Soichi Noguchi leaving for the space station aboard a Soyuz , International technological news, December 18, 2009  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Spica’s mission \u00bb  [ Archive du September 27, 2011 ] , ISAS (consulted the July 4, 2012 )  \u2191 a et b (in)  ‘ Missions> Space Transportation Systems> S-310\/S-520\/SS-520 (Sounding Rockets) \u00bb , Jaxa (consulted the December 29, 2016 )  \u2191 (in) Kazuhiro Yagi, ‘ A Concept of International Nano-Launcher \u00bb  (consulted the December 29, 2016 )  \u2191 (in)  ‘ Information Gathering Satellites Imagery Intelligence \u00bb , on Federation of American Scientists , October 11, 2000 (consulted the April 15, 2013 )  \u2191 Martin Rolland and Mathieu Grialou (CNES), ‘ Launch of the IGS Radar 3 satellite \u00bb , Ministry of Foreign Affairs – French Embassy in Japan, December 16, 2011  \u2191 (in)  ‘ DSN-2 Satellite Overview \u00bb , on SpaceFlight101.com , 2017  \u2191 (and) (in)  ‘ Official IHI AEROSPACE website \u00bb  (consulted the April 13, 2013 )  Sources [ modifier | Modifier and code ] (in) Brian Harvey, Henk H F Smid a Theo Pirard, Emerging space powers\u00a0: The new space programs of Asia, the Middle East ans South America , Runs practice, 2010 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-4419-0873-5 ) Giles Sparrow, Space conquest , Paris, Flammarion, 2008 (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-85428-311-2 And 2-85428-311-2 ) F. Verger, R Otrardi, The Windobones-Verger, X. Pasco, New territory space: Atlas of satellites and space policies , Belin, 2002 Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/japanese-space-program-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Japanese space program – Wikipedia"}}]}]