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(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (The “[backup] program of art, monuments and archives”) is a group created in June 1943 by General Eisenhower, and commonly nicknamed the ‘ Monuments Men \u00bb . He is responsible for following the allies in order to recover the many works of art stolen by the Nazis. Indeed, spoliation by the third Reich is estimated at more than five million tables and sculptures [ first ] .          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4 The Second World War was for the Nazis the opportunity to plunder the whole of Europe, amassing millions of works of art (probably more than five million works). In France, the large collections held by Jews – such as those of Paul Rosenberg, Rothschilds, or David -Weill – were looted and taken to Germany [ 2 ] . Nazi confiscation services specially established (such as Einsatzstab Reichsleiter agencies), undertake, from lists [ 3 ] Established well before the outbreak of war, looting and confiscation of public and private collections in all the countries they occupy as well as the spoliation of Jews which begins in Germany in 1933 [ 4 ] . Small teams in France, Belgium and the Netherlands are completely emptying all Jewish apartments (a total of 70,000 homes, 38,000 in Paris, 38,000 in Paris [ 5 ] ) as part of Furniture action . Valuable objects are burned, books are used to feed the Library of the School of NSDAP [ 6 ] . Organized by the Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg, this spoliation concerns the Jews (the first collection targeted in France is that of the Rothschilds [ 7 ] ) but also museums and private collections in all occupied countries. The Nazis justify this pounding by the Art protection , principle of preserving the artistic heritage and the gigantic German museum project, the Guide museum . Some states or individuals take action to evacuate their masterpieces before the invasion of the axis forces, such as the Louvre museum [ 8 ] . The Nazis use the Mus\u00e9e du Jeu de Paume as a central deposit before orienting the works towards different destinations in Germany. A large part of this war loot is transferred at the end of the war in three mines near Salzburg, the best known being the Altaussee salt mine with more than 2,000 pieces [ 9 ] . Rose Valland, conservation attach\u00e9 of the Jeu de Paume museum, then draws up a specific inventory of the works that pass through the museum and try to know their destinations (at the top of the list, Hitler and its museum Guide museum As well as the personal collection of Hermann G\u00f6ring), the names of the persons responsible for transfers, as well as the number of convoys and carriers [ ten ] .  The art curator George L. Stout persuades the military command combined to create the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program , American organization. Its members, Monuments Men , men with a museum curator, art historian, architect or archivist, are initially responsible for preserving fights, churches, museums and national monuments during the progression of the allies and then, at the end of the war to find the goods looted by the Nazis and to assess them [ 11 ] . The June 23, 1943 , the President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt trains the American commission for the protection and rescue of artistic and historical monuments in the war zone. It is better known as the Roberts commission thanks to its director Owen J. Roberts.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4To help American troops, ” Monuments Men ” are created. They provide information on cultural heritage and intervention areas. They protect works in combat zone but are also responsible for looking for missing works and establishing inventories to be able to return them to their owners. This group is made up of approximately 350 men from 13 nations different. The people engaged in this group were mostly directors or conservatives of museums, art historians, architects, artists, soldiers or academics. Table of ContentsTraining engaged [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Training engaged [ modifier | Modifier and code ] List Men monuments Foundation [first] , consulted the June 20, 2021 . List of monuments staff, fine arts, and archives (in) : Here is a list of staff who participated in the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program in the civil and military affairs sections of the Allied armies government between 1943 and 1946. As the allied forces progressed across Europe, releasing the territories occupied by the Nazis, the Monuments Men are present on the front lines, but in very small numbers. Missing of resources, documentation, or supervision, the handful of officers they are mainly based on the knowledge they had acquired by working in museums, and on their resourcefulness, because the task they must face is unprecedented. They work in the field as part of the Shaef operational branch, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force In Europe, commanded by Eisenhower, and take an active part in the preparation of field operations. During the preparation of the taking of Florence – used by the Nazis as a provision distribution platform because of its central position in Italy – Allied troops are based on aerial photographs provided by MFAA members ( ‘ Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program \u00bb ) on which monuments of cultural importance are marked, so that pilots can avoid damaging them during bombing. At XXI It is A century again, the recovery of works stolen by the Nazis and their restitution are not completed, as shown in particular the discovery of the partor partly stolen held in Munich by the collector Cornelius Gurlitt.   General Eisenhower inspecting stolen works of art discovered in Merkers.   After the war, between 1945 and 1951, the Monuments Men will seek and succeed in locating five million works to return them to the people to whom they had been stolen. The Americans and the Allied forces in Europe gradually discover hidden warehouses where works of art without price are stored, mixing those which came from the looting carried out by the Nazis with others, not stolen these, but evacuated of various museums to shelter them. THE Monuments Men Then supervise their protection, their cataloging, their packaging and their removal. Thus, in Italy, the management of museums has sent its collections to different locations located in the countryside, such as the Ch\u00e2teau de Montegufoni, in Tuscany, which have housed some of the main parts of the Florence collections (the Adoration of the Magi De Domenico Ghirl\u00e9aio, le springMps of sandro botticelli et la Viergin of each other by Giotto di Bondone). As the Allied troops are progressing in Italy, the German armies fold north, stealing when passing the paintings and sculptures of these provisional warehouses. When German forces approach Austrian borders, they are forced to store most of their loot in different hiding places, such as a castle with Sand in Taufers and a prison cell in San Leonardo. From the end mars 1945 , the Allied forces are starting to discover these hidden warehouses, during what will become “the biggest treasure hunt in history”. In Germany alone, American forces will find some 1,500 caches of art objects or cultural interest torn from institutions or natural persons across Europe, mixed with art collections from German or Austrian museums evacuated to protect them. Soviet troops, for their part, make some discoveries, such as the treasures of the extraordinary Dresden Transport Museum (in) . Among the works of works of art discovered by Monuments Men In Austria, Germany and Italy, there are in particular: Berchtesgaden, Germany, where the 101 It is airborne division, nicknamed the ‘ Screaming Eagles \u00bb , the “howling eagles” find more than 1,000 paintings and sculptures stolen by the Reichsmarschall Hermann G\u00f6ring. The cache had been evacuated from its property, Carinhall, and transported to Berchtesgaden in April 1945 To protect it from the progress of Russian troops. BERNERODE, in Germany: the Americans find there four coffins containing the remains of the greatest leaders of Germany, and in particular those of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric le Grand and du General field marshal Paul von Hindenburg. They also find in the mine 271 Tables , including portraits of courtyard of the Palais de Sanssouci in Potsdam, which had been hidden behind a locked door and a brick wall of almost 1.5 meters. The site had been initially used as a military supply and ammunition storage complex where hundreds of people worked under the constraint. Merkers, in Germany: the Kaiserode mine in Merkers is discovered in April 1945 By the third American army, commanded by General George S. Patton. The gold of Reichsbank is discovered there, as well as 400 paintings Berlin museums and many cases containing various treasures. Another discovery, more sinister this one, is that of gold and personal objects from the victims of the Nazi concentration camps. Ch\u00e2teau de Neuschwanstein, in Germany: there are more than 6,000 objects stolen by ERRs in this castle, the Restry rod Reichleiter Rosenberg , the NSDAP section directed by Alfred Rosenberg and responsible for managing the “legal” looting of the Jews. This is where we find the parts of private collections from France, including furniture, jewelry, paintings and other objects. THE Monuments Man James J. RIMER, captain of the American army, oversees the evacuation of the warehouse, which also contained documents from ERR. Altaussee, in Austria: this vast complex implanted in salt mines served as gigantic warehouse for works of art stolen by the Nazis, as well as for others from Austrian collections. For the only area of \u200b\u200bpainting, more than 6,500 paintings are discovered in Altaussee. Among the main works found there, there are works belonging to Belgium, such as the Madone they are used of Michelangelo, stolen from the Notre-Dame de Bruges church, The mystical lamb From Ghent, Jan Van Eyck. We still find it The astronomer And The art of painting de Vermeer, which were to constitute the centerpieces of Guide museum From Hitler to Linz, Austria. It is also in the warehouse of Altaussee that we discover paintings coming from the Museum of Capodimonte of Naples, in Italy, which had been stolen by the first re Division parachute tank Hermann G\u00f6ring \u00e0 Monte Cassino, en Italie. San Leonardo, Italy: in a prison unit of this city in the north of the country, Allied troops discover paintings from the Florence Offices Museum which had been discharged in retirement troops. Among the masterpieces thus found, there are paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Filippo Lippi and Giovanni Bellini. As we approach the end of the war against Japan in 1945, George Stout and another Monuments Man , Major Laurence Sickman recommend creating a branch of the MFAA ( Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives ). This is how the Arts and Monuments Division from Civil Information and Education Section of the headquarters of the supreme command of the Allied forces in Tokyo. George Stout directs this division of the month of August 1945 Until the middle of the year 1946 approximately [ 13 ] . Langdon Warner, an archaeologist responsible for oriental art at Fogg Art Museum de Harvard, advises the Japanese section of the April MFAA in September 1946 . Among the other members of the Arts and Monuments Division de Tokyo, on compte Howard Hollis, le lieutenant-colonel Harold Gould Henderson\u00a0 (in) , Lieutenant Sherman Lee (in) and Lieutenant Patrick Lennox Tierney (in) [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . \u2191 Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Nahmias, Pierre Bellemare, Survey of 25 fabulous treasures , Flammarion editions, 2012 , p. 23  \u2191 “The true story of Monuments Men “, on Le Figaro .  \u2191 Lists established by art historians and thanks to espionage, they include tables which they considered to be recovered by Germany or be the subject of the right of pre -emptation because they are deemed as of Germanic origin.  \u2191 Lynn H. Nicholas, The looting of Europe: works of art stolen by the Nazis , \u00c9ditions du Seuil, 1995  \u2191 Sarah Gensburger, ‘ The Banality of Robbing the Jews \u00bb , on The New York Times , November 15, 2013  \u2191 Annette Wieviorka, Floriane Azoulay, The looting of apartments and its compensation , French documentation, 2000 , 111 p.  \u2191 Henri Loveoux , The life of the French under the occupation , Paris, Fayard publisher link = Fayard (publishing house), 1961 , p. 393  \u2191 Michel Rayssac, The exodus of museums: history of works of art under the occupation , Payot, 2007 , 1006 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-228-90172-7 And 2-228-90172-5 )  \u2191 Sidney Kirkpatrick, Hitler’s sacred relics , The seeking noon, 2012 , p. 221  \u2191 Rose Valland, The art front. Defense of French collections 1939-1945 , Lead, 1961 , 262 p.  \u2191 Robert Edsel, Men monuments. Rose Valland and the expert commando looking for treasures stolen by the Nazis , JC Latt\u00e8s, 2010 , 451 p.  \u2191  www.monumentsmenfoundation.org  \u2191 a et b Rihhoko Ueno , ‘ Monuments Men in Japan: Discoveries in the George Leslie Stout papers \u00bb , Archives of American Art , on Smithsonian Institution , October 29, 2012 (consulted the September 20, 2013 )  \u2191 Bruce Weber, Sherman Lee, Who Led Cleveland Museum, Dies at 90 , New York Times , July 11, 2008; Kappes, John. Sherman Lee, who led the Cleveland Museum of Art to global renown, dead at 90 , The Plain Dealer (Cleveland), July 9, 2008.  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] (in)  Robert M. Edsel et Bret Witter, Men monuments: Allied Heroes, Nazi thieves, and the biggest treasure hunt in history , Center Street, 2009 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1599951492 ) (in) Howard Brinkley, MFAA : The history of the monuments, fin arts and archives programs (ALSO known as Monuments men) , BookCaps Study Guides, two thousand and thirteen ( read online ) (in)  Review of the repatriation of Holocaust art assets in the United States\u00a0: hearing , DIANE Publishing (ISBN\u00a0 978-1-4223-2359-5 , read online ) (in)  Patrick Bunker, Monuments Men: Rose Valland: The Inspirational Adventures of The Monuments Men , CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014 (ISBN\u00a0 978-1497353459 ) ROBERT M. EDSLSE ENGRY MARE BUBORTHEYN, Men monuments: Rose Valland and the expert commando looking for the largest Nazi treasure , Folio, 2014 (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-07-045381-8 ) Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/monuments-fine-arts-and-archives-program-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program \u2014 Wikip\u00e9dia"}}]}]