[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/parc-national-tyresta-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/parc-national-tyresta-wikipedia\/","headline":"PARC National Tyresta \u2014 Wikipedia","name":"PARC National Tyresta \u2014 Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The Parc National de Tyresta (in Swedish: Tyresta National Park ) is located in the municipalities of Haninge and","datePublished":"2017-11-27","dateModified":"2017-11-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Carte_Tyresta.svg\/370px-Carte_Tyresta.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/Carte_Tyresta.svg\/370px-Carte_Tyresta.svg.png","height":"212","width":"370"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/parc-national-tyresta-wikipedia\/","wordCount":14484,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The Parc National de Tyresta (in Swedish: Tyresta National Park ) is located in the municipalities of Haninge and Tyres\u00f6 of the County of Stockholm, in the historic province of S\u00f6dermanland. This Sweden National Park covers 1 962  ha and is surrounded by the Tyresta nature reserve, for a total of nearly 5 000  ha Protected, in direct contact with the Metropolis of Stockholm.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Tyresta landscape is a tray interspersed with small valleys according to fractures of the gneissic base. The floor layer on the tray is very lean and the Sylvestres Pine Forest that develops there is therefore relatively poor. However, despite its proximity to Stockholm, it is largely an old forest, not affected by the forest industry. The park thus constitutes a refuge for many plant and animal species which are also threatened by this industry. The region emerged approximately 10,000 years ago and was quickly colonized by humans, first in a seasonal, then permanent way. The villages of Tyresta and \u00c5va, which border the park, date from the end of the Germanic age. The forest is during the entire Middle Ages used in a limited manner by these villages. The first major developments date from XVIII It is A century when rivers are used to activate water mills. But from the XIX It is century, the forest industry developed and a large part of the forests is exploited. However, one of the owners of the village of Tyresta refuses to give in its rights, which saves the forest which now constitutes the heart of the park. From 1936, it was gradually bought by the municipality of Stockholm, and became a recreation area for its inhabitants. In 1978, the heart of the forest was protected as a nature reserve and then, in 1993, the National Park was established. In 2017, the park is still a very popular natural site, especially for residents of the capital, and has a total of 320,000 visitors per year. The main activity is the hike, allowing to appreciate the old forests and to discover the vast zone ravaged by a fire in 1999 where nature is gradually regenerating.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4  The oldest mention of the name ‘ Tyresta \u00bb in the archives dates from 1362, in the form Thyristum [ S 1 ] . The etymology of this name was initially interpreted as a derivation of the female first name Thyre with suffix Sta (D) signifier “Place inhabited” [ S 1 ] , [ first ] . However, the name comes more likely from the old word Tyr \/ Break signifier “hilly terrain”, with many rocky heights [ S 1 ] , [ first ] . Toponyms ending up Sta (D) generally date from the Iron Age, around the year 600-700 [ S 1 ] . Table of ContentsLocation and borders [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Relief [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Climate [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Hydrography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Flora [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Wildlife [ modifier | Modifier and code ] From prehistory to the Middle Ages [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Exploitation of the forest [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Protection [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Location and borders [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The National Park of Tyresta is located on the island (or peninsula depending on the definitions [ 2 ] ) the S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn, \u00e0 3.5  km Coasts of the Baltic Sea, in the municipalities of Haninge and Tyres\u00f6 of the County of Stockholm, in the province of S\u00f6dermanland, in Sweden in Sweden [ S 2 ] , [ S 3 ] . It is bordered to the northwest by the suburbs of the city of Stockholm and is located in 20  km downtown [ S 3 ] . It covers an area of 1 962  ha [ S 3 ] . It is largely surrounded by the nature reserve of Tyresta , an area of 2 949  ha , most being east of the park, but a small part separated from the rest is in the west around the village of Tyresta by [ S 3 ] . They together form the forest of Tyresta ( Tyrestaskogen ) [ T 1 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4 Carte du Parc de Tyresta. Relief [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The park consists of a rocky platform with relief little pronounced without any significant height in the landscape [ S 2 ] . The highest points are located north of the lakes \u00c5rsj\u00f6n and Stensj\u00f6n, with a maximum altitude of approximately 85  m [ S 2 ] . However, this set is traversed by a network of valleys, most often oriented according to a North-South axis, but also for some according to a south-west north-east axis [ S 2 ] . These valleys are most often short, but some exceed the ten  km , telles la Vall\u00e9e d’\u00e5va ou cell du lac L\u00e5ngsj\u00f6n [ T 2 ] . They are most often shallow, with some exceptions where the walls drop abruptly 20 To 30  m , welcoming lakes within them, as in Lycksj\u00f6n and Stensj\u00f6n [ T 2 ] , [ S 2 ] . The landscape thus formed takes in Sweden the name of Crackdals landscape ( “Fracture valley landscape” ) [ T 1 ] . It is a fairly rare landscape in the world, but frequent in Sweden (present in eastern Svealand, Bohusl\u00e4n and Blekinge for example) [ T 1 ] .  Lac Lycksj\u00f6n on the border of the National Park. Climate [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Tyresta’s climate is a wet continental climate (DFB according to K\u00f6ppen’s classification) [ 3 ] , but proximity to the Baltic Sea and Lake M\u00e4lar gives the region a certain oceanic character [ 4 ] . Annual precipitation in Tyresta are around 700  mm [ S 4 ] , the platforms being more humid than the coast which typically receives around 450  mm [ 5 ] . The maximum humidity is reached in July-August [ 4 ] and low precipitation in spring and early summer can cause some drought [ S 4 ] . In winter, precipitation comes in snowy form, and the snowpack is maintained on average 80 days [ S 4 ] . The duration of vegetation (number of days when the average temperature exceeds 5 \u00b0C ) is about 190 days [ S 4 ] . Acid rains have decreased since the 1970s [ S 4 ] . In 2008, each hectare received between 3 And 4  kg sulfur via precipitation; Forecasts for 2020 are evaluated about approximately 2 To 2.5  kg per year [ S 4 ] . The same trend is observed for nitric acid [ S 4 ] . These values \u200b\u200bare considered satisfactory, even if the effects of acidification are always visible, the soil slowly reacting to changes [ S 4 ] . Meteorological statement near Tyresta Month jan. feb. mars april May June jui. august sep. oct. nov. dec. year Average minimum temperature (\u00b0 C) \u22124.5 \u22125,4 \u22123,4 0.2 4.9 9.7 13 12.3 8.7 4.7 0.5 \u22122,8 3.2 Average temperature (\u00b0 C) \u22122.3 \u22122,9 \u22120,4 3.9 9.2 14 17 15.9 11.8 7.1 2.5 \u22120.6 6.3 Average maximum temperature (\u00b0 C) \u22120.2 \u22120.5 2.5 7.5 13.5 18.3 20.9 19.6 15 9.5 4.4 1.5 9.4 Precipitation (mm) 30.2 21.2 20.5 27.5 25.8 40.8 53.5 60.9 45.8 43.7 46.2 39.1 464.6 Source\u00a0: Global species [ 3 ] Climate diagram J F M A M J J A S O N D Average: \u2022 Temp.  maxi And mini  \u00b0C  \u2022 Precipitation  mm Hydrography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  The \u00c5va\u00e5n stream in the park. The hydrographic network of Tyresta National Park is mainly articulated around two rivers: Bylsj\u00f6b\u00e4cken And \u00c5va\u00e5n [ T 1 ] . Bylsj\u00f6b\u00e4cken takes its name by leaving the lake Bylsj\u00f6n Then heads west [ T 3 ] . He leaves the park near Tyresta village , joins Lac Lycksj\u00f6n on the eastern border of the park and then continues in the suburbs of Stockholm where it is channeled, flowing in the Tyres\u00e5n river at the lake of lake Drevviken Before finally joining the Baltic Sea [ T 3 ] . In total, Bylsj\u00f6b\u00e4cken extends over a length of 15  km , but within the park, it is only a stream, which can even dry up in summer [ T 3 ] . Most of the park is occupied by the river basin \u00c5va\u00e5n [ T 4 ] . It is formed by the confluence of the streams M\u00f6rtsj\u00f6b\u00e4cken And \u00c5rsj\u00f6b\u00e4cken then continues south, passing through the lake Stensj\u00f6n , and leaving the park at the village \u00c5va. It then continues in the Tyresta nature reserve to the bay \u00c5vaviken , in the Baltic Sea. These two rivers are regulated by several dams and \u00c5va\u00e5n in particular has been used for a long time to activate water mills [ S 5 ] . The National Park has nine lakes without counting Lac Lycksj\u00f6n along its western border, representing a cumulative area of 85  ha [ S 5 ] . They are most often oligotrophic lakes (low in nutrients) [ S 5 ] . They are mostly shallow, except Stensj\u00f6n ( 21  m ), and regulated with the exception of Bylsj\u00f6n [ S 5 ] . Some of them are very elongated, which is due to the presence of the fracture valleys. Outside the lakes, the amount of wetlands is relatively modest, like the rest of the region [ S 5 ] . These are generally small peat bogs, poor in nutrients, distributed evenly in the forest [ S 5 ] . East of the park, between \u00c5rsj\u00f6n and Lycksj\u00f6n, some reach larger dimensions, but remain poor in nutrients and there is only near \u00c5va that a rich peat bog [ S 5 ] .  The section burned in 1999 clearly shows the very thin layer of floor on the trays, the Gneiss base being most often bare. The park is dominated by rocks of the continental base of the Scandinavian shield dating from the Orogenesis of Svecofennids, a mountain range which formed about 2 billion years ago, in an area corresponding to the current East Sweden and most of Finland [ T 5 ] . This chain was then eroded until forming the current peneplaine [ T 5 ] . The rocks are largely shales and sandstorphized sandstone in gneiss [ T 5 ] . There is also a variety of red granite north of Stensj\u00f6n, dating from the same period, but from a deep fusion [ T 6 ] . Another type of granite, slightly leafy, is present in the East which has infiltrated cracks during Svecofenian orogenesis [ T 6 ] . Finally, basic rocks (green rocks) are present in several localities, for example near \u00c5va or near Lanan which give rise to a locally richer flora [ T 6 ] . This continental base is sometimes interspersed with dykes, including in particular pegmatite dykes ( 1.8  For ) et des Dykes de Diabase ( 1.2  For ), the latter identified for example south of Stensj\u00f6n, are basic and therefore also promote a richer flora [ T 7 ] . The Svecofenian peneplaine was covered with marine sediments, but it emerged again during the Caledonian orogenesis (about 400  And ) and erosion removed this sedimentary layer [ T 2 ] . Erosion also enlarges the flaws and diaclases of the base, which forms the small valleys of fractures [ T 2 ] . In Tyresta, these flaws have played little and therefore the two sides of the valleys are generally at the same height [ T 2 ] . Quaternary glaciations have left relatively few brands in the landscape [ T 7 ] . The most widespread brands are the glacial streaks, mainly according to an NNO-SES axis [ S 6 ] . The erratic blocks are quite rare, the only notable example being a block south of Upper cart [ T 7 ] . Finally, moraines are almost absent, which is due to the post-glacial rebound [ T 7 ] . Indeed, at the end of the last ice age, about 11,000 years ago, Tyresta was entirely under the water level of Lake Baltic Proglacial [ S 7 ] . The isostatic rebound, initially rapid, allowed Tyresta’s summits to emerge in the form of islets about a thousand years after [ S 7 ] . The moraines and other quaternary sediments were then decapped by the sea, and only survived in the hollow of the valleys, which are thus the most fertile terrains today [ T 7 ] . The post-glacial rebound still continues, the soil rising on average 4  cm decade [ T 7 ] . Flora [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Tyresta forest vegetation One of the main riches of the park lies in its cover, for a large part, by an old or even primary forest, with almost no trace of any exploitation by the forest industry [ S 6 ] . On the 3 915  ha of cumulative forests between the reserve and the national park, approximately 1 300  ha are considered primary, mainly in the western part of the park [ T 1 ] . The forest is therefore made up of trees of all ages and also a large proportion of dead trees, at different levels of decomposition [ S 6 ] . Two main types of forest are distinguished. The predominant type is a forest of Sylvestres pines ( Pinus sylvestris ), covering most of the Tyresta plateau [ S 6 ] . At this place, the humus layer is lean, the rocky base often flush [ S 6 ] . The forest is sparse and the vegetation of the undergrowth is poor, with above all heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), but also sometimes red areas ( Vaccinium vitis-idaea ) and blueberries ( Vaccinium ) [ S 6 ] . The second type brings together common spruce forests ( Picea abies ), located especially in the valleys and on the slopes of the plateau [ S 6 ] . The undergrowth are, in these areas, covered with blueberries [ S 6 ] . Apart from these two species of conifers, the forests are made up of a number of hardwoods, often scattered, mainly pubescent birches ( Birch pubescent ), trembles ( People trembling ) as well as pedunculated oaks ( Quercus Robur ) [ T 1 ] . The deciduouss are in much greater proportion in the area of 450  ha ravaged by the fire in 1999, being among the first to recolonize this area [ S 6 ] . The richest forests are located in the coastal valleys of the nature reserve [ S 6 ] .  Wood died in a Tyresta spruce forest. The presence of dead wood is a characteristic of natural forests, and is very important for their biodiversity. It is therefore above all their good state of conservation which makes the richness of these forests. Thus, many pines over 300 years old, especially west of Lake \u00c5rsj\u00f6n [ S 6 ] , dating from the fire of 1652 [ T 8 ] . These old forests also include plant species that do not support the forest industry, such as the umbel pirole ( It’s lybaered umbellata ), the crawling goody\u00e8re ( Goodyera repens ), the flattened lycopod ( Diphasiastrum leveled ) or even boreal linen ( Linnaea borealis ) [ S 8 ] . A large number of mushrooms are in the same situation, such as rare colossus tricholome ( Tricholoma Colossus ) as well as many species feeding on wood [ S 8 ] . The park also presents a wide variety of foam and lichens, with more than 800 species in total, ie a quarter of the species identified in the country [ S 9 ] . Wetlands are not very numerous and relatively poor [ S 5 ] . These are mainly small peat bogs, sometimes covered with pubescent birch ( Birch pubescent ) and Aulnes ( Alnus ) or even pines, but some are larger and open [ S 5 ] . Typical plant species are cranberry ( Vaccinium oxycoccos ), the vagin\u00e9e Linaigrenette ( Eriophorum vaginatum ) and various species of laiches ( Carex ) [ S 5 ] . Similarly, the lakes of Tyresta are mostly oligotrophic, while the lakes of Bylsj\u00f6n, \u00c5rsj\u00f6tj\u00e4rn and treh\u00f6rningen are dystrophes with their characteristic brown waters [ S 5 ] . Wildlife [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Near the rivers several trees are partially or completely cut by the beaver from Tyresta. Wildlife is relatively characteristic of Swedish forests. Twenty mammal species are identified [ T 1 ] , with in particular impulses ( Alces alces ) and deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), but also wild boars ( Sus scrofa ) whose population increases, although they are especially frequent in the southern and east parties of the reserve [ S 9 ] . A beavers’ population ( Castor fiber ) is well established, in particular around lakes Nedre Dammen and Stensj\u00f6n [ S 9 ] . Among the predators, the red fox ( Foxes ) is the most common, but the boreal lynx ( Lynx lynx ) is sometimes seen [ S 9 ] . More than 200 species of birds have been identified in the park, of which a hundred regularly nodded [ S 10 ] . In addition to the most common species in Swedish forests such as familiar red ( Erithacus Rubecula ), the Pouillot Fitis ( Sylvia trochilus ) and the pinson of trees ( Ecological coelebs ) [ 6 ] , we find species that prefer old forests, such as the large tetra ( Tetrao Urogallus ), several species of peaks ( Picinae ), the red -white red ( Phoenicurus phoenicurus ) or Le Gobemouche Nain ( FICEDINGA Little ), the latter being relatively rare in the country [ S 10 ] . A family typically associated with ancient forests are the strigids, including the owls and owls, and one of these species, the experienced of Europe ( Glaucidium Passerinum ) appears on the National Park logo [ 7 ] . Finally, the oldest sections of the Tyresta forest are particularly conducive to a very large number of insect species, many of which are threatened in Sweden [ S 11 ] . An inventory after the 1999 fire also revealed a large number of species of insects that depend on the forests burned for their survival [ S 11 ] . It was the first time that such a post-start inventory was carried out in the country, and around 250 species were thus observed for the first time in Sweden, and even some species ever scientifically described until then, such as C\u00e9cidomyie ( Tritozyga Tyrestaensis ) which owes its name to the park [ S 11 ] . Regarding aquatic fauna, Tyresta is especially notable for its trout population ( Trutta Psalm ) in the \u00c5va\u00e5n river [ S 5 ] . This population has been studied since the late 1920s and has been used to repopulate rivers in the region, which justifies the classification of this small river as one of the three most important in Stockholm County by the Swedish Fisheries Directorate ( The Fisheries Authority ) [ S 5 ] . The watercourse and its trout population are the subject of active protection, which includes in particular the use of lime to correct the acidity that would otherwise probably decimate the species in this river [ 8 ] . From prehistory to the Middle Ages [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Ruins of the fortified hill north of Stensj\u00f6n. The 1999 fire offered a rare opportunity for archaeologists to study old human traces on clear ground, and considerably increased the number of objects listed in the park [ 9 ] . The summits of Tyresta emerged approximately 10 000 To 9 500  years , and formed an isolated archipelago, called Hanveden archipelago [ 9 ] , which was very quickly used by the first humans of the region, living, among other things, with seal hunting and fishing [ S 7 ] . The traces of this era in Tyresta are stones used as fading or fragments of cut quartz, as well as bones of burnt seals [ S 7 ] . These populations probably did not live permanently about this small archipelago but spent winter in the land which at that time extended to approximately Kilsbergen [ S 7 ] . About 9,000 years ago the islands reached sufficient size for the establishment of a permanent population, the sea level being then at the current altitude of 60  m [ 9 ] . For 2,000 years (level of occupation between 60 And 45  m altitude), these islands shelter a large population, as evidenced by the many archaeological discoveries, but this then changes, with a very clear reduction in traces of occupation [ S 7 ] . This is perhaps linked to the development of agriculture, pushing the inhabitants to more fertile land than the rocky plateaus of Tyresta, such as the Esker of Stockholms\u00e5sen [ ten ] , [ 11 ] .  Runic registration of Tyresta by. A new phase of colonization seems to emerge towards the age of Vendel (from the year 550); Residents then become sedentary, and settle for example in Tyresta by or \u00c5va [ S 7 ] , [ S 1 ] . The village of Tyresta by is surrounded by tombs of this time, with tumuli or stone formations, and in one of these tombs, a silver piece of the silver X It is century from current Afghanistan was found, suggesting that the inhabitants were in contact with the merchant city of Birka located not far [ S 1 ] . This room and jewelry exhumed in the tombs also indicate that the inhabitants of the village were relatively easy [ S 1 ] . There is also a rune text engraved on a rock near the village, approximately dated 1050: the runic stone of Tyresta [ S 1 ] . Finally, we find in the park the ruins of a fortified hill immediately north of Stensj\u00f6n, called Stensj\u00f6borg , whose age is difficult to estimate [ S 1 ] . Exploitation of the forest [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The park can be divided into two sections having experienced a very different story, the limit corresponding approximately to the border between the municipalities of Haninge and Tyres\u00f6 [ S 1 ] . To the west, the forest belonged to the peasants [ S 1 ] . The few documents available indicate that at XVI It is century, the village of Tyresta by was only made up of a family, and later in 1767, the village extended to five farms [ S 12 ] . The population at the end of XVIII It is century was probably between 75 and 95 inhabitants [ S 12 ] . Farms had a traditional structure with fields and meadows near the village and a forest area around where the pasture and wood use for personal needs were practiced only [ S 12 ] . Most of the forest of the current commune of Tyres\u00f6 was part of the domain of the Ch\u00e2teau de Tyres\u00f6, built by Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna in the 1630s [ S 12 ] . The village of \u00c5va by counted at XVI It is century two farms with owner families, but they were incorporated into the castle domain in XVII It is century [ S 13 ] .  Historical building in Stensj\u00f6dal. During the XVIII It is century, a certain number of changes in the hydrographic network were made to increase and control the flow of the river \u00c5va\u00e5n , used by water mills [ T 4 ] . A dam was built on the small lake of The old dam (the old dam) in order to divert the waters towards \u00c5rsj\u00f6n [ T 4 ] . Upper pond (the dam from above) was built on the peat bog Leaning which thus became an extension of the lake of Stensj\u00f6n , et an aval, \u00e0 stensj\u00f6dal, Fut Construit The lower pond (the dam from below) also transforming a peat zone into a lake [ T 4 ] . It is at the level of the latter that the mill activating a sawmill was, as well as a small forge and some homes [ T 4 ] , [ S 13 ] . Towards the end of XIX It is century, the site still included sawmill as well as a flour mill [ S 13 ] . Many of these buildings and the surrounding dwellings are still visible in 2017 [ S 13 ] . Similarly, despite the abandonment of the sawmill, the dams are still present, with the exception of that of range Leddammen, and allow a speed control to promote the population of trout [ S 13 ] .  At XIX It is century, the pressure on the forests of the country increased. The use of a part of the Tyres\u00f6 domain was entrusted to peasants, and at the beginning of the century, despite the owner’s instructions recommending moderate use, some of these forests probably suffered significant exploitation, especially in the borders of the ‘current nature reserve, but also locally in the park [ S 13 ] . At the end of the century, the Tyresta by forest was divided into twenty plots but was still only exploited in a small scale [ S 12 ] . This changed in the 1910s [ twelfth ] with the construction of a sawmill south of Tyresta by the company Elektraverken which made, among other things, bulbs [ T 8 ] . Most of the inhabitants yielded their rights of exploitation of the forest with the exception of Emma Sofia Dahlgren who had with her sister of most of the forest north of the village [ T 8 ] . Within the borders of the current park, the slaughter of the forest was therefore limited to the area near the village and around Lake bylsj\u00f6n [ T 8 ] . By this refusal to yield her rights, Emma Dahlgren has therefore saved the ancient forest of Tyresta, which is one of the main reasons for the existence of the National Park today [ T 8 ] . Protection [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Maria Lovisa, Emma Dahlgren’s sister died in 1927 [ twelfth ] . His disappearance allowed the Torsten Kreuger industrialist to buy the entire village and associated forests [ T 8 ] . He wanted to make forests a park for hunting and fishing; He wanted to constitute ponds and shoot down 25 000  m 3 Of wood [ T 8 ] , [ S 14 ] . But the forest ranger Erik Hedeman-Gade noticed that the forest was very old and opposed it, considering that it had too much value to be slaughtered [ T 8 ] . He contacted the Swedish Protection of Nature Association and its director Sten Selander and pleaded for the protection of the forest [ T 8 ] . Luckily, the gentle winters had lowered the demand for firewood, and therefore its price, delaying slaughter, and in 1936, thanks to the commitment of the association, the municipality of Stockholm bought the land to make it A recreation zone [ T 9 ] . In 1948, the town bought the area around \u00c5va, which was still part of the Domaine du Ch\u00e2teau de Tyres\u00f6 [ S 14 ] . The following year, Stockholm decided to shoot down the southern part of the forest, but the protests of the inhabitants of the city dissuaded him [ T 9 ] . In 1961-1962, the town still extended its possessions north of \u00c5va to the Tyres\u00e5n river [ S 14 ] , and in the late 1960s, several roads were built to facilitate the fight against forest fires [ T 9 ] . In parallel, votes arose to demand legal protection of the area, in a period when nature protection was a controversial subject in the country [ T 9 ] . In particular, in 1973, the association Save the Tyrestaskogen (literally “save the Tyresta forest”) was founded to protect the forest, among others, from the town planning plan, a golf course and a holiday village [ S 14 ] . The association proposed the foundation of a nature reserve around the primary forest, and after a few years the county studied the proposal [ T 9 ] . Things accelerated in 1978 when a company tried to exploit the area around \u00c5va, and the county established a temporary reserve the following year, preventing any slaughter for 6 years [ T 9 ] . This reserve only included the primary heart of the forest, and during the expiration of the temporary reserve, the county proposed to renew the reserve according to the same limits [ T 9 ] . Many people demonstrated for protection of the entire surface belonging to the municipality. This approach culminated in February 1985 with the sending of 10,000 postcards to city politicians [ T 9 ] . The municipalities of Haninge and Tyres\u00f6 as well as the Swedish Agency for the Protection of Nature ( The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency ) supported the proposal, and in 1986, the reserve was created, on an area of 3 700  ha [ T 9 ] .  The area burned twelve years after the fire in 1999. At that time, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Worked to modernize the concept of national park in the country, based on the recommendations of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and published in 1989 its foreground on the national parks, in which was in particular proposed the creation of around twenty new national parks [ T 10 ] . Among these was the heart of the Tyresta reserve, considered as an exceptional example of the fracture valleys landscapes [ T 10 ] . A working group was trained to develop this project and fix the details, and the municipality of Stockholm sold the park’s grounds to the state for a symbolic price of 1,000 wreaths (to be compared to the 35,000 crowns she had spent for the field in 1936) [ T 10 ] . A small portion that did not belong to the town was also bought to have a more coherent delimitation [ T 10 ] . In 1993, the Parliament entered the creation of the national park, for an area of \u200b\u200bnearly 2 000  ha , and at the same time, the county of Stockholm extended the nature reserve which then reaches approximately 3 000  ha [ S 14 ] . To manage this set, the foundation The Tyrestaskogen Foundation was created, bringing together representatives of The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency , you Comt\u00e9 de Stockholm, et des Communes de Haninge, Tyres\u00f6 et Stockholm [ S 14 ] . In 2006, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency acquired a large part ( 1 700  ha ) of the Tyresta reserve, the rest still belonging to the municipality of Stockholm [ S 14 ] . The first is August 1999 , following a particularly hot and dry summer, a forest fire declares itself in Tyresta [ 9 ] . Despite the efforts of the authorities, 450  ha go up in smoke in a few days [ 9 ] . This very violent event leads to the disappearance of almost all trees, and receives significant media coverage [ 9 ] . Once extinguished, this fire offers a unique occasion in Sweden for scientists to study the region, in particular the regeneration of the forest [ 9 ] . These studies have made it possible to better understand the importance of forest fires for biodiversity [ 9 ] . The Tyresta National Park and Natural Reserve are managed and administered by The Tyrestaskogen Foundation , a foundation that brings together the The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency et les conseils d’in administration du comita de stockholm et des Communes de Stockholm, de Haninge et de Tyres\u00f6 [ S 15 ] . The land belongs to the state, through The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency [ S 3 ] . This foundation is thus responsible for the protection of the natural and cultural heritage of Tyresta, compliance with the rules as well as the promotion and accessibility of Tyresta to visitors [ S 15 ] . These operations are partly funded by the yield of a placement fund of 39 million crowns [ 13 ] . To optimize site management, reserve and park are divided into five zones, with different rules and objectives [ S 16 ] . The park itself is located mainly in areas I And II , in which nature evolves without human influence, with the exception of tourist infrastructure (such as trails and shelters) [ S 16 ] . These tourism infrastructure is prohibited in the area I (Coeur zone) but are present and can be developed to a certain extent in the area II [ S 16 ] . For the most part, tourist infrastructure is however located in the area IN , which corresponds to the entry zones of Tyresta, mainly located in the nature reserve apart from a small part south of the park, near Stensj\u00f6dal [ S 16 ] . Tyresta is one of the most visited national parks in Sweden with a number of visitors estimated at around 320,000 people per year [ 14 ] . The park is relatively unique because of its proximity to the capital Stockholm, being considered a kind of urban park by the inhabitants [ S 17 ] . The Tyresta by farm and the information center ( Naturum ) are also a destination for many schools, with around 300 classes or 10,000 students in 2011 [ S 17 ] . However, a significant proportion comes from further on, including foreigners, who constitute for example 16% of visitors to Naturum [ S 17 ] . The main tourist attractions of the site are nature, in particular old forests and the area burned during the 1999 fire [ 15 ] . The main entrance to the park is Tyresta by, accessible by a road connected to the national road 73, as well as by bus, connected to the Stockholm suburban trains network [ S 17 ] . The village is an important tourist site due to its cultural landscape, and also includes information and an inn [ S 17 ] . This is particularly where the main information center is located ( Naturum ), which has the distinction of presenting information not only on Tyresta but on all the national parks of Sweden, hence its name National Park House ( “The house of national parks” ) [ S 17 ] . The building has the shape of a Sweden card [ 16 ] , the entrance corresponding to the Stockholm region. The park also has a secondary entry in \u00c5va [ S 17 ] . These two inputs provide access to 55  km Park trails [ S 17 ] . It is possible to spend the night in a tent in the park near the few sites fitted out for camp fires; For the largest groups, it is possible to rent the building The flour residence \u00e0 stensj\u00f6dal [ 17 ] . Le Village de Tyresta village. (sv) Communes de Haninge et Tyres\u00f6, Comt\u00e9 de Stockholm, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Care plan for Tyresta National Park and Tyresta Nature Reserve , 2012 ( read online  [PDF] ) (sv) Claes Foundation stone , Tyresta: National Park near Stockholm , Stockholm, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2001 (ISBN\u00a0 91-620-1217-7-7 ) \u2191 a et b (sv) Gunnar Linde , Studies over the Swedish STA names , 1951 ( read online ) , p. 194 .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Why is S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn-Nacka Sweden’s third largest island? \u00bb , on Central Bureau of Statistics .  \u2191 a et b (in)  ‘ Climate Data for Latitude 59.25 Longitude 18.25 \u00bb , on Global species  (consulted the April 6, 2013 ) .  \u2191 a et b (sv)  ‘ S\u00f6dermanland – Nature – Climate \u00bb , on National Encyclopedia  (consulted the April 11, 2017 ) .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ S\u00f6dermanland’s climate \u00bb , Swedish Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, first is November 2009 .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Wildlife \u00bb , on Tyresta .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Lundin, Jonas \u00bb , on Birds, stamps ooh postcards .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ The \u00c5va\u00f6ringen \u00bb , on Tyresta .  \u2191 a b c d e f g and h .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Stone Age, Iron Age and Historical Time at S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn \u00bb  [PDF] , on The National Antiquities Office .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Regional cultural environment program \u00bb  [PDF] , on The County Administrative Board in S\u00f6dermanland .  \u2191 a et b (sv)  ‘ Emma Dahlgren, the woman who saved Tyresta \u00bb , on Commune d’Haninge , 2015 .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Management \u00bb , on Tyresta .  \u2191 (sv) The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Visitor survey in Sweden’s National Parks , The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2015 (ISBN\u00a0 978-91-620-6687-1 , read online  [PDF] ) .  \u2191 (sv) Peter Fredman you will not give Hansson, Visitors to Tyresta National Park , European Tourism Research Institute, 2003 (ISSN\u00a0 1404-6040 , read online  [PDF] ) .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Naturum National Parks House \u00bb , on Sweden’s national parks .  \u2191 (sv)  ‘ Overnight \u00bb , on Sweden’s national parks .  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] (sv) Lars Magnusson , Trollskogen Tyresta-\u00c5va: A book about Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve , Haninge, Hanveden, 1993 (ISBN\u00a0 91-87736-20-9 ) (sv) Claes Foundation stone , Tyresta: National Park near Stockholm , Stockholm, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2001 (ISBN\u00a0 91-620-1217-7-7 ) Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The version of May 17, 2017 of this article was recognized as ” quality article \u00bb, That is to say that it meets quality criteria concerning style, clarity, relevance, quotation of sources and illustration.          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