Lutèce – Wikipedia

Lutèce is the French form of the name used by the Romans Lutetia or Paris To designate the Gallo-Roman city known today under the name of Paris as well as its oppidum.

Around 310, Lutèce took the name of Paris, by abbreviation of Latin words ” city ​​of Paris »Or« New York »The name of the Gallic people who occupies the site since the III ^{It is} century of. J.-C. : Les Parisii.

The archaeological discoveries made between 1994 and 2005 in Nanterre have a time questioned the traditional location of the Gallic Lutèce with the discovery of a large space of proto-urban urbanization ( 15 hectares) on the current territory of Nanterre. But Caesar says clearly in the Gaul War (BG VII, 57) that “Place des Parisii” was “located in an island in the Seine”.

Myth of old origins and conjectures [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In his Life of Philippe Auguste , Rigord indicates that “The city had first been named” Lutèce “or” muddy ” – understand an attempt to explain Latin lŭtum “Mud” – because of the pestilential sludge which it was filled with, but the inhabitants, shocked by this name, which always reminded them of a foul mud, preferred to call it Paris by the name of Pâris Alexandre, son of Priam, king of Troy, Because we read in The gesture of the kings of the francs that the first king of the Franks who exercised on them the royal power was Pharamond, son of Marcomir, whose father was Priam, king of Austrie ^{[ Note 1 ]} . This Priam, king of Austria is not the great Primiam, king of Troy, but he descended from Hector, son of this prince, by Francion son of Hector ” ^{[ first ]} . This genealogical thesis is taken up by Grégoire de Tours in his work History of the Franks , in the Chronic of Eusebius of Caesarea, that of Hydace de Chaves as well as by many other authors ^{[ first ]} .

Through the narrator Alcofrybas Nasier, Rabelais gives in Gargantua a facetious etymology which he brings closer to the Greek white / leuk , “Brilliant, White, Pale”, and allows a grivoise joke: “Paris, which in the appearance we call on leucece. Like Dict Strabo. Lib. 4, that is to say in Greek, Blanchette, for the White Cuysses of the Dames Dudict Place » ^{[ 2 ] , [ 3 ]} .

Old certificates [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The name of the locality is attested in ancient Greek in the form Lukewarm / Loukotokía (Strabon), Whiteness / Leukotecia (Ptolemy) ^{[ 4 ]} , hence the doublet Lucotèce , as well as in Latin: Lutetia At I ^is century of. J.-C. , Parisios at Paris At IV ^{It is} century, then Paris only from the IV ^{It is} century ^{[ 5 ]} .

Etymology [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The form Lutèce results from the francization of Lutetia through a form Lutecia ^{[ 6 ]} .

Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing ^{[ 7 ]} see it as a Gallic radical access- “Marais” (equivalent of Latin lŭtum “Mud”), followed by a suffix -Cocia ^{[ 8 ]} .

Xavier Delamarre quotes the Gallic roots in the forms cooked- (read lŭto- ), luteuo- that he compares to the terms of island Celtic: Gaelic loth “Marais” (from *Corns ) ^{[ 9 ]} , breton loudour “Malpropre” ( *lout- ) ^{[ ten ]} . These Celtic words are found in the names of the cities of Ludese; Lodève ( Lutera ); Lutitia (Germany) or Lutudarum (Derbyshire, United Kingdom).

However, Pierre-Yves Lambert which is based on the Greek form “Lucotèce”, leans for a Gallic root *lucot- “Mouse” (cf. Breton logos , Irishman mouse ), but specifies that there are at least two suffixes which give a collective value to the derivative, that is to say “the mice” ^{[ 11 ]} . It is not very surprising in the Gallic toponymy, if we compare for example with Bibracte which means “beavers”. In addition, the use of animal names in toponymy has extended to the present day ^{[ twelfth ]} (cf. whale, villechien, etc.)

Albert Deshayes also reconstructs a Celtic root *Luk-Auto- For Breton logos (old Breton Locot , plural of place , Welsh mice , Irish and Gaéilic mouse ) ^{[ ten ]} , Alexander McBain a Celtic *Lock ISSU DE *pluko- “Gray”, Indo-European *Pel- ” gray ” ^{[ 9 ]} .

The first mention of the city of Lutèce is due to César, when he brings together the assembly of Gallic chiefs in -53 ^{[ 13 ]} . He places her with the Parisii and located it on an island in the Seine ^{[ 14 ]} . But these writings do not make it possible to determine whether it is one of the six or seven islets being at the site of the future island of the City or on one of the loops of the Seine, near Nanterre ^{[ 15 ]} . The excavations made in 2003 at a place called The Guignons On the layout of the A 86 motorway, allow to uncover vestiges corresponding to what appears to be the capital of Parisiii ^{[ 16 ]} .

Following a burned land policy, the Gauls revolted in -52 and led by camulogen, burned the city and cut the bridges ^{[ 17 ]} , during the battle of Lutèce. A second battle took place on the site of the current Champ-de-Mars, on the Grenelle plain. Some islets close to this battlefield seem to have been chosen by the Romans for their more protected location than a marshy loop of the Seine.

Neolithic boats [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On the current Paris site, there is evidence of a very old occupation. In 1991, excavations made it possible to discover Neolithic boats at the Quai de Bercy ^{[ 18 ] , [ 19 ]} .

L’town des Paris [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Nanterre site [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

It is likely that this oppidum is located under the city of Nanterre, recent excavations on the occasion of the construction of the A 86 motorway having revealed a large Gallic agglomeration ^{[ 15 ] , [ 19 ]} . This is in a very tight meander of the Seine, at the Gennevilliers loop, which can give a misleading appearance.

Thus, the Nanterre site could represent the pre -Roman capital of Parisii. On 15 To 20 Hectares, there are many foundations corresponding to residential, craft districts, a probable place of worship with various objects such as weapons, tools, ornaments, dishes. The banks are arranged, which indicates the presence of a river port ^{[ 19 ]} .

The City Island site [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Click Download to save Culture Location L’oppum – Parisi Crenta That is, the town of Paris, which is placed in the island of the river of the Sequanae. ), But no trace of occupation before Roman times was found on the city of the city ^{[ 20 ] , [ 19 ]} .

For the archaeologist Venceslas Kruta, the discoveries made in places like Nemetodunum /Nanterre are not sufficient, however, to question Caesar’s testimony; He recalls that the traditional site is located where the North-South road crosses the river and at a place where the bridges could be twice as short; He also believes that if a new city had been created by the occupier, it would have had a new name, purely Roman, like other cities of Gaul ^{[ 21 ]} .

Roman conquest [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 53 BC. J.C., while the peoples of the North entered Rebellion against Rome, Caesar summoned to Lutèce an assembly of representatives of the Gallic cities. But the following year, the Parisii joined the revolt initiated by Vercingétorix. From 52 BC. J.C., Titus Labienus, lieutenant of Caesar, enters the campaign from Agedincum (Meaning) and collides with the old Gauls chief camulogen whose strategy consists in blocking the Romans in the marshes where they can hardly maneuver ^{[ 22 ] , [ 23 ]} . Thereafter, after having seized Flod the (Melun) and having formed a large flotilla of boats, to establish a bridge of boats, Labienus returns to fight Camulogen, whose army is defeated. The location of the battlefield remains controversial, it may be:

The Roman city [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lutèce, city prosperous during the High Empire [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Gallo-Roman Lutèce will appear from the time of Augustus to take off especially from Tiberius. It is then part of the Gaul Lyonnaise whose capital is Lugdunum. The city is built on a traditional checkered plan, ordered around two main axes, the Maximum Card and the decumanus . It is located both on the city of the city and on the left bank ^{[ 23 ]} . The city will thrive for two and a half centuries, during the High Empire.

In the Lower Empire, Lutèce becomes City of Paris [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

But from the III ^{It is} century, the threat of the barbarians, alamans to the east and francs to the north forced the Parisians to take refuge in the island of the city which will be surrounded by a powerful rampart; the left bank is not completely abandoned for that ^{[ 19 ]} , the survivors trying after each assault to come back to live in their ravaged homes ^{[ 24 ]} . Lutèce plays an important role both as a river and commercial crossroads and also in the defensive system of North Gaul. Roman troops are installed there and a war flotilla shelters there. Military leaders will stay there, including César Julien, nephew of Constantine, who will be proclaimed there in 360 by his legions ^{[ 19 ] , [ 25 ]} . In one of his texts, the Misopogon , he mentions his “Dear Lutèce and its clear waters” . He died in 363 during a fight against the Sassanid Persians. Later, Valentinian I ^is resides in Lutèce for a brief period (365-366) ^{[ 20 ]} .

In addition, the city has gradually Christianized. Gradually, the name of Lutèce will be abandoned in favor of City of Paris La Ville des Paris ( IV ^{It is} century) ^{[ 23 ]} . At IN ^{It is} century, General ægidius then his son Syagrius tried to maintain Gallo-Roman power, but after the latter’s defeat in Soissons in 486, the city fell under the domination of Clovis which will make it its capital in 508 ^{[ 19 ]} .

Religion: Between myth and historical realities [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Gallo-Roman polytheism [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

With the Romanization, the religion of the Gauls evolves towards a Gallo-Roman syncretism, where indigenous gods and Roman deities rub shoulders. The most striking testimony of this syncretism ^{[ 23 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 19 ]} is represented by the pillar of the Nautes. We see there, alongside the gods and goddesses of the Roman pantheon (Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Fortuna, Castor and Pollux), Gallic deities (Esus, Tarvos Trigaranus, Euises, Smertrios, Cernunnos). But the originality of the indigenous gods, often related to nature and animals, seem preserved ^{[ 27 ]} .

Eastern cults [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Apart from the traditional religion which does not respond to the metaphysical problems of the beyond ^{[ 25 ]} , we see, in a punctual way in private places, an orientation towards oriental cults. Evoking a possible life after death: highlighting statuettes of Isis, Osiris, Bès (Egyptian deities) ^{[Ref. necessary]} , even cult of Mithra (decor on a sarcophagus). Christianity will establish itself slowly to impose itself in the middle of III ^{It is} century as evidenced by inscriptions on tombstones ^{[ 23 ]} .

Dissemination of Christianity to III ^{It is} And IV ^{It is} centuries [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Thus, the history of Paris is nested in historical facts and in myths linked to Christian legend. Denis de Paris (Saint Denis), the first bishop of Paris (250), and his companions, rustic in Paris and Eleuthère, would have been martyred in Montmartre. After being beheaded Denis of Paris would have started to walk, carrying his head in his hands, then fell into the countryside and would have been buried on the spot at what has become the Saint-Denis basilica. This is the legend ^{[ 23 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 28 ]} .

Marcel de Paris, ninth bishop of Paris, chaired the Council of Paris in 360-361 ^{[ 29 ]} , recognizing the Council of Nicea of ​​325. He would have fought a dragon. After his death in 435, his grave became the object of great veneration ^{[ 23 ] , [ 28 ]} .

Finally, the history of Paris is associated with Geneviève de Paris (Sainte Geneviève, who, faced with the threat of the Huns, takes part in an active way in resistance and public affairs. She had, by her father, relations Privileged with the leaders of the Roman Empire. But the determining factor in the Paris rescue will be the victory of the Roman general Aetius in the Catalan fields (451) on the Huns of Attila ^{[ 28 ]} . Sainte Geneviève has undoubtedly also played a role in Clovis’ journey to Christianity ^{[ 30 ]} .

A Hippodamean plan [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Gallo-Roman Lutèce, which housed around 10,000 inhabitants, is located both on the island of the City and on the left bank, where the possibilities of expansion are greater. The city foundation is done on a traditional diagram of a checkered plan (Hippodamean plan) where everything is organized around two main axes which are cut at right angles: the Cardo maximus (north-south axis) or Via superior , current rue Saint-Jacques and the decumanus (is West) ^{[ 23 ]} .
THE Cardo And decumanus form an orthogonal plan whose base is a square module of 300 Roman feet or 88.80 meters with, in places, semi-modules subdivisions of 150 feet and transverse (diagonals) The main thing being that of the way to Italy by Lyon whose starting point is at the southeast corner of the forum (currently at the corner of the St. Jacques and Soufflot streets) which crosses the Bièvre near of the current Saint-Médard church and extends to the site of the current avenue des Gobelins ^{[ thirty first ]} .

The major ways connect to the other Gallic cities and therefore to the Empire. They are covered with large slabs. If the city contains important buildings, it will never reach a considerable size, unlike cities as Lugdunum (Lyon) and ABLUSTODUNUM (Autun). According to Goudineau, the romance dilutes beyond Burgundy ^{[ 32 ]} . On the city of the city, there were a palace of the governor (at the site of the courthouse) and in the East a temple as well as a basilica ^{[ 23 ]} . But the main buildings are on the left bank.

The forum [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

But the heart of the city is located on the Sainte-Geneviève mountain, at rue Soufflot, where the remains of the forum were released. It was located in front of the current Pantheon. The forum represents the political, religious and commercial center of the Gallo-Roman city. It includes an esplanade surrounded by porticos under which shops are installed, the basilica where judicial affairs are treated and in the center the temple which is unknown to whom it was dedicated, perhaps at the Capitoline triad (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) ^{[ 18 ] , [ 23 ]} . It is possible to imagine the crowd walking under the portico, assistant to worship or listening to the Basilica pleadings.

The regular supply of the city is made by a aqueduct , the waters being captured in the Wissous basin in the south ^{[ 18 ]} .

Spas [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

As in any Roman city, thermal baths are built, thus proving the adaptation of the Gauls to this type of activity. Three establishments exist. One is located at the current rue Gay-Lussac. Those of the East, known as the College of France, had both a hygienic and therapeutic function and were at the level of the rue des écoles.

Finally, the most important and the best preserved are the thermal baths of the North, called Cluny, between rue des écoles and boulevard Saint-Germain. Their construction dates from the end of I ^is century. They include changing rooms, pales, latrines, a cold room ( frigidarium ), a lukewarm room ( tepidarium ), a hot room ( caldarium ), a hypocaust heating system ^{[ 18 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 25 ]} . Paintings, mosaics adorned the interior of buildings.

Amphitheater and theater [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Places for the show are present. At the site of the Saint-Louis high school there was a semi-circular plan theater, of which only a few sections of the wall remain. In addition, it is found in Gaul monuments of spectacle of particular forms (so -called mixed buildings) ^{[ 18 ] , [ 32 ]} , these are theaters with arena. This is the case with the arenas of Lutèce, located outside the city, which will be uncovered in 1860. Their planned destruction was avoided thanks to the intervention of many personalities including Victor Hugo. They include an elliptical arena, a podium and a stage wall allowing spectators to attend either comedies or pantomimes, or to gladiator fights. They were built towards the end of I ^is century.

City withdrawal to the Lower Empire [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Due to the threat of the barbarians, the aspect of Lutèce will change by focusing on the island of the city without completely abandoning the left bank. Most of the population is found on the island with a reshuffle of urban structures using blocks of stone from the surrounding area, the forum, Lutèce arenas or necropolises. It is made from the III ^{It is} century an important protective bulwark ^{[ 18 ]} . In terms of architecture techniques, the most common use is that of the so -called Parisian limestone, found on the very site of the city and around. Large blocks are used for bases, small rubbles, sometimes associated with brick beds are used for walls. The cover mode is most often the tile.

The periphery of Lutèce [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On the outskirts of Lutèce, beyond the pomerium are the cemeteries. Two large necropolises were uncovered: southeast, the Saint Marcel-Gobelins necropolis and the southern the necropolis of the Faubourg Saint-Jacques ^{[ 18 ] , [ 23 ]} . Apart from the city, as in most Roman cities, there was a line of sanctuaries and sacred wood. On the Montmartre hill, the hypothesis of one or two temples was raised without being able to specify with certainty the allocation to Mars or Mercury in the absence of registration. The probability of a temple dedicated to Mercury is based on the fact that the place has long been called Mountain Wednesday Until far in the High Middle Ages ^{[ 23 ]} . Four black marble columns of one of these temples were reused in the current Saint-Pierre church in Montmartre. Four kilometers southwest of Lutèce, at the Vanves site, were highlighted from the thermal baths, a luxurious building that can correspond to a peri-urban sanctuary ^{[ 33 ]} .

The rediscovery of ancient Paris [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The urbanization of modern times gradually hid the past of the ancient city. The major works started at the time of the Second Empire under the responsibility of Baron Haussmann enabled many archaeological discoveries. It is likely that future projects can reveal other antiquities. Thus, recently, during the work of the A86 and the A14, the probable oppidum of the Parisii was highlighted in Nanterre, while the tradition was located on the island of the city ^{[ 19 ]} .

As early as 1844, Théodore Vacquer, considered as the father of Parisian archeology, explored all construction sites in the capital. Unfortunately the notes he has been able to record are difficult to use. In 1912, a historian, Félix de Pachtere, published Paris in the Gallo-Roman era from writings and archaeological sources. In 1897, the Old Paris Commission (CVP) was created with the vocation of monitoring any business excavation. Currently ^{[When ?]} , the Carnavalet museum preserves and presents the vestiges of ancient Paris ^{[ 18 ] , [ 23 ]} . Ancient texts, in particular Gaul War , archeology based on the monuments that remain, like the thermal baths of Cluny or the arenas of Lutèce, and the excavations, allow a reconstruction. Some elements are still missing. To use a sentence from Pierre Grimal, “Archeology is a science of gaps” ^{[ 34 ]} .

L’abperat [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Habitat can get closer, for wealthy families, from the classic Roman villa: [[ home ]] taking on a sacred character, containing the family altar, comprising a central courtyard, the atrium open -air with a central basin, the [[ impluvium ]] collecting rainwater. In this courtyard opened the different parts of residential and service which were decorated with murals and mosaics ^{[ 34 ]} . But the city center was mainly made up of [[ island ]] , islets of upstairs housing where Torchis and Pierre coexist, covered with tiles or thatched, overlooking common courses. They made it possible to take into account the available surface with maximum occupation of land which, in town, is rare. On the outskirts, for the privileged inhabitants, some town , much larger buildings with gardens and vines ^{[ 23 ]} .

Clothing and food [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

If the notables get closer to Roman fashion in their clothing (tunics, sandals, toges), the whole population continues to wear traditional clothes (braies of their ancestors or hooded coat, the CUCULUS ) ^{[ 27 ] , [ 23 ]} . Food is based on cereals, fruits and vegetables without excluding the meat provided by cattle and fish in the Seine or Bièvre. The excavations also highlighted the consumption of oysters and crustaceans. The drink, in addition to water, consists of wine and cervoise.

Transport and craftsmanship [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

On the economic level, the Seine plays an important role through traffic on manufactured products, consumer goods, building materials.

This activity is under the control of the important corporation of nautes which employs many boatmen. Its leaders have a considerable role in the life of the city, partly ensuring the administration.

The nave represented on the coat of arms of the capital evokes both the general form of the island and the oldest economic activity of its inhabitants. The famous pillar of the Nautes discovered under Notre-Dame is dedicated to Jupiter and Tiberius ^{[ 27 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 15 ]} .

Gallic crafts have benefited from the contributions of Greco-Latin technology. The discovery of several potter ovens on the left bank, located on the outskirts of the residential areas, testifies to this contribution (plates, vases, cups, amphora, blown glass bottles). Metallurgy is mainly represented by bronze (statuettes, kitchen utensils, fibulae). Jewelry is also found, completing the aspects of the daily life of Parisian women ^{[ 27 ] , [ 23 ]} .

Hobbies ” [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Hygiene of life is important as evidenced by the presence of thermal baths which also participate in leisure, gymnastics or pugilat.

Cultural activity manifests itself either at the level of the theater or at the show of the arenas.

Lutèce forum [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Center for Urban Life Forum was located on the site of the current rue Soufflot. Its existence was only discovered in the middle of XIX ^{It is} century.

Lutèce arenas [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lutèce arenas built at I ^is century were actually a Roman amphitheater. It was a hybrid complex: amphitheater type (in semicircle, also called cavea ) with a 40 -meter -long frontal scene, it nevertheless had an elliptical arena 52 meters long by 46 meters wide, intended for gladiator fights.

Theater [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lutèce also had a theater. We uncovered curved walls in 1861 under the Lycée Saint-Louis. According to the reconstructions, this building was 72 meters by at least 47. The scene was 40 meters.

Thermal baths [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lutèce also included several Roman thermal baths ^{[ 35 ]} :

• The thermal baths of the North, today called “thermal baths of Cluny”, the largest, whose construction was partly funded by the Nautes ( II ^{It is} / III ^{It is} centuries); These are the only ones that can still be admired;
• The “thermal baths”, or from the Collège de France, located on rue Saint-Jacques;
• The “Southern thermal baths”, at the corner of rue Gay-Lussac and rue Le Goff.

Pilgean’s nautes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The pillar of the Nautes is a set of five sculpted altar stones, dating from the reign of Tiberius (14-37), the four faces of which represent deities. Updated in 1710 under the foundations of the altar of Notre-Dame during the work to carry out the wish of Louis XIII, they are rich in information on Gallo-Roman syncretism at the beginning of I ^is century, and attest to a continuity of the building and Christian worship with a temple and pagan brotherhoods.

Aqueduct [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

If the aqueduct which fueled the city was never completely forgotten, because of the ruins of Arcueil and the periodic discoveries during work in Paris, it is only from the second half of XIX ^{It is} century and important research by Eugène Belgrand that we endeavored to find the route.

One of the most striking recent discoveries took place in Paris in 1996, when the redevelopment of the sector where the former workshops of the Railway of Sceaux were located, between rue d’Alésia and avenue Reille, led to day of an important section of the aqueduct of Lutèce. A part has been preserved, and some of the streets created perpetuate the memory of that time (rue de l’Empereur-Julien, rue de l’Empereur-Valentinien).

In Arcueil and Cachan, he passed from the hillside to the western hill of the Bièvre valley using a bridge-aqueduct. Today there is only a collapsed arch and a few batteries embedded in a wall, in the property called from the Middle Ages the stronghold of the arcs. The arches of the bridge are of course at the origin of this name, like that of the village itself. The bridge was about 300 meters long, 18 meters high and had only a floor, relatively modest dimensions in the catalog of Roman achievements of this type ^{[ 36 ]} .

Archaeological crypt of the City Island [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The archaeological crypt of the City Island retains several architectural elements of the Gallo-Roman era:

• a section of the wall of the quay of the ancient port of Lutèce;
• des Vestiges d’abperat;
• vestiges of a large urban house ( home ) several parts include hypocausts;
• part of the city’s surrounding wall at the start of IV ^{It is} century.

Gallo-Roman collections of the Carnavalet Museum [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The carnavalet museum preserves ^{[ 37 ]} :

• paintings dating from the Gallo-Roman era,
• A stone stone statue,
• a stone carved in stone,
• an element of colonnade architrave with sculpted vegetable and animal decor,
• a military terminal,
• stone sarcophagus,
• Sarcophagus carved frieze elements,
• A child’s mortuary mask,
• funeral steles,
• ceramic and glass objects evoking daily life,
• A set of Roman surgery instruments,
• A gold fibula from late antiquity …

Other monuments [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Lutèce did not have a circus (racetrack dedicated to tank races). Archaeological excavations are clear on this subject. On the other hand, some literary sources (Grégoire de Tours, in particular) suggest that there could be temporary facilities in order to allow the holding of tanks.

At the Roman Lower Empire, a building, which is called the palace , occupied the western end of the City Island. Located at the site of the current Paris courthouse, it occupied an area of ​​almost a hectare. His function is not well known: perhaps a residence of the emperor when he stayed in Lutèce, perhaps an arsenal or a warehouse.

• May 52 of. J.-C. : Battle of Lutèce. Victory of Labienus, lieutenant of Julius Caesar, on the Aulentes, the Senons and the Parisii. The Gauls prefer to destroy the bridges and burn their city themselves rather than letting the Romans enter them. The Gallic Lutèce fire will allow the Romans to endow the city with a Roman structure quickly, especially since with seven hills and a river, the parallel with Rome is easy.
• Between 14 and 37: the Nautes de Lutèce raise a column in honor of Jupiter; This is the famous “pillar of the nautes” uncovered under the foundations of Notre-Dame.
• Between 50 and 100 AD. AD: Construction of the Lutèce forum.
• 65-66: freezing winter.
• Between 100 and 200: construction in Lutèce of three thermal baths fed by an aqueduct of sixteen kilometers along the Bièvre, an amphitheater of 17,000 places and a theater of 3,000 places, in particular.
• Around 250: martyrdom of the first bishop of Lutèce, Saint Denis. The latter was one of the seven bishops sent to Gaul to evangelize him. It would have been beheaded on the hill of Montmartre (whose name means Mont des Martyrs). Legend has it that he then picked up his head, and markets to the place of his burial.
• 275 or 276: probable ransacking by German invaders (francs and alamans) on the left bank of the city.
• 291-292: particularly freezing winter. The Seine freezes; This is the first mention of this type that has reached us.
• Around 300: Lutèce becomes Paris .

Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

References [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Françoise Beck, and Hélène Chew, When the Gauls were Roman , Gallimard, collection “Découvertes Gallimard / History” ( n ^O 63), 1989.
• Didier Busson, Paris 75 , Les Belles Lettres, collection Archaeological map of Gaul, 1998.
• Didier Busson, Paris ancient city , Editions du Patrimoine, 2001.
• Didier Busson, Atlas of ancient Paris. Lutèce, birth of a city , Parigramme, 2019.
• Didier Busson and Sylvie Robin, Large monuments of Lutèce , Exhibition in the archaeological crypt of the forecourt of Notre-Dame, 2010-2011.
• Julius Caesar, Comments on the Gaul War ( De Bello Gallico ) Lire on wikisource .
• Philippe de Carbonnières, Lutèce. Paris Roman city , Gallimard / Paris-Musées, Collection “Découvertes Gallimard / Archeologie” ( n ^O 330), 1997.
• Paul-Marie Duval, From Lutèce Oppidum to Paris Capitale de France: (towards -225? / 500) , Paris, Hachette (in association with the city of Paris), coll. “New story of Paris”, 1993 , 404 pages and 3 cards
• Christian Goudineau, Christian et Gauthier, Nancy, «Gaules» In Dictionary of Antiquity Under the direction of Jean Leclant, PUF, 2005.
• Christian Goudineau, “Lutèce” in Dictionary of Antiquity , under the direction of Jean Leclant, PUF, 2005.
• Pierre Grimal, Trip to Rome , Robert Laffont edition, 2004.
• René Héron de Villefosse, The past of Paris. Paris as we love it , Editions well, paris, 1950.
• Henri Lavagne, “Gallic religion” in Dictionary of Antiquity , under the direction of Jean Leclant, PUF, 2005.
• Jean-Claude Poulin, « 420-502 ap. JC » in Dictionary of Antiquity , under the direction of Jean Leclan, PUF, 2005.
• Jean-Natural Robert, Rome , Les Belles Lettres Éditions, 1999.
• John Scheid, Le suburb of Rome. Recherche sur l’organization religieuse of Rome , Courses du Collège de France, 2010.
• Antide Viand, The Lutèce site , Géoguide, Gallimard, 2006.