[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/prunus-avium-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/prunus-avium-wikipedia\/","headline":"Prunus avium \u2014 wikipedia","name":"Prunus avium \u2014 wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The cherry [ first ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] or Cherry of birds ( Prunus","datePublished":"2018-02-27","dateModified":"2018-02-27","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Guinda_2.Galiza.jpg\/135px-Guinda_2.Galiza.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Guinda_2.Galiza.jpg\/135px-Guinda_2.Galiza.jpg","height":"120","width":"90"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/prunus-avium-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6248,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The cherry [ first ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] or Cherry of birds  ( Prunus avium ) is a tree from Europe, Western Asia and North Africa (Western Pal\u00e9arctic) belonging to the Prunus genus of the family of Rosaceae . It is sometimes called wild cherry [ first ] , [ 2 ] or wood cherry .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4With the acid cherry tree ( Prunus cherry ), it is one of the two species of wild cherry trees at the origin of the currently cultivated varieties. Its domesticated form is known as the generic name of sweet cherry , divided into Guignier (soft, juicy, slightly tangy flesh) and Bigarreau (bigarreaux with firm, sweet flesh and of which there are a multitude of varieties such as Burlat, Marmotte, Napoleon, Reverchon, Hedelfingen, etc.). Clusters [ 2 ] is another name of the Putiet, or Putier [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] ( Prunus soles ).          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4(\u2261) Cerasus avium (L.) Moench (=) Prunus avium was. sylvestris (Ser.) G. Markets & kemmers (\u2261) Prunus cherry was. avium L. (basionyme) (=) Prunus Macrophylla Poir. The wild cherry, Prunus avium is present in Europe from the Neolithic era, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries [ 6 ] . Sweet cherry cultivars are very close to the forms of Prunus avium wild that is found throughout temperate Europe, in the Caucasus and northern Turkey [ 7 ] . The fruits of this wilderness are the same dark red color. M\u00fbrs, they have sweet flesh but which can be bitter, without being acidic. Before being cultivated, these wild merises were harvested as attested by nuclei found on Neolithic and Bronze Age sites, in central Europe [ 7 ] . The cultivation of the cherry for its fruits would go back to the IV It is century BC, according to the archaeological traces found in Asia Minor (Caucasus, Anatolia). The first cultures would be Greek and then Roman. According to the Roman encyclopedist of I is century, Pliny (H.N. Book XV, 37), General Romain Lucullus, during his military campaign against the king of the bridge (south coast of the Black Sea), would have discovered and appreciated the cherries of the city of Cerasus (Currently, the Turkish city of Giresun) and would have brought them back to Rome in 68 BCE.The Roman armies would then have dispersed the varieties of cherry trees cultivated throughout Europe.As Candolle pointed out in 1882 “It must be said once again that there were cherry trees – at least that of birds – in Italy before Luculus, and that the illustrious gourmet did not have to look for the species with acidic or bitter fruit. I have no doubt that he had not gratified the Romans with a good variety cultivated in the bridge and that the cultivators did not havetened to propagate it by the transplant, but that is what the role was limited of Luculus ” ( Origin of cultivated plants , 1882). The Greek doctor of I is century, Dioscoride, mentions Kerasia which consumed fresh, are good for the intestine (of Medical matter , 1-157).        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The genetic and morphological analysis of the nuclei of Prunus found immersed in the water, during excavations of the Roman site Street tasgetium [ 8 ] (Eschenz, near Lake Constance, in Switzerland, from -100 to +300) made it possible to establish that on 3,500 cores of Prunus , 90% came from cherries A. birds \/ cherry and the rest consisted of plumberiers ( P. Spinosa ), plummers ( P. insitia ) and plums ( P. domestic ). We also know that the cherry was not known in the eastern Mediterranean [ 9 ] “It seems that the cherry was not known in the region [Eastern Mediterranean] during the Biblical, Mishnatic and Talmudic era, never had an important economic role and was not cultivated” (Lev & Amar 2007). Cherry trees would have arrived in Palestine at the time of the Crusades.In China, Prunus avium was not native, alone Prunus pseudocerasus Lindley (Yingtao \u6a31\u6843) had been cultivated for centuries for its scarlet red fruits, in the East and North regions [ ten ] . The cherry tree Prunus avium was introduced by ports in northern China [ 11 ] and named yangyingtao Yang Cherry “Cerisier \u00e9tranger” [ twelfth ] . Genre Prunus is made up of many species, which is sometimes difficult to differentiate.  Flowers of Prunus avium in Germany. The cherry tree [ 13 ] is a large right and cylindrical barrel, very rapid growth, which reaches 15 to 25 m high and 0.60 m of diameter. He lives about 100 years and is very demanding in light. Its fine bark tends to exfoliate in Horizontal strips . The young twigs are brown-red, brilliant . The leaves are elliptical, alternate, dent (precisely Biserret\u00e9es). The petiole 2-7 cm long, carries two red glands at the base of the limb (the extra-floral nectaries of myrmecophytes). These nectarifers glands are also present in other species of the genus Prunus [ 14 ] . Its pedunculated white flowers are arranged in small side bouquets . Flowering takes place in April-May, just before the Feuillaison. It is an allogamous, self -employed species whose cross -fertilization must be ensured by pollinating insects. Its fleshy fruits (merises), long pedunculated are edible but bitter. They can be used in distillery to make kirsch. The cultivated sweet cherry is dark or black red, sweet or acid. Port: narrow and relatively clear peak, often regularly vertical, at least in the young age. In the adult state, rounded pea with slightly drooping branches at their end. Rooting: powerful, deep roots and fairly long tracing roots, sometimes drating -boring. Covered: light. Produces an ineffective litter, easy to decomposition, generating good and improving good humus. Table of ContentsDistribution [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Habitat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Distribution [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The cherry tree grows spontaneously [ 15 ] throughout Europe, in the Caucasus and Western Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey). It is cultivated for its fruits or its wood in all temperate regions of the world. Habitat [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Naturally not abundant and dispersed in the forest, this tree is not a pioneer essence. It therefore requires to flourish an atmosphere and a forest micro-climate. It is nevertheless increasingly planted in the mixed population, even in rows, then requiring imperative protection in the first years, because grouped, it becomes very appetite for deer and more sensitive to bacterial chaunners, or cylindrosporiasis, or some insect attacks. A soil rich in humus (Mull carbonate with acid mull) and basic pH slightly acid suits it. From the wild compartment of Prunus avium (Les Merisiers), a cultivated compartment was created, the Sweet cherry trees , selected for their larger fruits, for their resistance to diseases and for their era of maturity. They are multiplied by grafting. Genetic analysis of AFLP markers [ 16 ] has detected some specific assignment errors:I’ Hasty English (May Duke, a hasty royal) no longer receives the assignment P. \u00d7 gondouinii more A. birds , the Ollins yellow cherry is no longer a P. Cerasus. but one A. birds . Conversely the assignments a priori A. birds of Big Guin of Heart, Guigne Boissi\u00e8re And Guin of Charentes are reviewed a posteriori in P. \u00d7 gondouinii . Some varieties of Prunus avium  [ 17 ] Variety Size Color, taste quality Harvest  Second firm, sweet flesh Hative burlat big enough dark red, juicy, very good mid -June – July Pigeon heart Big -hearted very big Light red, yellow, farm, sweet flesh end of June Heart of beef Reverchon average to large bright red, cordiform, whitish or pink flesh, crunchy and very sweet At the end of June – early July The hedgeon (Giant) fat dark red almost black, conical, crunchy, juicy flesh At the end of June – early July By fat Intense purple, firm, sweet flesh beginning of July Napoleon mean pink, cream, yellowish, juicy, sweet flesh July Hasty English Hasty royal  rouge vif, chair clair At the end of May – early June GUIGNIER , soft flesh, slightly tart Amayay fat dark red, tender, very sweet end of June Precocious Early Rivers fat bright red, very juicy and sweet At the end of May – early June In love small black, very dark, soft, juicy flesh end of June Pests: The most frequent are the cherry fly, black aphid and drosophile Suzuki:the cherry fly ( Rhagoletis cherry ) deposits his eggs in cherries; The black cherry aphid ( Myzus cherry ) can attack the leaves very early in the spring; The Drosophile Suzuki is added today to the main pests of the cherry tree. She lays her eggs on the cherry and the larvae that come out of it fall into the cherry in order to develop there, then come out when the time has come; The caterpillars of various butterflies can cause damage to flowers, leaves and fruits; Xylophagous beetles are likely to attack fruit trees:les bostryches ( Anisandrus dispar ) dig galleries, first perpendicular on the surface of the branch and then following the annual layers, les scolytes ( Scolytus rugulosus ) also dig galleries between bark and hardwood; In North America, the night butterfly Saturnie C\u00e9cropia ( Hyalophora Cecropia ) feeds on cherry; Diseases: Cherry trees [ 18 ] can be reached mainly by three cryptogamic diseases:the jewelry: the Necklace loose causes flowers to dry up, then the fruit twig and branches. It develops following an injury (gel, insect bites, sizes) followed by soft and humid weather; l’anthracnose ou cylindrosporiose [ 19 ] : the leaves are covered with purple, round spots [ 20 ] ; Cruburure by Coryneum : On the leaves, brown-red spots necride and leave perforations; The bacterial chancre (or bacterial gommosis) of the sweet cherry tree is caused by a bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas . It manifests itself in the spring or early summer by a sudden dryness of branches, branches or even the whole tree. He is at the origin of many declines in certain regions of France.   It is a desired forest essence for the commercial value of its light -brown brown wood with yellowish, sometimes used in veneer to replace mahogany or other precious woods. Offering good mechanical properties (resistance to compression, traction or flexion), it has an average withdrawal to drying and can be sometimes nervous. It is sought after in furnishings, both in beds and veneer (furniture and style seats). This use requires beautiful conformation trees. The importance of this demand for cabinetmaking also marginalizes other uses of wood (sculpture, filming). It was formerly used for the manufacture of stairs ramps, coil coils, brush wood, pipe stoves, low -dimensional stems, barrel circles, ladders uprights, white masts for white alcohols. It is however a poor fuel.  Cherry wood sculpture. The cherry is used as a rootstock for fruit trees. Its very aromatic young leaves are edible. Preserved in salt, they are used in Japan to surround cakes. Their maceration in alcohol gives liqueurs. They are sometimes used as expectorant remedy. The translucent and mucilaginous gum which flows from the trunk is edible (the “tears of the cherry”). She was able to serve soldiers during seats of several months [ 21 ] . It is also used as a protector of cultivated species. As the name suggests, the “cherry of birds” attracts them particularly; In addition, its production is slightly earlier than that of cultivated species, so it is useful to plant a cherry tree in the sector of a cultivated cherry tree so that birds reappear easily, thus leaving the production of the species quiet grafted. Naturally present in forests, the cherry tree can be produced by natural regeneration or planting. In the second case, the operator can choose between different sources of seeds or plants. There are 4 categories of seeds of seeds, cuttings or plants [ 22 ] : Tested (blue color): the superiority of the basic material in relation to witnesses has been demonstrated on given criteria (vigor, quality of the wood, branch, various resistances, etc.) and for a specific area of \u200b\u200buse. The basic materials tested are stands, seed orchards or cultivars (clones); Qualified (pink color): Basic materials are only seed orchards. Their composition from materials selected on such or such a criterion is known, but the superiority of the orchard in relation to witnesses is being evaluated; Selected (green color): Basic materials are only stands. Their selection in the forest is based on the appreciation of the external qualities of the trees for different silvicultural criteria; Identified (yellow color): the information guarantee relates to the provenance, but the trees collected have not been the subject of any selection. Basic materials are seed sources made up of regions from the species. In the case of the cherry tree, there are clones tested [ 23 ] , qualified seed orchards [ 24 ] , selected stands [ 25 ] and an identified source (in fact the cherry tree coming French) [ 26 ] . If they are available in conservatories, all of its genetic resources are not necessarily marketed by seeders and nurserymen. In France, INRA [ 27 ] In particular put on the market 3 cultivars (in the form of clones from vegetative reproduction) even more productive, with rectilinear trunk and resistant to cylindrosporiasis, named: Gardeline (+ 44% heart of heart compared to the previous average), Mountain monteil (+ 52% heartwood), and Ameline high -yielding, but requiring early and intensive pruning to control branch growth. These trees are clones of remarkable trees identified in French forests and tested for several decades. They produce longer exploitable billions, require less pruning and fewer plants per hectare, better resist disease (it is in itself a yield factor) and have a better yield. The clones have pure performance superior to other genetic resources, but their lack of genetic diversity could include long -term risks; It is often advisable to mix several clones on the same plot. Nevertheless, the use of clones is extremely common in perennial production, whether for fruit trees, viticulture, production of strawberries and bananas (only one clone provides almost all of the bananas dessert exported) or forest production (Taillis). It is often more relevant to plant clones of very resistant and vigorous hybrids than to plant local strains rendered infection by the fragmentation of forests. The seeds from selected seed orchards allow better yields than wild plants while retaining great genetic variability: parents come from different regions and produce very different hybrids from each other. \u2191 a et b “Merisier” , in the Dictionary of the French Academy , on National Center for Textual and Lexical Resources [Accessed June 4, 2016].  \u2191 A B and C Information lexicographic And etymological of “merisier” (meaning a) in the Treasure of the French French language , on the site of the National Center for Textual and Lexical Resources [accessed June 4, 2016].  \u2191 Entrance ‘ cherry \u00bb  [html] , on French dictionaries (online) , Larousse [Accessed June 4, 2016].  \u2191 Entrance ‘ clusters \u00bb  [html] , on French dictionaries (online) , Larousse [Accessed June 4, 2016].  \u2191 Entrance ‘ Putiet, Putier egg \u00bb  [html] , on French dictionaries (online) , Larousse [Accessed June 4, 2016].  \u2191 Claire Dor\u00e9 and Fabrice Varoquaux, History and improvement of fifty cultivated plants , Inra-which 2006 , 812 p.  \u2191 a et b Daniel Zohary et Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World\u00a0: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley , Oxford University Press, USA, 2001 , 328 p.  \u2191 Britta Pollmann, Stefanie Jacomet, Angela Schlumbaum \u00ab Morphological and genetic studies of waterlogged Prunus species from the Roman vicus Tasgetium (Eschenz, Switzerland) \u00bb, Journal of Arch\u00e6ological Science , vol. 32, n O 10, 2005 .  \u2191 Efraim lev et zohar amar, Practical materia medica of the medieval eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah , Brill, 2007 , 750 p.  \u2191 Hu Shiuying also mentions the P. Tomentosa The fluffy cherry, Maoyingtao \u6bdb\u6a31\u6843, which was eaten locally by people.  \u2191 (zh) Shiu-ying hu, Food Plants of China , The Chinese University Press (HK), 2005 , 844 p.  \u2191 For the Flora of China: Ouzhou tianyingtao European sweet cherry “Cerise Douce d’erope”.  \u2191 Jean-Claude Rameau, Dominique Mansion, G. Dum\u00e9, French forest flora: plains and hills, volume 1 , Institute for Forest Development, 1989, 2003, 1783 p.  \u2191 Russell F. Mizell , ‘ Many Plants Have Extrafloral Nectaries Helpful to Beneficials \u00bb , on edis.ifas.ufl.edu , 6 mars 2015 (consulted the April 25, 2016 ) .  \u2191 (in) Reference GRIN : species A. birds  .  \u2191 M Tavaud, A Zanetto, JL David, F Laigret and E Dirlewanger \u00ab Genetic relationships between diploid andallotetraploid cherry species (Prunus avium,Prunus \u00bb, Heredity , vol. 93, 2004 , p. 631-638 .  \u2191 varieties .  \u2191 Fruit gardens .  \u2191 String, A., Cylindrosporosis or anthracnosis of the cherry tree: efficiency test of six active fungicidal materials in young plantation (Serre-les-Sapins) . IRSTEA – National Institute for Research in Science and Technology for the Environment and Agriculture, CEMAGREF. 1992.  \u2191 Cherry cylindrosporosis , Photo of attacked leaf. Syngenta.  \u2191 (in) Fran\u00e7ois Couplan, James Duke, The Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America , McGraw Hill Professional, 1998 , p. 225 .  \u2191 ‘ Seeds and forest plants \u00bb , on gouv.fr  (consulted the September 20, 2020 ) .  \u2191 http:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/img\/pdf\/1_registrematbasenov-2010.pdf .  \u2191 http:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/img\/pdf\/doc1-10-21-annexe3-cat-qualified05-20111.pdf .  \u2191 http:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr\/img\/pdf\/doc2-10-21-ANNEXE2A2A-Cat SOELACTIONEE-05-2011.pdf .  \u2191 http:\/\/agriculture.gouv.fr .  \u2191 http:\/\/www.inra.fr\/les_recherches\/exemples_de_recherche\/tournant_marjeur_das_la_culture_des_merisens .  On other Wikimedia projects: Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related article [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/prunus-avium-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Prunus avium \u2014 wikipedia"}}]}]