Skovíoda grigori — Wikipedia

Grigori or Hryhoriy Savitch Skovoroda (Ukrainian: Grigory Savich Skovoroda ; Russian: Grigory Savvich Skovoroda ; I don’t latin Gregory, Sabbas son Skovoroda ), born the December 3, 1722 In Tchornouchi, near Poltava (kyiv government of the Russian Empire), in a family of Cossacks and died the November 9, 1794 In the village of Ivanovka (today Skovorodinovka) in the Kharkov region, is a philosopher, poet and pedagogue.

His father Savva is a Cossack with a small land, and which, according to some historians, would be a village priest. His mother Pélagie is the daughter of a Crimean Tatar, Stepan Changireïev ^{[ first ]} , whose family had converted to orthodoxy in the previous century and fought from father to son in the cossack ranks of the Kanev regiment. According to a certain tradition, Skovoroda would have studied between autumn 1738 and summer 1741 at the Maguila Academy in Kiev (whose basic teaching language was Latin, with religious lessons in church slavon and some Polish lessons), however there is no trace of his name in the registers, but some historians (especially since 1902) claim that there would be courses from certain testimonies. In any case, he does not finish his schooling. Grégoire Skorovoda leaves after the death of his father for the young capital of the Empire in Saint Petersburg with a maternal uncle, a wealthy landowner. He gets there in December 1742 ^{[ 2 ]} .

He continued his studies by becoming a cantor with the court (this is the time of the reign of Elisabeth Ire) where he receives 25 rubles per year. His brother Stepan then leaves to study in Poland.

In 1744, he returned to kyiv, then would have traveled to Poland and Hungary, to Vienna. He returned to Kiev in 1750. He taught at the college of Pereïaslav (he was sent back in 1754 having displeased the bishop) and that of Kharkov, before the persecutions of the ecclesiastical and secular authorities forced him to leave the teaching and to become a tutor of the son of the Tomara family (future diplomat). He developed an original philosophy, centered on the theory of the three worlds: a macrocosm (the universe) and two microcosms (man and the symbolic world of the Bible). According to Skovoroda, one of the foundations of man’s happiness is his creative activity.

These are around thirty poems in the collection The Divine Song Garden ( Sad Bozestvennyx Pesnej ) and the cycle of Fables de Kharkov ( Basni Xar’kovsky ), works in prose.
Skovoroda’s poem Each city its customs and its laws ( Vs’ akomu horodu nrav i prava ), in which he condemns the vice and exalted virtue, experienced great success. According to Skovoroda, whoever lives by observing the precepts of Christian morality has nothing to fear, not even death. In another song, he urges men to perfect themselves, to focus on spiritual life:

“Leave the copernic spheres,
Explore the depths of the heart. ”

In another work, he glorifies Christ ( “Sweet, good, merciful” ) and calls on to imitate it.

With his fables (whose subjects are sometimes borrowed from Esopia), Skovoroda was the creator of this kind in Ukrainian literature.
He is also renowned for his translations of Latin from Ovid, Virgile and Horace’s works.

The Russian language having not been grammatically fixed before Lomonossov and the Ukrainian before the 19th century, the languages ​​used by Skovoroda are the Latin and the old Slavic language, mixed with Russisms and the Petit-Russian dialect. Its Ukrainian origin has been claimed since the end of the 19th century by the proponents of the various movements in favor of fixing the Ukrainian language and in contrast its Russian linguistic origin is claimed by many historians of Russian literature.

• “Loss of time is the worst of all losses”.
• “We dream of the future and we glorify ourselves in the present: we want what we do not have and disdain what is in our possession; As if what happened could repeat itself or that the dream should undoubtedly happen. ”
• “Love generates love; When I want to be loved, I am the first to love ”.
• “The excess of food generates boredom, the boredom generates the gloom and the one who suffers is not well bearing”.
• “Happy who has the possibility of a happy life, but still happier who knows how to enjoy it”.
• “The one who discovers afterwards that what he ate was good can swallow anything.”
• “Discover the invisible by what you see”.
• “Try as much as possible to look like the palm: the more it is enclosed in the rock, the more it grows and well”.
• “Intelligence has not formed from books; These are the books that were created by intelligence ”.

(Translated by Daniel Sztul, Franco-Ukrainian review ” Trades ” n ^O  3, mars 1972).

Specialists recognized Skovoroda’s influence on writers of the following generations. Pavlo Tytchyna has long worked on a poem dedicated to Skovoroda.

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• H. skovoroda, Creatures (Œuvres), tt. 1-2. Kyiv, 1961.
• H. skovoroda, Poetry (Poems). Kyiv, 1971.
• H. skovoroda, Literaturni TVory (Literary works). Kyiv, 1972.
• Ukrajins’ki pys’mennyky. Bio-bibliohraFicnyj slovnyk (Ukrainian writers. Biobibliographic dictionary), T. I. Kyiv, 1960.
• P. Popov. Hryhorij Skovoroda . Kyiv, 1969.
• L. is. Maxnovec ‘, Hryhorij Skovoroda. Biohrafija (Hryhori Skovoroda. Biography). Kyiv, 1972.
• V. Sync (Réd.). Philosophy Hryhoria Skovorody (La philosophie de hryhori skovoroda). Kyiv, 1972.
• D. Tschizewsky. Skoworoda. Poet, thinker, mystic . Munich, 1974.
• M. Cadot, A. Joukovsky, V. Koptilov, E. Kruba, I. Popowycz, Anthology of Ukrainian literature from XI ^{It is} At XX ^{It is} century – Paris-Kyiv: Scientific Society Chevtchenko in Europe, 2004.
• (of) Maria Bezobrazova, ‘ Gregor Skovoroda, a Ukrainian philosopher » [“Hryhori Skovoroda, Un Philosophe Ukrainian”], Archive for the history of philosophy , October 1911

Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

The Grigori Skovoroda museum in Skovorodnivka, classified ^{[ 3 ]} .

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