Lappula Squartrosa — Wikipedia

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The Bardnette, thorny bardnette [ first ] , bristling bardnette [ first ] or the false-myosotis ( European stickseed , bluebur or bristly sheepbur , for English speakers, Spine seed for Dutch people), is a ruderal and messicole plant of the family of Boraginaceae .

Etymology

Flowers of the False-Myosotis ”( Drop tricky beep ); North of Sweden, August 2007

Tuft of “Faux-Myosotis”, photographed near Stockholm in Sweden

Detail of fruiting, with the formation of “glochids”, in the form of tiny “harpoons”, which will promote the transport of seeds by animals or clothes
  • Herbaceous, annual (or biennial), hermaphrodite, velu-her, grayish plant (10-50 cm ). From the seed, the plant first forms a rosette of 2 to 50 leaves;
  • Erect, steep stem, covered with hairs, often branched in its upper part, with spreading branches;
  • Oval leaves (2-10 cm long and 3-10 mm wide [ 2 ] ), alternate, most sessile to subsessile [ 2 ] , with a linear-Lancéolé-Lancéolé, whole, bordered by whitish hair;
  • Very small flowers (2 to 4 millimeters wide), blue (and rarely white), positioned near the branches with racket of single scorpioid cymes, unilateral, which lengthens by becoming loose;
    The floral pedicel is shorter than the sepales;
    The chalice is bristling and deeply divided into 5 lobes;
    Corolle Rotaceous, pale blue, 2 to 4 mm wide (whose tube is shorter than the chalice) and with a throat closed by 5 scales.
  • Fruits: Four Akens trigons, whose angles are bristling with more or less hooked splashes (on 2 rows), spurring which cling to the pelages of animals or vallements and which contribute to the dispersion of the species (zochoria), But the seeds can also be dispersed by water and the wind;
    Thick, erected fruit pedicella, always shorter than the chalice.

The shape and size of the plant vary a lot depending on the region and climates.
Usually 10 to 50 cm high, some tufts can approach a meter high in good conditions.
The plant has a generally considered strong and unpleasant smell [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] .

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In Europe, in 1912, Chater recognized 2 subspecies of L. Squarrosa :

  • L. Squarrosa subsp. squarrosa ;
  • L. Squarrosa subsp. heteracantha (Plumbing.)

These two subspecies can be distinguished by their differently positioned glochids [ 2 ] .

They seem present in recent North American herbaria, but their distribution has not been the subject of study [ 2 ] .

  • Echinospermum heteracanthum LEDEB. (CD_NOM = 95727) [ 6 ]
  • Echinospermum semicinctum Steven (CD_NOM = 160150) [ 6 ]
  • Lappula semicincta (Steven) Popv (CD_NOM = 105009) [ 6 ]
  • Drop tricky beep (Retz.) Dumort. subsp. heteracantha (LEDEB.) Chaater (CD_NOM = 137094) [ 6 ]
  • Echinated beat is the Latin name most often used in North America, but it is considered non-valid [ 2 ] .
  • Habitat / biotope:
    This plant easily grows in a wide range of types of open and sunny habitats, including plowed fields, steppes or meadows [ 7 ] Degraded, paths or certain roadside, ruderal environments (turned soils), gravel beds, wave grounds with stony or rocky substrate (including on the rocky slopes).
    She also appreciates semi-open environments of the Savanes shrub or forestry savannah type, from the plains to the mountains [ 8 ] .
    It can also prosper in certain over -exploited pastures [ 9 ] , [ 3 ] , [ ten ] .
  • Distribution area:
    This plant is from Europe and temperate Asia (from Western and North Europe to Japan, via Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, Pakistan, Afghanistan where it is locally common. It is found between the latitudes 30 ° N and 70 ° n.
    It is also a species introduced into a large part of North America as well as in North Africa (Algeria). We also found it in Alaska [ 11 ] and Iceland, and much further south, in South Africa [ twelfth ] and Australia [ twelfth ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] .
    In these cases it can become « invasive » ( ex. : Index of invasiveness: 44 in Alaska, on a scale of 0 to 100, 0 representing a plant which does not pose a threat to native ecosystems and 100 representing a plant which constitutes a major threat for these same ecosystems) [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] And pose competition problems for space with indigenous species.
    It is or has been considered a weed In a large part of its natural distribution area, because it is readily developed in fields and gardens where it can compete with cultivated plants.
    In Nord Pas-de-Calais, it was once reported in town (in 1901, in two localities in the city of Lille C by Fockeu [ 17 ] .), But it is now considered missing [ 17 ] .
  • Biology:
    This species is occasionally eaten by wildlife, including a large number of herbivorous insects.
    It is a host known for several species of mushrooms [ 18 ] .
    It is a pioneer species that can play a role in fixing degraded soils before the inheritance of plants which can help restore or establish humus in disturbed areas. A dense carpet of false-myosotis contributes to protecting the soil from desiccation and the effects of solar UVs, limiting its erosion [ 2 ] . The senescent plants persist during the winter, and trap the snow, increasing the humidity and the percolation of the water [ 18 ] .
    It is considered to have a very good dispersion capacity (zochoria)

Chromosomes name: 2n = 48 [ 19 ] , [ 2 ] .

In some regions of the world (e.g. Turkey), it is very difficult to distinguish certain species of Lapp each of the other, especially because they can hybridize [ 20 ] . Analysis of phenols produced by plants is sometimes one of the possible means of distinguishing them [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . In Türkiye where seven species of Lapp coexist, a study of chemotaxomy has shown that the phenolic chemical signature of fruits could be useful to differentiate Drop tricky beep (Retz.) Dumort , L. Barbata (Bieb.) Gurké it L. microcarpa (Ledeb.) Gurké [ 20 ] (the size of the pollen, for example larger (p = 12- 15 pm) than that of L. Barbata (P = 10 to 11 pm) may in some cases be an additional index [ 23 ] ). There are no hybrids in North America.

This species is part of 45 taxa (36 species, 20 genres) of the family of Boraginaceae which were in the 1990s, in Germany, evaluated for their essential oil content, their composition in fatty acids, content and composition in tocopherol [ 24 ] .

Faux-Myosotis is not protected in France [ 25 ] , no more than in Belgium.
However, this species seems to be extinct in an increasing part of its natural area, where it is poorly known and very threatened.
In particular, she seems to have disappeared from the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.

In North America where the species has been introduced, the stems and leaves are very similar to those of 3 other species:

  1. Hackelia deflexa (Elelsb.) Opposing var. Americana (4th Gray) remote. & Lm. Johnston [ 2 ] ;
  2. Lappula Redowskii (Hornem.) Greene [ 2 ] ;
  3. Hackelia floribunda (Lehm.) I. M. Johnston [ 2 ] .

All are distinguished, however, by their fruits.

When the plant is young, confusion is also possible with others Boraginaceae.

  1. ↑ a et b Ferron, M. et Cayouette, R. 1964. Quebec weed names ED: Ministry of Agriculture and Colonization of Quebec. Publ. 288. 133 pp.
  2. ↑ A b c d e f g h i and j Brenda Frickr (1984), The biology of Canadian weeds. 62. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort . CAN. J. Piant Sci. 64 375-386 Summary, and study
  3. ↑ a et b akweeds, Non-native Plant Species of Alaska : European Stickseed
  4. ↑ Smith. I. D. 1917. Weeds of Alberta. Alta. Dep. Agric. Bull. No. 2. 105 pp.
  5. ↑ Looman, J. et Best, K. F. 1919. Budd’s flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces . Agric. Canada Publ. 1662. Ottawa, Ont. 863 pp
  6. ↑ A B C and D MNHN, Taxonomy INPN (National Inventory of Natural Heritage)
  7. ↑ Walter D. Willms and Dee A. Quinton (1995) Grazing effects on germinable seeds on the fescue prairie ; Journal of Range Management ,; 4R423-430; September 4, 1995-09-04 ([PDF from drillingbeef.ca])
  8. ↑ Douglas, G.W. G. B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar, editors. Volume 2. Decotyledons (Balsaminaceae through Cuscutaceae). Illustrated flora of British Columbia. British Columbia: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Ministry of Forest; 1998. 401 pp.
  9. ↑ Agroatlas, Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries
  10. ↑ Invaders Database System. 2010. University of Montana. Missoula, MT
  11. ↑ Welsh, S. L. (1974), Anderson’s Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada . Brigham Young University Press, Act. 724 PP.
  12. ↑ a et b Cater, A. O. 1912. Lapp . Gilib. Pages 117-ll8 in “T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, and D. A. Webb, eds. Flora Europaea. Vol. 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, London. 370 pp”
  13. ↑ Holm, L. G., Pancho, J. V., Herberger, J. P. and Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds . John Wiley and Sons, New York. 391 pp
  14. ↑ The cave, e. 1971. The circumpolar plants. II. Dicotyledons . Almqvist and switches. Stockholm. 463 pp. ; 1969
  15. ↑ European Stickseed Lappula Squarrosa (Retz) Dumort , updated 2011-02-07 by Helen Klein, consulted 2012-02-07
  16. ↑ AKEPIC database, Exotic Plant Information Clearinghouse Database . 2010.
  17. ↑ a et b Fockeu, h., In “Lille flora limited to the external perimeter of the glacis”. Bulletin of the University of Lille and the Academy, 2 It is series, 5th year 83-121 Lille, quoted by the regional center of phytosociology, approved conservatory national botanical of Bailleul, in Flore of French Flanders , see page 73/553
  18. ↑ a et b Frick, B. (1984), The biology of Canadian weeds. 62. Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64: 375-386.
  19. ↑ MULLIGAN. G. A. 1957. Chromosome numbers of Canadian weeds. Can. J. Bot.35: 779-789. (Tomes I , II , III
  20. ↑ a et b Zeki Apaydin & Mahmut Bülgener (1999), The Phenolic Chemistry of Teacher (Retz.) Dumort., L. Barbata (BIEB.) Gurke and L. MicroCarpa (LeedeB.) Gurke species  ; Turk J Bot 24 (2000) 169-176.
  21. ↑ Bate-Smith, E.C., Plant Phenolics As Taxonomic Guides , Proc. Linn. Soc., Vol. 169, pp. 198-211 (1958).
  22. ↑ BATE-SMITH, E. C. (1962), The phenolic constituents of plants and their taxonomic significance. I. Dicotyledons. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany, 58: 95–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1962.tb00890.x ( Résumé )
  23. ↑ Díez, M. J. and Valdés, B. (1991), Pollen morphology of the tribes Eritrichieae and Cynoglosseae (Boraginaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and its taxonomic significance . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 107: 49–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb00214.x ( résumé )
  24. ↑ Leonardo Velasco, Fernando D. Goffman (1999), Chemotaxonomic significance of fatty acids and tocopherols in Boraginaceae ; online 1999-08-26; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00203-4-4 ( Résumé )
  25. ↑ MNHN, Taxonomy INPN ( National inventory of natural heritage )

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  • R. Fitter, A. Fitter, M. Blamey, Wild Flowers Guide , Delachaux and Niestlé, Paris 1976, 7 It is ed. 2011, 352 p., (ISBN  978-2-603-01054-9 )
  • Lambinon J. et al. , New flora of Belgium, G.-D. from Luxembourg, northern France and neighboring regions (pteridophytes and spermatophytes) , Meise, National Botanical Garden of Belgium, 6 It is ed., 2012, 1195 p. (ISBN  978-90-72619-88-4 )

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