[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mayotte-geography-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mayotte-geography-wikipedia\/","headline":"Mayotte geography – Wikipedia","name":"Mayotte geography – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Mayotte is a French overseas department and region located in the Indian Ocean [ first ] , composed of","datePublished":"2019-02-27","dateModified":"2019-02-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg\/330px-Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg\/330px-Mayotte_topographic_map-fr.svg.png","height":"414","width":"330"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mayotte-geography-wikipedia\/","wordCount":13895,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Mayotte is a French overseas department and region located in the Indian Ocean [ first ] , composed of several islands and islets.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4   Mayotte is part of the Comoros archipelago which is located in the Mozambique canal, which separates Madagascar from Africa [ first ] . The Mahorais territory is made up of several islands and islets covered with significant vegetation, the two largest are Big land And On the city (or Small earth ) surrounded by a 1,100 lagoon km 2 (one of the largest in the world) formed by a coral reef of 160 km Long, which surrounds almost all of the island except for a dozen passes, one of which is called pass in S. The lagoon is dotted with a hundred islets of coral origin or volcanic (such as mtsamboro).        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The center of Mamoudzou, economic capital, is in position 12 \u00b0 46 \u2032 52 \u2033 s, 45 \u00b0 13 \u2032 42 \u2033 E. The name of Mayotte comes from the Portuguese ” Mayotta \u00a0\u00bb, transcription du swahili \u00ab\u00a0 Maouti “, Himself apparently modeled on Arabic” Jazirat al mawet \u00bb( Death Island ) which would mean “death island” (probably due to the coral barrier surrounding the island and has long been a deadly danger for ships [ 3 ] ) [ 4 ] . In Shimaor\u00e9 (local dialect from kiswahili), the island is called ” Maor\u00e9 \u00bb.It is the southernmost island of the Comoros archipelago, ” Jouzor Al Kamar “In Arabic, that is to say the” islands of the moon “-this popular etymology is however apocryphal, the latter name coming rather from the ancient Arabic name of Madagascar,” Q(u)mr\u2019 \u00bb( Comoros ) [ 5 ] . In French, Mayotte is often nicknamed “the island of perfumes” [ 4 ] Due to the formerly intense culture of odoriferous flowers, notably Ylang-Ylang, symbol of the island [ 6 ] . Because of its form seen from the sky, it is sometimes also nicknamed “the island-hippocampus” [ 2 ] , or possibly “the lagoon island” according to certain advertising brochures, however less specific formula [ 6 ] . Mayotte’s first European name was apparently “island of the Holy Spirit”, attributed by Portuguese navigators at the start of XVI It is century. This appellation did not last, even if it continued to appear on the navy cards until XVII It is century, associated with an nonexistent island south of Mayotte and next to the other imaginary island of “Saint-Christophe” (errors probably linked to the topography of the peninsula south of the island, seen from afar at sea with a Approximation of distances, then to the summary postponement of observations on an exploration card, but corrected only in 1665 by John Burston) [ 7 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4  The “Go into” S “” , in the eastern barrier, is a high place of scuba diving. Mayotte is the oldest of the four large islands in the Comoros archipelago [ 8 ] , chainlets of lands which emerge above an in-shaped in the shape of a crescent moon, at the entrance of the Mozambique canal. Located at 295 km west of Madagascar and 67 km In the south-east of Anjouan, sometimes visible in the evening in Chinese shadow, it is made up of several islands and islets covered with exuberant vegetation, the two largest are great and small terre-backed to a coral barrier. This 160 coral reef km long surrounds a lagoon of 1,100 km 2 , one of the greatest and deepest in the world [ 9 ] . We find on a part of the coral barrier, a double barrier that is rare to observe on the planet [ ten ] . It protects from sea currents and ocean swell almost all of Mayotte, with the exception of a dozen passes, one of which is called “Go into” S “” . The lagoon of an average width of 5 to 10 km At a depth of up to a hundred meters. It is dotted with a hundred coral islets like Mtsamboro. This reef provides a shelter to boats and ocean fauna. Volcanic activity at the origin of the creation of the islands makes the soil particularly fertile [Ref. necessary] . All of Mayotte’s emerged land covers an area of \u200b\u200baround 374 km 2 , which makes it the smallest French overseas department (behind Martinique, already three times larger with 1,128 km 2 ). This surface is however difficult to assess precisely given the number of small uninhabited islets, part of which are completely underwater at high tide, but can reveal significant surfaces at low tide. The main islands are:  THE \u00abDear\u00bb form very red and very red and very sensitive to erosion lands (here on the Hauts de Vahib\u00e9).  The islands that form Mayotte are geologically the oldest in the Comoros archipelago [ ten ] . Their age from nine million years goes by decreasing from the Southeast (Mayotte) to the northwest (Grande Comore) [ 8 ] , although we observe both on the Grande Terre and on the island of Pamandzi, very recent devices (Maars) linked to phreatic explosions. The island ensemble is a vast volcanic shield of alkaline lavas with phonolitic extrusions like in Mont Choungui, relief in the shape of a conical ball, a fifth is still emerged. The center of the aircraft is at sea, to the west. An important subsidence took place, allowing in particular the establishment of a reef crown around the residual reliefs. Mayotte is the fruit of the meeting of two volcanic buildings whose genesis dates back to 15 millions years, but which have not come out of the water that there is 9 millions years (the island only represents 1 to 3% of the Mahorais volcanic cone, which descends up to 3,400 m depth). The lava at the start of fluid becomes more viscous 4 million years ago, stopping the enlargement of the island to constitute higher reliefs, which collapse largely 2 million years ago. The last large Mahorais volcano, that of M’TSAP\u00e9r\u00e9, died there is 1,5 million years, but small punctual eruptions (essentially explosive in the north) continued from 100,000 to 8,000 years ago, forming an island five times larger than today (1,800 km 2 Against 374 km 2 ) [ 11 ] . Petite -Terre separates from Grande Terre 7,000 years ago – date of the last explosion of Dziani [ twelfth ] -, and the current aspect of the island dates from about 3,000 years ago [ 11 ] . The Mahorais volcanism has been turned off for several millennia (the nearest active volcano is Karthala, in Grande Comore). The coralian growth, creator of white limestone (then sand of the same color), took over from the emerged land, characterized by black basaltic rocks, and subjected to erosion (they altered red, rich, rich, in iron hydroxides). During the major continental glaciations, 20,000 years ago, the lowering of the sea level of more than a hundred meters emptied the lagoons and brought up the reefs: thus the external coral barrier of Mayotte draws the contours of the island there At 12,000 years old, when the sea was much lower and the island less eroded [ 11 ] . The rivers, for a time retained, have pierced the passes in the barriers, in particular the “Go into” S “” . Then, with the marine lifts caused by post-glacial climate warming, corals resumed their builder builder about 9,000 to 6,000 years ago [ 11 ] . The contrast between coral and volcanic geochemia is in particular fully visible on the beaches of the north of the Grande Terre, near the island of Mtsamboro. The reefs of black stones, announcing the earth, contrasts strongly with the white beach of coral detrital sands. The island of Grande Terre has strong slopes, and especially in the vicinity of the ridges, a tropical erosion carries the fragile vegetation colonizing the padzas [ 13 ] , phenomenon aggravated by forest fires caused by illegal banana or cassava planters. Forestiers try to fix the soil degraded by acacia plantations. Mahoraise geology is mainly studied by the appendix installed in Mayotte of the Geological and Mining Research Office (BRGM), an industrial and commercial public establishment and “Reference public establishment in the applications of earth sciences to manage the resources and risks of the soil and the subsoil” [ 14 ] . Table of ContentsSeismic activity and history [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Earthly environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Marine environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Threat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Municipalities [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Intermunicipalities [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Seismic activity and history [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Lake Dziani is the vestige of one of the last volcanic craters in Mayotte (off around 500,000 years ago). It is at his foot, about ten kilometers from the shore and 3.5 km Depth, which appeared a new underwater volcano in early 2019, responsible for many earthquakes. Seismic activity is usually limited and deemed to at low risk [ 15 ] , Mayotte being classified as a moderate seismicity zone, which is why the island has only three seismological stations (supplemented when necessary by other more distant regional stations, including in Comoros and Madagascar) [ 16 ] . Some punctual earthquakes have been noted historically, as a 5.0 magnitude in September 2011 [ 17 ] . Recently an episode of earthquakes in swarm hit the island (from the May 10, 2018 and for more than a year) [ 18 ] , with more than 1,800 trees felt (magnitude greater than 3.5) [ 19 ] . The May 15, 2018 , an earthquake of a magnitude of 5.8 is recorded [ 20 ] : It is the most important earthquake ever listed in the Comoros archipelago, but it does not cause major damage. The swarm of earthquakes reached its climax in June with peaks to more than 80 earthquakes detected in one day. The BRGM first estimated that this exceptional phenomenon could be of tectonic origin (crustal rather than volcanic) [ 18 ] , with an epicenter located at sea at around 50 km de Mayotte [ 21 ] But to find out more in early 2019, the CNRS launched a terrestrial and marine campaign of seismic observation in Mayotte, with the help of the BRGM, the IPGP, the School and the Earth Sciences Observatory (CNRS\/ University of Strasbourg) and the Karthala volcanological observatory (CNDRS [ 22 ] , Great affairs) [ 16 ] . According to the elements available in spring 2019, plus 1800 earthquakes, located at 10 km East of Mayotte, were recorded, including around thirty magnitude greater than 5, clearly felt on the archipelago and having sometimes affected the building. In addition, low frequency waves (propagating well over long distances) have been identified by the global seismography network, whose 11 November 2018 , evoking a Tremor type phenomenon (usually imperceptible earthquakes caused by lifts of magma) [ 16 ] . The IGN also noted that the island was moving east at the speed of 14 mm\/month , while sagging slightly (about – 7 mm\/month , but already 13 cm in one year), which evokes a seismo-volcanic phenomenon [ 16 ] . In addition, the University of Reunion and the OVPF-IPGP have set up field missions to refine what we know about the tectonic and volcanic history of Mayotte (underlying tectonic structures, date of formation of various rocks magmatic, analyzes of soil gases, in particular to model geology and local risks) [ 16 ] . In May 2019 , the scientific campaign \u00abMayobs\u00bb reveals the existence of a volcano of 800 m altitude located at 50 km east of Mayotte, at 3,500 m depth, formed in less than a year from a base of 4 to 5 km of diameter [ 23 ] . The underwater seismometers revealed that the epicenters of the earthquakes were actually closer to Mayotte but also deeper, at 10 km east of Mayotte (against 50 according to the first estimates) but between 20 and 50 km of depth, which is surprisingly deep with regard to a magmatic chamber [ 24 ] . The bottom of the sea being already dotted with recent volcanic cones (less than a million years), the chances of seeing a new island emerge undoubtedly remain weak [ 24 ] .  Lake Dziani Dzaha, a geological and organic curiosity. Due to the small size of the island, no rivers can be navigable: if some sometimes reach an impressive flow at the height of the monsoon, most are almost completely dry during the dry season [ 25 ] . Mayotte only has two natural lakes: Lake Dziani, Lac de Crater en Petite-Terre whose waters are unfit for swimming, because loaded with sea and volcanic minerals and saturated with phytoplankton. Its area is approximately 17,5 hectares [ 26 ] ; Karihani lake, in the town of Tsingoni, the only natural extent of permanent fresh water [ 27 ] . It extends over a surface of 5 hectares in the rainy season which is reduced to 0.25  ha At the end of the dry season [ 26 ] . There is also an artificial lake in Doujani (of mining origin), and two large hill reservoirs (dam lakes) used for pumping drinking water: in Combani (1.5 Mm 3 , built in 1998) and in Dzoumogn\u00e9 (2 Mm 3 , built in 2001) [ 25 ] .There are also the Bada’s Smoad, a sea pond housing a large mangrove in the sea which connects to the sea at high tide. The supply of Mayotte with drinking water has been provided since 1977 by the SMAE (Mahoraise des Eaux company, a subsidiary of Vinci Construction Dom Tom and attached to the delegated management of the Indian Ocean) [ 28 ] . Due to the large population, the little fresh water available, the low restraint of this water and especially the vagaries of the rainy season, freshwater shortages can sometimes take place, such as water shortage from 2016-2017 [ 29 ] . 80% of the drinking water comes from water captured on the surface (mainly the two hill reservoirs), 18% come from deep boreholes and 2% from a seawater desalination station installed in Petite-Terre [ 25 ] . The infrastructure being far from sufficient to meet a strong growth demand (+10% per year), several major projects are being studied, in particular a third hill restraint which could be created by 202222 [ 30 ] .  Mayotte’s climate is resolutely tropical (Aliz\u00e9 Maritime).  The rainy season (February 2018). The climate [ thirty first ] is tropical of Maritime Aliz\u00e9, the average temperatures oscillate between 23 and 30 \u00b0C ( 25.6  \u00b0C annual average) and the hygrometry rate often exceeds 85%. There are two main seasons separated by two brighter intersisons: Rainy season or kiln : It is officially spread out first is November to April 30 [ 32 ] , with a monsoon heart from December to March, culminating in January. The average temperature is 27.4 \u00b0C . Humidity is 85% per day and 95% per night. Strong precipitation is brought by the northeast winds. Dzaoudzi thus receives more than a meter of water for a year, 80% of which during the rainy season [ 9 ] , and the floods are frequent, especially in the Mamoudzou region. This season is distinguished by the abundance of tropical fruits and a greenery covering the whole island. Dry season or cushion : It spreads from June to September. The season is dry and the trade winds appear. The average temperature is 24.7 \u00b0C . Vegetables take the place of fruit, dry grass and certain trees (especially baobabs) lose their leaves. Dissection from April to May or Matulahi : Temperatures drop and precipitation is rarer. Dissection from October to November or I GROB\u00c9NI : Temperatures and humidity are increasing. This is the period of plantations (cassava, bananas, corn …). The trees flourish. The prevailing winds according to the dry and humid seasons are the southwest trade wind and the northwest monsoon. Sea temperature oscillates around 25.6 \u00b0C , but can exceed 30 \u00b0C in the hottest season. Cyclonic storms, increased throughout their journeys by heat exchanged with hot surface water, are quite rare in Mayotte, protected by Madagascar. However, it sometimes happens that certain depressions bypass the island-continent, and they can then devastate vegetation and homes; Thus the cyclones of 1819, 1829 (with the collapse of Mont Kwale), 1836, 1858, 1864, 1898 (twice), 1920, 1934, 1950, 1962, 1975, 1978, d ‘ April 1984 (Kamisy, who devastates the island) or January 1987 , who almost shaved the island and made a total of hundreds of victims [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] .  Earthly environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Mayotte is a tropical island with sensational biodiversity: in particular, the Mahoran flora is one of the richest in the world compared to the area of \u200b\u200bthe island [ 35 ] . 5 577  ha (or about 15% of the island surface) have the status of “forest reserves”, protecting almost all of the wet natural forests [ 35 ] . Near turtle herbaria and their beaches are pushing baobabs Adansonia Digitata Who sometimes house colonies of rousses, a giant and frugivore bat. The most preserved landscapes are found in the south of Grande-Terre, especially at the tip of Saziley or N’Gouja, and also in the east of small land. In the forests and agro-commets of the archipelago, the brown lemur or \u00abMaki de Mayotte\u00bb , agile lemur which feeds on fruits and leaves, lives in a group of seven to twelve individuals, sometimes more in the areas where they are fed by tourists. These animals were probably imported by the first human populations to serve as a game, just like the Tangue or Malagasy hedgehog. We can also meet, more rarely, the Malagasy civet [ 36 ] . Only 15 species mammals are present on the island [ 37 ] , probably all imported by humans with the exception of bats. We count about 140 species from birds to Mayotte [ 37 ] , most typical of neighboring African and Malagasy lands, such as the Sad Martin, the Grande Aigrette or the Straw-En-Queue [ 36 ] . On the side of the reptiles, there are several species of geckos in Mayotte, including the beautiful but invasive gecko diurnal with gold dust ( Phelsum petals ), many scints and chameleons [ 37 ] , as well as some small endemic (harmless) snakes, mainly in the mountains. Mayotte is rich in biodiversity, but the primary forest regresses it in favor of cultures and homes. This deforestation generates risks of instability for land and the coast as well as pollution and degradation of the lagoon, while land pressure and demography are constantly growing [ 38 ] . Marine environment [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The Mayotte coral reef is particularly spectacular, and holding several probable records, such as that of the largest lagoon in the world, of the deepest, and one of the only ones to have a double barrier barrier [ 39 ] . The external coral barrier is 195 long km long, housing 1,500 km 2 lagoon, including 7.3 km 2 of mangrove [ 40 ] . There are at least 250 species different corals, 760 tropical fish species [ 40 ] , and the national inventory of natural heritage lists no less than 3,616 marine species, but this figure is probably very far from the real account. This region of the world being still very badly inventoried by scientists, the waters of Mayotte continue to conceal many unknown species of science, and allow significant scientific discoveries each year [ 41 ] . The hot waters of the lagoon can house the birthdays living on their reserves of southern fats, then their lactation small [ 42 ] , and several species of sea turtles come to lay on the beaches in the vicinity of their herbaries [ 43 ] . Mayotte waters house more than twenty species of marine mammals, a quarter of the known species [ 44 ] . Mayotte still hosts a small population of dugongs, estimated at less than ten individuals, and therefore in critical danger of extinction [ 45 ] . The lagoon is nourishing for fish, the mangroves play an ecological cleaning role, hindering the flow of sediments, increasing animal and vegetable density, in particular fish species at the juvenile stage. Several shark species are also present, but the meetings are rare and no accident has never been to be deplored in the territory [ 39 ] . Marine turtles (Green and Essentially Naked) and emblematic lagoon marine mammals are protected [ 43 ] . Mecca for laying of green turtles, Mayotte has approximately 4000 each year “Raise” of turtles who came to lay their eggs in the sand of at least 150 of the beaches of Mayotte [ forty six ] . Mayotte has four protected marine areas (where fishing and destructive activities are prohibited): the Saziley marine park, the S S (full fishing reserve), the Natural Site Protection Zone and the Natural Reserve National Mbouzi island [ 47 ] . The whole of the island and the waters which surround it is under the protection of the Mayotte marine natural park, which is not a protected marine area but a “Membership area” Where activities potentially harmful to the environment are subject to the approval of the management board. Threat [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Erosion of the floors (Little Terre). The earth runs to the lagoon and stifles the coral. Mayotte is a warm point of terrestrial and navy biodiversity, however this assembly is particularly vulnerable in the face of human overcrowding and the bad practices that accompany it. The researchers believe that the lagoon of Mayotte was one of the most beautiful in the world until the 1970s, but that it began to deteriorate from 1978 [ 48 ] , with a progressive siltation and a significant mortality of the coral in large areas, even if its current state undoubtedly always makes it the richest coral lagoon of all the French overseas departments. The threats to the ecosystem are in particular the species introduced and possibly invasive, with increasing risks of biological invasion; fragmentation by roads, which degrade the ecological integrity of the island; The degradation of coral reefs by pollution and by accumulation of terrigenous sediment (already several square kilometers are degraded in the lagoons of Mayotte, following the destruction of the forests which protected the soils of erosion) [ 38 ] . Although pesticides measured in water are (in 2011) less than in mainland France [ 49 ] (but higher in Guyana [ 49 ] ), fertilizers and pesticides, such as DDT, can also be carried away by rainwater and promote or even make coral whitening ( coral bleaching ) [ 50 ] , especially since part of these pesticides are dangerous smuggling products imported from neighboring countries, and used without any precaution by often illiterate farmers. Since 2018, a total of 470 species have been protected by prefectural decree: 220 animal species (sea or terrestrial) and 250 plant species [ 51 ] . Shellfish collection (industrial in the 1970s [ 48 ] ), excessive fishing, certain extractive activities (coral sand), agriculture and the rambling of animals can also have negative impacts. If the latest dugongs are now relatively well monitored [ 45 ] , poaching of sea turtles is still fierce in Mayotte [ 43 ] , [ 52 ] , where it is estimated that 10% of turtles laying on the beaches succumb under the machete of the poachers [ forty six ] . Poaching or unreasonable fishing also affect sharks, some molluscs [ 53 ] and sea cucumbers [ 54 ] . Slavy burn agriculture, very widespread, including in classified forest areas, seriously puts danger of land and sea ecosystems on the island [ 55 ] . Prefectural decrees have prohibited these practices (especially in 2017), but are practically not applied [ 51 ] . The decrease in the forest also threatens water supply and promotes erosion. The annual deforestation rate amounts to 1.2%, a significant value that brings Mayotte closer to Argentina or Indonesia, a country experiencing one of the most important deforestation in the world [ 56 ] . The waste problem is crucial for the future of the island in terms of tourism, ecology and public health [ 38 ] . A problem accentuated by different factors: the island and hilly character, the high population density (more than 500 inhabitants per km 2 on average), the absence of an appropriate collection system [ 57 ] (recycling centers, recovery of waste, trash cans and sufficient containers …) and a recent institutional framing (environmental code, waste management plans …). Water purification is also very insufficient, and a large part of the sewers is dumped directly into the mangrove. The chemical disruption of marine waters has also resulted in organic invasions, in particular by the devouring coral star Acanthaster Planci from the 1980s [ 48 ] . A complicated work (in the sense of the challenges, budgets and problems to meet for such a territory) is therefore to be done, in particular the restoration of ecological environments (mangroves, watercourse), cleaning the surroundings of roads and discharges, d ‘Environmental and town planning population [ 58 ] , [ 59 ] . Mayotte’s Marine Natural Park was created on January 18, 2010 : This is the first marine natural park created overseas, covering the entire exclusive economic zone (68,381 km 2 ) [ 44 ] . Fishing is authorized in the waters of the park according to certain regulations, and full reserves also exist, such as that of “Go into” S “” [ 44 ] . Since 2014, marine operators have been signatory to a “Mayotte nautical operators charter for respect for marine mammals and their habitats” [ 39 ] . Example of a beach polluted by garbage, in Majicavo. Environmental education is a challenge in Mayotte.  Colony of coral shattered, by an anchor or by an awkward swimmer. If she survives, she will take several long years to reconstruct herself.  Poaching scene in Petite-Terre. We see a green turtle carcass and shells exploded with strombes.  Devouring coral star in Bandr\u00e9l\u00e9. Following ecological disturbances, it can be subject to destructive invasions, as in 2011.  Environmental regulation panel for users of Mayotte islets.  Municipalities [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Mayotte has been counting since 1977 nineteen municipalities [ 60 ] . Each commune corresponds to a canton except for Mamoudzou which brings together three, which is nineteen cantons [ sixty one ] . Each of the seventeen municipalities most often brings together several villages. Unlike other departments which include several districts or only one (for Paris and the territory of Belfort), Mayotte officially has no district [ 62 ] ; Its territory can however be assimilated to a single district with a prefecture sitting in Dzaoudzi, which is the administrative chief town [ 63 ] , [ sixty four ] , although Mamoudzou welcomes the headquarters of the Departmental Council and most of the prefecture services [ 65 ] . The most populous municipalities are Mamoudzou, Koungou, Dembeni and Dzaoudzi. Intermunicipalities [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Between 2014 and 2015, an agglomeration community and four communities of municipalities were created. On other Wikimedia projects: \u2191 a et b (En-Eu)  ‘ Mayotte | The Comptoir de l’Outremer PACA 06 \u00bb  (consulted the April 22, 2022 )  \u2191 a et b Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Mayotte, the Isle-Hippocampus \u00bb , on Mayottehebdo.com , December 19, 2016 .  \u2191 H.D. Liszkowski, Mayotte and the Comoros: Stops on the India Road in the 15th and 18th centuries , Mayotte, Editions du Baobab, coll. “Memoirs”, 2000 , 414 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2-908301-18-0 ) .  \u2191 a et b ‘ Mayotte \u00bb , on axl.cefan.ulaval.ca .  \u2191 ‘ Comoros are the “Moon Islands”, according to their Arabic name ” Comoros \u00bb \u00bb , on Al-Kanz.org , 22 mars 2018 .  \u2191 a et b Discover Mayotte, a singular geopolitics , by the rector G\u00e9rard-Fran\u00e7ois Dumont, March 18, 2018, on The geopolitical review .  \u2191 Thierry Mesas (dir.), Mayotte heritage , M\u00e9tis colors, coll. “The lights of the Francophonie”, 2014 , 498 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2954010258 ) .  \u2191 a et b Ornella Lamberti, “The island with perfumes: Memoirs of an independent” , In GLITTER-Special special new arrivals , Mayotte, 2017 .  \u2191 a et b ‘ Geography & Climate \u00bb , on Outtre-mer.gouv.fr .  \u2191 a et b ‘ Diving in Mayotte \u00bb  \u2191 A B C and D Julien Perrot, ” 12,000 years ago, Mayotte was five times larger \u00bb, Mayotte Hebdo , n O 792, April 21, 2017 , p. 16-17 .  \u2191 Jonathan Paiano, ‘ Detection of the largest underwater volcanic eruption in history \u00bb , on trustmycience.com , May 22, 2019 .  \u2191 Padzas designate areas of land and\/or rocks in the geological sense, not covered by vegetation.  \u2191 ‘ BRGM, national geological service \u00bb , on BRGM.FR , July 19, 2017 .  \u2191 Didier Bertil, Julien Rey with participation of Gr\u00e9goire Dectot, Agathe Roull\u00e9 and Alison Colombain, ‘ Seismic crisis in progress in the Mayotte region since May 10, 2018 \u00bb , on BRGM.FR , May 15, 2018 .  \u2191 A B C D and E CNRS (2019) The CNRS is launching an observation campaign for seismic activity in Mayotte ; Communal du 22 F\u00e9vrier 2019  \u2191 Marion Ch\u00e2teauneuf, ” An earthquake of magnitude 5.0 shares the island \u00bb, Mayotte Hebdo , September 2011 .  \u2191 a et b Yohann Deleu, ‘ Three months of earthquakes: \u201cThe phenomenon is still in progress\u201d \u00bb , on Mayotte’s Journal , August 17, 2018 .  \u2191 C\u00e9cile Baquey, ‘ Earthquakes in Mayotte: the seismic swarm is not yet finished \u00bb , on La1ere.francetvinfo.fr , July 11, 2018 .  \u2191 (in)  ‘ M 5.8 – 33km E of Pamandzi, Mayotte \u00bb , on earthquake.usgs.gov , May 15, 2018 .  \u2191 ‘ Ship switchboard in Mayotte | Brgm \u00bb , on www.brgm.fr  (consulted the September 2, 2018 )  \u2191 National Center for Documentation and Scientific Research , Comoros.  \u2191 Anne Perzo-Laffont, ‘ Earthquake: The scientific mission discovers a volcano 800m high 50km from Mayotte \u00bb , on Mayotte’s Journal , May 16, 2019 .  \u2191 a et b Y.D., ‘ The questions you ask about the new volcano \u00bb , on Mayotte’s Journal , May 17, 2019 .  \u2191 A B and C ‘ Water in Mayotte, a fragile resource \u00bb , on Mahoraiseeseaux.com .  \u2191 a et b Laurence de Susanne, ‘ Kariani lake, refuge of water hens and small stills \u00bb , on lemayotte.com .  \u2191 ‘ Le lac karihani \u00bb , on Mayotte-tourisme.com .  \u2191 ‘ La SMAE \u00bb , on Mahoraiseeseaux.com .  \u2191 ‘ Mayotte faced with a serious shortage of water \u00bb, The Monde.fr , February 13, 2017 ( read online )  \u2191 Venunseren ‘ Mayotte: this France that is thirsty \u00bb , on alternatives-canconomiques.fr , 13 mars 2018 .  \u2191 Climate description , on the site M\u00e9t\u00e9o France Mayotte (Accessed April 17, 2017).  \u2191 HM, ‘ Meteorology: a return to normal \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , December 11, 2017 .  \u2191 Sa\u00efd Sa\u00efd Hachim, ‘ Cyclones in Mayotte, an apocalyptic show \u00bb , Mayotte Hebdo, September 13, 2017 .  \u2191 Marie C\u00e9line Moatty and Yves Moatty, Mayotte in 200 questions and answers , Chevagny-sur-Guye, Orphie, 2009 , 191 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-87763-479-3 ) .  \u2191 a et b ‘ Mayotte – Practical information \u00bb , on Outtre-mer.gouv.fr .  \u2191 a et b ‘ Life, on the earth side \u00bb, Caribou in Mayotte – Special Magazine New arrivals , 2017 , p. 64-65 .  \u2191 A B and C Ornella Lamberti, “The lands of Mayotte: fauna and flora” , In GLITTER-Special special new arrivals , Mayotte, 2017 .  \u2191 A B and C Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Mayotte animals: coral \u00bb , on Mayottehebdo.com , November 25, 2016 .  \u2191 A B and C Ornella Lamberti, “The lagoon of Mayotte, a real world gem” , In GLITTER-Special special new arrivals , Mayotte, 2017 .  \u2191 a et b Marc Allaria, Blue Africa: Mayotte , 2014 .  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ New in the lagoon? \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , July 3, 2017 .  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Back to school \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , September 13, 2017 .  \u2191 A B and C Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Mayotte’s lagoon turtles \u00bb , on Mayottehebdo.com , December 2, 2016 .  \u2191 A B and C ‘ Presentation \u00bb , on Aires-Marines.fr .  \u2191 a et b Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ The latest Mahorais sirens: the dugongs \u00bb , on Mayottehebdo.com , December 13, 2016 .  \u2191 a et b Ornella Lamberti (AFP), ‘ In Mayotte, the difficult fight against poaching of green turtles \u00bb , on Arte.tv , December 21, 2018 .  \u2191 ‘ Protected spaces, reserves \u00bb , on dm.sud-mindan-indien.devepience-durable.gouv.fr .  \u2191 A B and C Thomassin, B., 1986. Mayotte: a lagoon, why? To do what?, Mission report to Mayotte.  \u2191 a et b Cough (2013) Contamination of rivers by pesticides in 2011 (PDF 7 p.) And r\u00e9sum\u00e9 ), Figures and statistics, n O 436, July 2013.  \u2191 (in) William L. Steffen, A. Sanderson, P. D. Tyson, J. J\u00e4ger, F. Oldfield, K. Richardson, H. J. Schellnhuber, B. L. Turner II, R. J. Wasson, Global Change and the Earth System\u00a0: A Planet Under Pressure , Birkh\u00e4user, 2005 , 336 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 3-540-26594-5 , read online ) , p. 190  \u2191 a et b Sol\u00e8ne Peillard, ‘ Nearly 500 protected Mahorais species \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , December 18, 2018 .  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Protected areas to the test of reality \u00bb , on French Ecology Society , November 25, 2017 .  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Neptune’s gaze: Strombes \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , August 25, 2017 .  \u2191 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Ducarme, ‘ Holothuries, sea vacuum cleaners \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , April 24, 2017 .  \u2191 Gauthier Dupraz, ‘ Slab crops gnaw at the Handrema tip \u00bb , on Mayotte Hebdo , October 17, 2017 .  \u2191 Caroline Marie, ‘ The water shortage in Mayotte, a consequence of the massive deforestation of the island [Overseas planet] \u00bb , on la1ere.francetvinfo.fr , September 29, 2022 .  \u2191 Waste in Mayotte on 976.fr.  \u2191 Article and comments on mayototte.orange.fr .  \u2191 See on iedom.fr .  \u2191 The division into communes dates from 1977 (decree n O 77-509 du 18 May 1977 (Paru have Official newspaper the day after).  \u2191 At the creation of municipalities in 1977, each municipality formed a canton. Mamoudzou’s division into three cantons dates from the decree n O 94-41 of January 13, 1994.  \u2191 List of districts in the official geographic code at first is January 2015.  \u2191 Le chof-lieu administratif seran ( History and Geography , site of the Mayotte prefecture, accessed July 18, 2017), but the headquarters of the Departmental Council and the Prefecture are in Mamoudzou.  \u2191 Decree n O 77-129 of February 11, 1977 (published in Official newspaper The next day) indicates that the capital is set in Mamoudzou but that, until a date which will be specified by ministerial decree, this capital remains temporarily fixed in Dzaoudzi. This ministerial decree having never been taken, Dzaoudzi remains de jure the capital.  \u2191 Contact details of the prefecture of Mamoudzou on the state gate in Mayotte .        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