[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mildew-of-the-potato-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mildew-of-the-potato-wikipedia\/","headline":"Mildew of the potato – Wikipedia","name":"Mildew of the potato – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 A wikipedia article, free l’encyclop\u00e9i. after-content-x4 Phytophthora infestans Mildew symptoms on potato leaves after-content-x4 Species The Mildew of the","datePublished":"2018-02-01","dateModified":"2018-02-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Late_blight_on_potato_leaf_2.jpg\/240px-Late_blight_on_potato_leaf_2.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/aa\/Late_blight_on_potato_leaf_2.jpg\/240px-Late_blight_on_potato_leaf_2.jpg","height":"151","width":"240"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mildew-of-the-potato-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4129,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4A wikipedia article, free l’encyclop\u00e9i.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Phytophthora infestans  Mildew symptoms on potato leaves        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Species The Mildew of the potato is a cryptogamic disease caused by an Oomcyte family of Pythiaceae [ first ] , Phytophthora infestans , eukaryotic microorganism long considered a fungus. Widespread worldwide, this disease is the main enemy of potato crops, and was responsible for the great European famine of the 1840s which particularly struck Ireland and the Scottish region of Highlands. This species also affects the cultures of tomatoes and other Solanaceae [ 2 ] .          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The spores of this Oomcyte winter on infected tubers, in particular those which were left on the ground after the harvest of the previous year, or kept in heaps, and are quickly scattered in hot and humid weather [ 3 ] . This can have devastating effects by destroying whole harvests. The spores develop on the leaves, diffusing in the culture when the temperature exceeds ten \u00b0C And the humidity rate 75% for at least two days. The rain can cause spores in the ground where they can infect young tubers. Spores can also be transported by the wind over long distances. The first stages of the mildew go easily unnoticed, and all the plants are not affected at the same time. The first symptoms are the appearance of black spots at the end of the leaves and on the stems. White mold can appear on the underside of the leaves in wet weather and the whole plant can quickly sag. The infected tubers develop gray or black spots that become reddish brown under the skin, and quickly rot into a foul odor porridge under the effect of secondary infection by soft bacterial rot. Apparently healthy tubers can rot later during storage. The sequencing of the genome of Phytophthora infestans was completed in 2009. It has been found that this genome is considerably larger (240 MB) than that of other species of Phytophthora whose genome had already been sequenced; Phytophthora sojae has a genome of 95 Mb and Phytophthora branches 65 Mb. It also contains a different variety of transposons and many genic families coding effectors (protein) which are involved in the pathogenic properties of the OomyCycet. These proteins are divided into two main groups depending on whether they are produced by omomyCyte in the symplasm (inside vegetable cells) or in apoplasm (between vegetable cells). Proteins formed in the Symplasm include RXLR proteins, which contain a Arginine-X-Leucine-Arginine sequence (where X can be any sequence of amino acids) to the amino ending of the protein. RXLR proteins are avirulence proteins, which means that they can be detected by the plant and cause a hypersensitive response, killing OomcyC\u00e8te. Phytophthora infestans contains about 60% more of these proteins than other species of Phytophthora And this can allow him to defeat the host defenses faster. Those found in the apoplast include hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, lipases and glycosylases which degrade the tissues of plants, enzymes inhibitors for protection against the defending enzymes of the host and necrotizing toxins. Overall, the genome has extremely high repetitive content (around 74%) and a distribution of unusual genes: some areas contain many genes while others contain very little [ 4 ] , [ 2 ] . While the potato has been introduced in Europe from the Andean Altiplano at the end of XVI It is century, Mildiou was unknown in Europe and North America until the middle of the XIX It is century.The original area of Phytophthora infestans is probably located in the Hauts-Plateaux in the center of Mexico. Another hypothesis is an origin in the Andean Highlands where the mildew of the potato was probably present before its arrival in Europe. The arguments that campaign for a Mexican origin are the great genetic diversity of the strains present in Mexico and existence in central Mexico of resistance in certain plants of the genre Solanum , in particular species Solanum lowered And Solanum stoloniferum . These have been used to introduce mildew resistance genes in cultivated potatoes [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . Mildew disease on potatoes, which seems to be of Andean origin [ 8 ] is observed for the first time in the United States near Philadelphia in 1843. It then appeared in Europe, in the north of France in 1844 [ 9 ] , in Belgium in 1845. The vector of this migration is probably constituted by contaminated tubers [ ten ] .Mildew is one of the causes of the great famine in Ireland in the years 1845\u20131851 which caused hunger of more than a million people and the emigration of two other million Irish. The species is genetically diverse [ 11 ] , [ twelfth ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] And very adaptable. [ 15 ] It bypasses the defenses of its host and the pesticides successively invented or used, giving rise to possible and periodic resurgence [ 16 ] , that phytopathologists try to follow or anticipate, of which in France [ 17 ] and in Europe where we are trying to identify any more aggressive new lines [ 18 ] . By means of genomics we also seek to better understand the factors of virulence in question [ 19 ] . We have thus recently observed in England and in the northwest European appearance within the population of Grams infesting An emerging, invasive and aggressive line called “13_a2”; New genotype with a high level of sequence polymorphism and a remarkable level of variation in the expression of genes during infection, and in particular effective genes which we assume that they play a major role in the pathogenicity of the parasite . This line touches previously resistant potato cultivates [ 20 ] .  Potato tuber reached by mildew Mildew of the potato was one of the more than 17 agents that the United States studied as potential biological weapons before the biological weapons program was suspended [ 21 ] . France, Canada, the United States and the Soviet Union have also done research on Phytophthora infestans as a biological weapon in the 1940s and 1950s [ 22 ] . \u2191 (fr)  ‘ Phytophthtora infestans (Mont.) Bary x potato \u00bb   \u2191 a et b (in)  Sudeep Chand, ‘ Killer genes cause potato famine \u00bb , BBC News, September 9, 2009 (consulted the September 26, 2009 )  \u2191 Paul A. Koepsell et jay w. Pscheidt , 1994 Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Control Handbook , Corvallis, Oregon State University Press, 1994 , p. 165  \u2191 (in) Brian Haas, et al., ‘ Genome sequence and analysis of the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans \u00bb , Nature , vol. 461, September 17, 2009 , p. 393-398 (DOI\u00a0 10.1038\/nature08358 , read online )  \u2191 (in) D. Andrian , ‘ The origin of Phytophthora infestans populations present in Europe in the 1840s: a critical review of historical and scientific evidence \u00bb , Plant pathology , Aberystwyth University, vol. 45, n O 6, 1996 , p. 1027\u20131035 ( read online ) .  \u2191 (in) Niklaus J. Green forest , Oswaldo A. Rubio-Covarrubias and William E. Fry , ‘ Potato Late-Blight Management in the Toluca Valley: Forecasts and Resistant Cultivars \u00bb , Plant Disease , The American Phytopathological Society, vol. 84, n O 4, 2000 , p. 410-416 ( read online ) .  \u2191 Grunwald NJ, Flier WG (2005) The biology of Phytophthora infestans at its center of origin . Annu Rev Phytopathol 43: 171\u2013190  \u2191 Gomez-Alpizar L, Carbone I, Ristaino JB (2007) An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 3306\u20133311.  \u2191 Jacques Barnouin, Ivan knows et al. ( pref. \u00a0Marion Guillou), Emerging diseases: epidemiology in plants, animals and humans Versailles, which coll. “Syntheses”, 2010 , 444 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-7592-0510-3 , ISSN\u00a0 1777-4624 , read online ) , I. facets and complexity of emergence, chap. 2 (“emerging diseases affecting plants”), p. 25 , free access.  \u2191 Michel Lacroix, ‘ Evolution of mildew: major changes in the populations of Phytophthora infestans \u00bb , Agri -R\u00e9seau – Quebec, December 2000 (consulted the November 9, 2012 ) .  \u2191 Goodwin SB (1997) The population genetics of Phytophthora . Phytopathology 87: 462\u2013473  \u2191 Day JP, Wattier RAM, Shaw DS, Shattock RC (2004) Phenotypic and genotypic diversity in Phytophthora infestans on potato in Great Britain , 1995\u201398. Plant Pathol 53: 303\u2013315  \u2191 Fry WE, Gr\u00fcnwald NJ, Cooke DEL, McLeod A, Forbes GA, et al.. (2008) Population genetics and population diversity of Phytophthora infestans. Oomycete Genetics and Genomics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. PP. 139\u2013164  \u2191 15.Brurberg MB, Elameen A, Le Vh, Naerstad R, Hermansen a, et al. (2011) Genetic analysis of Phytophthora infestans populations in the Nordic European countries reveals high genetic variability . Fungal Biol 115: 335\u2013342  \u2191 9.Brasier CM (1992) Evolutionary biology of Phytophthora. 1. Genetic system, sexuality and the generation of variation. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30: 153\u2013171  \u2191 Fry WE, Goodwin SB (1997) Resurgence of the Irish potato famine fungus . BioScience Vol. 4: 363\u2013371. doi: 10.2307\/1313151  \u2191 Duvauchelle S, Dubois L, diverted D (2009) Evolution of the population of Phytophthora infestans in France measured by epidemiologic and phenotypic markers . 834: 149\u2013154.  \u2191 Gisi u, Walder F, Resheat-eini Z, Edel D, Sierotzki h (2011) Changes of genotype, sensitivity and aggressiveness in Phytophthora infestans Isolates collected in European Countries in 1997, 2006 and 2007 . J Phytopathol 159: 223\u2013232  \u2191 Raffaele S, Win J, Cano LM, Kamoun S (2010) Analyses of genome architecture and gene expression reveal novel candidate virulence factors in the secretome of Phytophthora infestans . BMC Genomics 11: 637  \u2191 David E. L. Cooke & Al. Genome Analyses of an Aggressive and Invasive Lineage of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen , PLOS Pathogens\u00a0; October 4, 2012  \u2191 (in)  Chemical & Biological Weapons (CBW) , James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies , Middlebury College, April 9, 2002, accessed February 4, 2010  \u2191 (in)  Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Suffert, \u00c9milie Latxague, Ivan Sache, \u00ab Plant pathogens as agroterrorist weapons: assessment of the threat for European agriculture and forestry \u00bb, Food Security , vol. first, n O 2, 2009 , p. 221\u2013232 (DOI\u00a0 10.1007\/s12571-009-0014-2 , r\u00e9sum\u00e9 )  Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] On other Wikimedia projects:        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/mildew-of-the-potato-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Mildew of the potato – Wikipedia"}}]}]