Qinhan (Dynastie qing) —wikipédia

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Lesshan (Chinese: Qi Shan  ; pinyin : qí qіn  ; Wade : Ch’i Shan ; Mandchou: ᡴᡳᡧᠠᠨ , translitity ： Kisan, Cisan Ou Kixan [ first ] (1786–1854) was a manchu of large family, senior official of the Qing Empire, made famous by his role in the conclusion of the first opium war (1839–1842) and the transfer of Hong Kong to the Grande -Brittany. He was governor general of various provinces and Amban in Lhassa from 1844 to around 1847, where he replaced Haipu ( Juice , stationed from 1842 to 1843) and was replaced by Binliang ( Bin ).

Qishan was born in 1786 in the Manchu clan of the Bordjigin from which came Gengis Khan, from the United yellow banner eight banners. For his first position, in 1808, he was deputy director at the Ministry of Justice at the Court of Beijing. He then occupied various high positions; He was governor of Liangjiang (today the provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui), from 1825 to 1827.

First opium war [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Following the failure of the Lin Zexu mission, responsible for banning the trade in opium, and the British offensive known as First opium war , Emperor Daoguang appointed Qishan Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi (Liangguang) to replace flax and charged him to negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain. Without waiting for the explicit approval of the Beijing Court, Qishan concludes the Convention de chuanbi [ 2 ] , the . By this convention, the island of Hong Kong, which the British already occupied, was sold to them “perpetuity”, and Great Britain was to receive a war compensation of six million dollars. Qishan was disowned and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commissioned in exile.

Imperial Commissioner in Lhassa [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

After the end of hostilities, Qishan was rehabilitated in 1842 and again assigned to important positions. In 1844, he was sent as a resident minister (or Amban ) from the Beijing Court to Lhassa, to settle the political crisis caused by the conduct of Prince-Regent Cemolin (TSEMönling Rinpoche) and the premature death of the 9 It is , ten It is and 11 It is DALAI-LAMAS. After a violent episode (the prince-Regent imprisoned and then released from Vive force by monks from his party), Qishan obtained that Cemolin was demoting and expanded [ 3 ] .

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For Laurent Deshayes, all the imperial commissioners sent to Tibet at the XIX It is century did not have real power with the exception of Qishan, however [ 4 ] .

Expulsion of Lazarists missionaries [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1846, he ordered the expulsion of French missionaries Joseph Gabet and Huc Évariste, two months after their arrival in Lhassa [ 5 ] , who had reached Lhasa by the North Road [ 6 ] .

Taiping revolt [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

From the start of the Taiping revolt in 1851, Qishan participated in the repression. He was killed in combat in 1854, during the Taipings offensive in Jiangsu.

Notes and references [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  1. ↑ Writing Keeshen by the British in contemporary documents, Ki -chan by Huc Évariste in 1846.
  2. ↑ The name of the fort where the treaty was signed, near Mouth tigris (in) ( Tiger door / Tiger door , Hǔ stallion , “Porte du Tigre”) on the pearl river downstream from Canton.
  3. ↑ Chen Qingying, Tibetan history , (ISBN  7-5085-0234-5 ) , p. 74; Contemporary testimony of Evariste Huc, Memories of a trip to tartaria, Thibet and China t. 2, ch. 6; [ read online ] .
  4. ↑ Laurent Deshayes, Chinese in Tibet “They did not speak Tibetan and their appointment was for them a kind of exile which could allow them to return to the good graces of Beijing. The exception is known to the historians of Asia: it is Qishan who tried vain negotiations with Great Britain during the first opium war whose outcome was, as we know, the opening Forced from China to Western trade during the Nankin Treaty in 1842. In 1844, he was sent to Tibet as much to punish him for not having managed to prevent British maneuvers, as to offer him a chance to redeem himself in the eyes of Beijing. It was Qishan who ordered the expulsion of Tibet of the French Lazarists Huc and Gabet in 1846, whose journey to Mongolia and Tibet remains one of the most famous. Qishan also intervened directly in political affairs by obtaining Panchen Lama, one of the most important religious leaders on the high plateau, which he temporarily accepts to be regent at a time when Tibet knew serious interior disorders. »»
  5. ↑ (from Milloué 1906, p. ten)
  6. ↑ Every evariste huc, Memories of a trip to tartaria, Thibet and China t. 2, CH 8; [ read online ] .

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • Arthur William Hummel, Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644-1912) , 2 vol., United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1943.
  • John Ouchterlony, The Chinese war : an account of all the operations of the British forces from the commencement to the Treaty of Nanking , Saunders and Otley, Londres, 1844, [ read online ] On Google Books.
  • Susanna how, Derek Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong : Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters , Routledge, London, 1999, (ISBN  0700711457 ) .
  • Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong I.b. Tauris, 2007; (ISBN  1845114191 ) .
  • Father Huc, Memories of a trip to the tartaria and the Thibet, followed by the Chinese Empire All, 2001.

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