[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/manuel-scolaire-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/manuel-scolaire-wikipedia\/","headline":"Manuel Scolaire \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"Manuel Scolaire \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 An English -speaking manual (2008). The textbook (You Latin manus , “Hand”), considered in XIX It is A century","datePublished":"2021-01-26","dateModified":"2021-01-26","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/63\/Textbook.JPG\/260px-Textbook.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/63\/Textbook.JPG\/260px-Textbook.JPG","height":"173","width":"260"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/manuel-scolaire-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4899,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4 An English -speaking manual (2008). The textbook (You Latin manus , “Hand”), considered in XIX It is A century as the book summarizing all the others is a didactic work having a handy format and bringing together the bulk of the knowledge relating to a given area. It therefore relates to education. The textbook is intended to be used in class as a course support with the direct or indirect help of a teacher. He must take into account the progressive nature of learning (students’ age, cognitive capacities) [ first ] .    According to the CNRTL [ 2 ] , the first mention of the word manual in a title of work would date from 1270. It would be the Sins (or Manuel Des Pechiez) Composed by Wilham de Waddington. The “manual” common (or substantive “male (or noun) names, after a succession of derivations, from Latin manus hand signifier. In order, the noun manus gave its first derivative, the Latin adjective manual , meaning “manual”, in its current adjective sense. This adjective will then give a first noun, manual , signifying in Latin “book case”, then in a low-la-Latin “portable book”. This last meaning dates from the first half of the WE It is century according to the Latin oxford Dictionnary [ 2 ] . Finally, according to the French etymological dictionary [ 3 ] , “Low Latin manual is perhaps a translation of the Greek E \u0313 GLACE “Portable book, Manuel”, title of a work of epict\u00e8te, derived from \u0301 \u00abmain\u00bb” [ 2 ] . Le Manuel d’Epicithate , in its version translated by Jean-Marie Guyau, is also available in Wikisource. The etymological origin of the textbook is subject to hypotheses and discussions. This is felt in historical discussions on the origin of the school manual: what is the first school manual (see the historic section below)? Table of ContentsIn France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Regulations concerning textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Producers and production of textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Diffusion and use of textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The texture publishing market in France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Scientific research on textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In France [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Historic French school manual The appearance of the textbook can be compared, like that of many books, with the invention of the press to print in 1454. It was in 1470 [ 4 ] , what is probably published ” A collection of Latin style for youth [\u2026] that we agree to consider as the first school book printed in France ” [ 5 ] . These are the Letters from Gasparin of Pergamum .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4However, the definition of what a textbook is debated. Thus the great French manual historian, Alain Choppin [ 5 ] , he argues that the first works to be able to be called “textbooks” are those which include educational indications: even commented and used in class, a collection of texts would therefore not be a manual, while this collection accompanied by Exercises, reading indications and other educational instructions would fall under the category of manuals. This point of view was also defended by researchers like \u00c9ric Bruillard [ 6 ] and Pierre M\u0153glin [ 7 ] , which explicitly resume the definition of Choppin. This point of view led to bringing the school manual back to 1792, when the revolutionaries, notably Lakanal and Condorcet, envisage the edition funded by the Nation and 1833 when the Ministry Guizot place massive orders to publishers such as Hachette. There will be anyway, from 1470 (and until XVIII It is century) that rare works intended for the education of children to be published. The religious origin of the school manual gave him, for several decades, a function of teaching moral values. Most schools were then denominational and teaching was mainly practiced by religious. It is therefore only from the first third of the XIX It is century that the educational dimension of the manual is highlighted, then, towards the end of XIX It is A century, thanks to the various decisions of Minister Jules Ferry in terms of education and a decree of January 1890, it was imposed on teachers to use books for their teaching. It is in the 1950s that a new generation of textbooks appeared in order to correspond to the evolution of learning methods: contemporary authors are favored in relation to the classics and the lecture is gradually replaced by activities encouraging the oral expression of students.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The 1970s (and the significant influence of May 1968) were one of the pivotal periods for teaching and textbooks: the latter, which were hitherto hierarchical in very “frozen” chapters, adopted a exploded structure And ventilated where signage, typography and layout have their own meaning. Now, textbooks are therefore no longer suitable for continuous reading. Manuals are now illustrated and designed to be attractive and complete. Generally organized in chapters, they may contain, in addition to the documents necessary to support the teacher’s course, comprehension and\/or research exercises, according to the subjects addressed. They cover general materials and certain specialized materials. Purchased by the student or loaned by his school, they fill the bags of schoolchildren, especially in college, where many people (teachers, parents and students, doctors) decry them because of their weight considered excessive, because weighing on the back of schoolchildren. Regulations concerning textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Not all countries have always known the same regulations concerning textbooks. In 1992, Alain Choppin thus noticed a contrasting situation [ 5 ] . In countries such as Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal, teachers choose manuals; In Greece, Luxembourg, Spain, there is an official approval necessary to introduce a manual in the classes. Nowadays, this diversity of regulations is still in progress.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Producers and production of textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Diffusion and use of textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The progressive learning of knowledge generates a certain simplification of the content which is the main characteristic of the school manual and, at the same time, its main defect. If the practice of reading is limited to school, the manual may crystallize partial knowledge, prejudices or myths [ first ] . In addition, the public authorities very quickly understood the importance of the manual as a transmitter of principles and ideals, hence their attitude aimed at regulating, or even censor the content. Disciplines such as human sciences, history and geography are the subject of scrupulous control, mainly in non -democratic regimes [ first ] . The representations of history thus vary according to latitudes and political regimes. But, in use, it appears that the teacher uses several manuals to compose his course with diverse content and that the students themselves rarely use their own manual [ 8 ] . With the emergence of digital technology at school, the use of the manual is competed by new communication technologies. However, digital textbooks only represent in France 1% of the school publishing market [ 9 ] . According to historian Beno\u00eet Br\u00e9ville, history textbooks “remain important vectors of dominant thought (…). They ardently convey a number of received ideas: the myth of the “sacred union” in the trenches of the First World War, while the units of soldiers were often crossed by social divisions; The alleged anti-imperialism of the American president Woodrow Wilson, who did not hesitate to multiply military interventions and political interference in Latin America while advocating the “right to the self-determination of peoples” at the Paris conference; The allegedly decisive role of the Allied landing in the defeat of Germany; The fable of a European Union created for the sole purpose of establishing lasting peace on the continent,, etc. \u00bb [ ten ] . Since the rise of digital manuals and the sharing of information, some actors have started to create textbooks under open source license. Actors like S\u00e9samath [ 11 ] or Lelivrescolaire.fr [ twelfth ] highlight the fact that their content can be, in compliance with the licenses, freely modified, distributed by the teachers. The texture publishing market in France [ modifier | Modifier and code ] In 2011, the number of textbooks sold in France amounted to 40.5 million copies, or 9% of book sales. Turnover was 336.5 million euros (12% of publishing ins the publishing sector) [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] In August 2019, Philippe Champy, “at the head of Retz editions from 1995 to 2016” [ 15 ] , releases a work entitled Towards a new school war: when technocrats and neuroscientists are getting their hands on national education [ 15 ] . In this essay, with its status “of committed observer”, the author offers a synthetic and updated presentation of “French school publishers”. Two lessons stand out from this analysis: the variety of school publisher profiles and the high concentration of the last decades. The textbook in France: French editorial landscape at the end of the 2010s Publishing house Comments Publishing group Didier Publishing house created in 1898 [ 16 ] . Subsidiary of the Alexandre Hatier group since 1978 [ 16 ] . Hachette division since 1996 [ 16 ] . Hachette Fuck Publishing house created in 1937 [ 17 ] . Hatier editions Division since 1995-1996 [ 17 ] . Hachette Publishing house created in 1826 [ 18 ] . Hater Publishing house created in 1880 [ 19 ] . Joined the Hachette group in 1996 [ 19 ] . Istria Editions created by Strasbourg printing works [ 20 ] . Funds taken up by Hachette Education in 1992 [ 20 ] . Strasbourg printing works were created in 1676 [ 21 ] ; The Acronym Istra appeared in 1918 [ 21 ] . Borders Publishing house created in 1946. Published International key Publishing house created in 1973. Nathan Publishing house created in 1881. MDI Publishing house created in 1952 [ 22 ] . Retz Publishing house created in 1975 [ 15 ] . Boeck University Publishing house created in 1889. Is part of the Albin Michel group since 2015. Albin Michel editions Caste  Delagrave Publishing house created in 1865. Magnard Publishing house created in 1936. Vuibert Publishing house created in 1877. Belin Publishing house created in 1777 [ 15 ] . Humensis University Press of France (PUF) Publishing house created in 1921. You can also find the following publishing houses: Editions Sed, Sedrap, Estem, Seli Arslan, Lanore [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] . Scientific research on textbooks [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Several scientific research programs concerning the book and school publishing exist in the world [ 25 ] . One of the first historically is the French research programs “Emmanuelle” (started in 1980), which adopts a historical perspective on the subject [ 25 ] . It includes two databases: Emmanuelle and Emmanuelle International: the first list all French textbooks since the French Revolution, the second relates to the whole of scientific literature – French and international – on the subject [ 25 ] . \u2191 A B and C Paolo Bianchini, The diplomatic world , September 2013, p. 17 .  \u2191 A B and C ‘ Manual: Manuel Etymology \u00bb , on CNRTL.FR  (consulted the April 9, 2020 )  \u2191 (of) Wartburg (Walther von) et al., French etymological dictionary. A representation of the Galloromanic voice treasure , Bonn\/Heidelberg\/Leipzig-Berlin\/B\u00e2le, Klopp\/Winter\/Teubner\/Zbinden, 1922-2002 (1960), 25 volumes, Tome 6, Fascicule 1, page 280  \u2191 [PDF]  The story of textbooks: a global approach , Inrp  \u2191 A B and C Choppin, Alain (1992): textbooks: history and news, Paris, Hachette Education.  \u2191 Bruillard, \u00c9ric, dir., Textbooks, crossed views, Caen, CRDP Basse-Normandie, 2005.  \u2191 M\u0153glin, Pierre, The educational industries, Paris, PUF, 2010.  \u2191 Dominique Borne, The school manual , Igen report to the Minister of National Education, Paris, La Documentation Fran\u00e7aise, 1998  \u2191 The Tribune , 25 mars 2013.  \u2191 Beno\u00eet Br\u00e9ville, ‘ To put the story back to the place \u00bb , on The diplomatic world , first is September 2014  \u2191 ‘ Welcome \u00bb , on S\u00e9samath  (consulted the September 12, 2020 ) .  \u2191 ‘ Lelivrescolaire.fr: digital manuals for college and high school \u00bb , on lelivrescolaire.fr  (consulted the September 12, 2020 ) .  \u2191 Source\u00a0: The book sector: key figures 2011-2012 , Directorate General of Media and Cultural Industries, Ministry of Culture and Communication, March 2013.  \u2191 http:\/\/www.culture.gouv.fr\/thematiques\/livre-et-clecture\/documentation\/economie-du-livre\/chiffres-cles-du-secteur-du-livre  \u2191 A B C and D Champy, Philippe. , Towards a new school war: when technocrats and neuroscientists are getting their hands on national education , Paris, La D\u00e9couverte, 2019 , 318 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-348-04062-7 And 2-348-04062-X , OCLC\u00a0 1127648941 )  \u2191 A B and C Didier (publishing house)  \u2191 a et b Foucher editions  \u2191 Hachette Book  \u2191 a et b Hater  \u2191 a et b ‘ Istra (editions) \u00bb , on Data.BNF.FR  (consulted the April 10, 2020 )  \u2191 a et b ‘ Strasbourg printing \u00bb , on Data.BNF.FR  (consulted the April 10, 2020 )  \u2191 ‘ MDI editions \u00bb , on MDI editions , February 24, 2015 (consulted the April 10, 2020 )  \u2191 http:\/\/www.ac-crumont.fr\/dsden03\/actualite\/salon-des-editeurs-et-du-numerique-educatif-2016-05-30\/  \u2191 ‘ Textbooks: figures, extracts, quotes \u00bb, The diplomatic world , first is September 2013 ( read online , consulted the September 12, 2020 ) .  \u2191 A B and C Alain Choppin , ‘ Emmanuelle: Research program on school textbooks \u00bb , on rhe.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr , 2003 (consulted the 15 mars 2022 )  Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Alain Choppin, Textbooks, history and news , Paris, Hachette Education, 1992, \u00c9ric Bruillard, Textbooks, crossed views , CRDP of Basse-Normandie, Documents, Proceedings and Reports on Education, Caen, 2005 Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/manuel-scolaire-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Manuel Scolaire \u2014 Wikipedia"}}]}]