Marcia Reala — Wikipedia
The Fanfare and real march of ordinance ( Royal brass band and march of prescription ), known more simply under the name of Royal march , is the national anthem of the kingdom of Italy from the unification of the country, in 1861, to the armistice of [ first ] .
It has two movements, the Fanfare Royale , an unknown author, and the Royal march properly said, which was composed as a parade march in 1831 or 1834 [ 2 ] Par the Turinois Giuseppe Gabetti (it) [ 3 ] .
Composition [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The genesis of this work is not clear. According to some sources, the king of Sardinia Charles-Albert, shortly after his accession to the throne in 1831, would have expressed the desire to have a new march which would accompany his public appearances, to replace an old hymn which was executed by a Small group of fifres. General of Sonnaz, at the time colonel of the Savoy Brigade, would then have offered Giuseppe Gabetti (it) , conductor of this same regiment, to make a new march for the sovereign. Giuseppe Gabetti would then have composed two tunes and would have made them execute in the presence of Charles-Albert [ 4 ] . The first was a work from which he was fully satisfied, while the second convinced him less. The king would have just chosen the second [ 5 ] , following which the author would have himself destroyed the partition of the outstanded march [ 6 ] .
According to other sources, Giuseppe Gabetti and other composers, on the contrary, participated in a real competition for the choice of a new march. This competition was allegedly launched in 1834 by the first Secretary of State for War, Emanuele Pes Di Villamarina (it) Evens Gabiles Beau Aurait Gagné [ 5 ] .
In any case, in both cases, the author would have refused the price of 50 reads which would have been granted to him [ 5 ] , [ 7 ] .
Adoption [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The Royal march is introduced into a circular of of General Pes Di Villamarina as a special march of the grenadiers of Sardinia and more generally as a march for the nine other brigades of the Kingdom of Sardinia [ 6 ] , [ 8 ] . The new composition therefore becomes a prescription march for the kingdom’s troops and accompanies each public appearance of the king [ 7 ] .
The song is executed for the first time in public in , when King Charles-Albert reviews some troops gathered in San Maurizio Canavese for an instruction [ 6 ] . In 1848, the Sardinian hymn joins him as official music of the Maison de Savoie. The latter was produced in 1844 by Giovanni Gonella (it) sur una texte de vittorio angius (it) as a tribute from the Sardinian population to Charles-Albert [ 4 ] . But with Risorgimento, it is the Royal march which in 1861 became the official hymn of the new state [ 7 ] .
Critiques [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Although it was associated with the Maison de Savoie, which had contributed decisively to the unification of the country, in certain libertarian environments, the Royal march was not appreciated because of music, deemed rhetorical and bulky [ 9 ] and text (unofficial) that accompanies it. Indeed, it is more centered on the figure of the sovereign and the monarchical institution than on the history of Italy and on the battles for the emancipation of foreign powers, which, in each era, had made the peninsula a place of conquest [ first ] .
Among those who do not fully identify with the Royal march , there is Giuseppe Verdi, who, in his Nations hymn , a profane cantata composed on the occasion of the 1862 universal exhibition in London, uses a quote from Brothers of Italy , not Royal march , to represent Italy [ ten ] .
Despite these criticisms, no one ever thoughtfully thought of replacing the Royal march , which was only reinforced by the successes of Italy in the First World War [ 2 ] .
Cohabitation with fascist anthem [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
From 1925 [ 11 ] and until the fall of the Mussolinian regime, the Royal march was immediately followed, on all public occasions, to Youth , the official anthem of the national fascist party. We even thought of merging the two hymns: it is Umberto Giordano who is asked, but he refuses the invitation and the proposal is lost [ twelfth ] .
In 1931, at the Teatro Comunale de Bologne, Arturo Toscanini refused to execute the Royal march as well as Youth Before a concert in memory of Giuseppe Martucci. This leads him to an altercation with a fascist activist, which helps him to decide him to abandon Italy [ 13 ] .
Replacement [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Après the Armistice de Constible Du , the Badoglio I government, as a sign of discontinuity with the monarchy [ first ] , temporarily adopts the Song of the Piave national anthem [ 14 ] . This anthem is replaced in turn the Quony fresh term Minister of Galuvernetti DI Gespernus II, Fait Solitome I LE which follows, on the occasion of the oath of the armed forces, Brothers of Italy would be adopted [ 15 ] . Nevertheless, because of this complicated situation, it arrived after the fall of the monarchy that during certain sporting or institutional demonstrations organized abroad, the musicians of the inviting nations continued, to the great embarrassment of the republican authorities, to play it Royal march [ 16 ] .
Of our time [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The air of Giuseppe Gabetti remains the official music of associations and monarchist parties. Until the late 1970s, it is also an identity symbol of conservative Italians emigrated to America [ 17 ] , in opposition to those who identify with the Republic, attached on the contrary to the Garibaldi hymn de Luigi Mercantini [ 17 ] .
The Royal march , as an element of historical heritage, is still officially executed in public during traditional popular celebrations, such as the celebrations of San Gennaro, Saint Antoine or on the occasion of the day of Christopher Columbus of the Italian-American communities of many cities the United States [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] .
The Royal march is a major military march. It is executed by an orchestra of wind instruments and percussion. It lasts about 3 minutes. It has a martial look of about 120 beats per minute. Officially, there was no planned text [ 2 ] .
The composition is usually preceded by three trumpets and a brief fanfare of an unknown author, which may go back to XVIII It is century and which was probably at the start of a hunting air [ 20 ] .
The originality of the music has been questioned [ 21 ] . Indeed, the theme of Giuseppe Gabetti somewhat resembles the opening of Cinderella and a walk of Moses in Egypt , deux opscent rossini [ 5 ] . Nevertheless, the easily recognizable melody and the playful rhythm ensured success to the point that it was transcribed for the most diverse instruments, from the harmony orchestra to the symphonic orchestra, on the piano or the organ [ 2 ] .
The Royal march Being a purely instrumental composition, there is no official text. After Italian unit, when the song became a national anthem, we sought to add words to it, but the structure of the music is not very suitable for singing, and for decades it was difficult to apply a text to it [ 22 ] . Nevertheless, there are a few unofficial words, often of uncertain attribution, which accompanied the execution of the anthem on many occasions. One of the most widespread is the following [ 23 ] :
- Fanfare
| Words in Italian | Sense of words in French |
|---|---|
|
Hurish the king! |
Long live the king ! |
- Market
| Words in Italian | Sense of words in French |
|---|---|
|
Long live the king! Long live the king! Long live the king! When the enemies Aguinino The Alpe d’Italia Libera Like unanimous falanges |
Long live the king ! Long live the king ! Long live the king ! When enemies covet The foot of the hated barbarian Like unanimous phalanges |
- (it) Maurizio Ridolfi , Almanac of the Republic: History of Italy through the traditional traditions, institutions and symbols , Turin, Pearson Paravia Bruno Mondadori, , 409 p. (ISBN 88-424-9499-2 ) , p. 146 to 152
- (it) Caesar Caravaglios , ‘ The centenary of the royal march (1834-1934) » , Bulletin of the Historical Office of the Command of the Corps of General Staff , Rome, Typography of the Senate G. Bardi, , p. 892 to 907
- (it) Marco Grondona , Music lessons: an introduction to the history of music , Rome, Armando Editore, , 269 p. (ISBN 88-7144-970-3 , read online ) , p. 51
- (it) Aldo Alessandro Lord , History of the monarchy in Italy , Milan, Bompiani, , 910 p. (ISBN 88-452-5294-9 ) , p. 340 and 364
- (it) ‘ Gabetti Giuseppe » , on accessed encircodic
- (it) ‘ Memory of Gabetti » , The print , Turin, ( read online )
- (it) ‘ Royal march » , Eufonia
- (it) Alexander Vessella , The gang from the origins to the present day , Rome, National Editorial Institute, , p. 170
- (it) ‘ The royal march »
- (it) ‘ The symbols of the Republic – The national anthem » , on Presidency of the Italian Republic
- (it) ‘ The story of that forgotten fascist who wrote “youth, youth” »
- (it) Antonio Spinosa , Vittorio Emanuele III, the cunning of a king , Rome, Arnoldo Mondadori, , 464 p. (ISBN 88-04-33276-X ) , p. 314
- (it) Marco Padlocks , 101 Stories on Mussolini who have never told you , Rome, Newton Compton, , 363 p. (ISBN 978-88-541-4699-0 And 88-541-4699-4 , read online ) , p. 92
- (it) ‘ And the minister praised Campania Giovanni Gaeta » , Corriere della Sera , Milan, ( read online )
- (it) ‘ National anthem » , Presidency of the Council of Ministers
- (it) Michele Calabrese , ‘ The singing of Italians: genesis and vicissitudes of a hymn » , Bobbio notebooks , n O 3, , p. 110
- (it) Piero Drink water , Andreina By Clementi and emilio Franzina , History of Italian emigration: arrivals , Rome, Donzelli, , 847 p. (ISBN 88-7989-719-5 , read online ) , p. 32
- (in) Cyrus Paolotti , A military history of Italy , Santa Barbara, Greenwood Publishing Group, , 269 p. (ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9 , read online ) , p. 220
- (in) Augustus Ferraiuolo , Religious Festive Practices in Boston’s North End. Ephemeral Identities in an Italian American Community , Albany, State University of New York Press, , 307 p. (ISBN 978-1-4384-2814-7 , read online ) , p. 116
- (it) Francis Protonotary , New anthology , vol. 2, , p. 307 and 308
- (it) Joseph Miss , History of Turin , Saluces, editions vitality, , p. 107
- (it) Francis Sanvitale , Giuseppe Garibaldi, two centuries of interpretations , Rome, Gangemi, (ISBN 978-88-492-6974-1 ) , “Arturo Toscanini” , p. 401
- ‘ Royal march of ordinance »
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