The Frobenius theorem gives a necessary and sufficient condition for local integrability of a system of partial derivative equations of the first order whose right -wing member depends on the variables, the unknowns, but does not depend on partial derivatives of these unknowns: such a system D ‘Partial derivative equations is called a “PFAFF system”. The functions of the second member are assumed only to class
after-content-x4
, which makes it impossible to apply the Cauchy-Kowalevski theorem, which supposes these analytical functions. The Frobenius theorem has close links with the Poincaré lemma for 1-formas, this lemma then indicating under what condition a differential 1-form
is locally exact. The Theorem of Frobenius leads to consider the “integral varieties” of differential geometry and can express themselves in this language. These full varieties lead to the concept of puff pastry [ first ] . The “Frobenius theorem” was actually established by Feodor Deahna (in) In 1840, in an article deepening the work of Johann Friedrich Pfaff and Charles Gustave Jacob Jacobi on the partial derivative equations of the first order (going back to 1815 and 1827 respectively) and which went unnoticed until Ferdinand Georg Frobenius exhumes it in 1875 [ 2 ] . The theorem of Chow-Rashevskii (in) and that of Hector Sussmann, dating from 1938-39 and 1973 respectively [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , study the existence of full varieties for ” p -Champs »singular; They are, like the theorem of Frobenius, widely used to study the commandability of non -linear systems [ 5 ] (the link between this question of commandability and the Theorem of Frobenius was first noted by Robert Hermann (in) in 1963).
). Consider the system (f) of partial derivative equations, or “pfaff system”
(F) :
A integral variety of this system, if it exists, is a sub-variety of N of
, of class
, defined by parametric representation (RP):
(Rp):
On which the differential (or “pfaff forms”) linearly independently independently arranged.
Resolve the PFAFF (F) system is equivalent to determining an integral variety N From this system, and (f) admit a solution if, and only if such an integral variety exists.
Frobenius theorem in functional form – The following conditions are equivalent: (1) for any point
There is an open neighborhood
of
, an open neighborhood
of
, and a single function in classy
, of S In T , solution of (f) and such that
. (2) Functions
check in
The “Frobenius integrability condition”
Demonstration
The condition is necessary, because if there is such a function in , she is necessarily class
(with the Convention that
). So, according to the Schwarz theorem,
.
Or,
, and the condition of Frobenius results from it.
Conversely, the Frobenius integrability condition is equivalent to
with
.
Poincaré’s lemma then implies the existence of functions
, defined in an open neighboring contractile sufficiently small IN of
, as
. The variety
is therefore defined by the equations
(No) ::
Since
are linear independently, the theorem of implicit functions implies the existence of a neighborhood
of
and functions
classy
, defined in a unique way, such as equations (IS) equivalent to (RP) in
; These functions check
.
Noticed [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
There is a generalization of this theorem in case
And
are replaced by Banach spaces [ 6 ] .
From now on,
and all differential varieties (which will simply be called varieties ) are class
. Either M A variety of dimension n . We designate by
the
-Algèbre of indefinitely derivable functions on variety M and by
the
-Modle of class vector fields
on M . By definition,
is the set of the fiber -tangent fiber
.
Either . The lery derivative of f Following the vector field X East , Or is the differential of f . The operator is a derivation of algebra .
Given , there is an element of , determined uniquely and noted , called the lery hook of X and of AND , such as .
Lie hook is an application -Tisymmetrical bolling of In . Either A map of M , A class benchmark above IN And Two fields of coordinate vectors in this landmark. The contact details of in the benchmark r are then
.
The LIE hook has the following “land ownership”: either M , N two varieties, diff -boomism and Its tangent linear application (or, by abuse of language, its “differential”). So, for all vector fields , .
Either the – p -Forms on M And exterior derivative. Then then And . Where to the Maurer-Cartan formula
.
Either . SO
So we have the following result:
Lemme – And
, then whatever the vector fields
belonging to
-module
generated by
And
, the lie crochet
belongs to
.
Example [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Consider the elementary case where
And let’s see how the theorem of Frobenius in its functional form is expressed in the geometric formalism of the Lie hooks, by bringing itself to the situation where M is an open of
. Let’s ask
with
,
.
Frobenius’ integrability condition is written, with
,
,
equivalent to
. Consequently, Frobenius’s fulfillability condition leads, according to the lemma above, only for all fields of vectors
,on a
. As we will see further, we can express this by saying that the “2-champ”
is “involved”.
The recovery theorem of landmarks generalizes the theorem for recovery of vector fields.
Recovery theorem of landmarks – Either M A variety of dimension n ,
a point of M And
vector fields on M such as
are linear independent. The following conditions are equivalent: (1) LIE hooks
are all zero
. (2) There is a card
centered on
such as
(The question being local, we can assume that
is an open of
. The condition is necessary, because the land of the lie hute implies
. We show that it is sufficient thanks to the theory of differential equations [ 7 ] .)
(1) and p -champ (or a p -Direction, or a distribution of dimension contact elements p , or a dimension subfibrum p Fiber tangent
) class
is an application
Or
is a dimension subspace p Tangent space
To M on point x , checking the following condition: for everything
, there is an open neighborhood IN of x In M and vector fields
such as
form a base of
for everything
(We write then
And
, this last writing meaning that
is the
-Module engendered by
). In the following, ” p -champ “means” p -Champ
».
(2) a sub-variety N of M is called a integral variety of p -champ
If for everything
, and by designating by
l’inclusion,
(In other words, the tangent space
identify with the subspace
). This full variety is said maximum If any integral variety that contains it coincides with it (it is then dimension p [ 8 ] ). The notion of integration is local and invariant by differential.
(3) the p -champ
is said completely integrable If he admits an integral variety. It is said engaging and
for everyone
.
(4) for everything
, either
The polar of
, that is to say the subspace of the cotangent space
Orthogonal at
, And
A base of
. L’application
, if she’s class
(notion that we define by “dualisant” that of p -Champ
), is a codistribution , namely a
-module, having as a basis
1-form (or forms of PFAFF)
. These forms of pfaff are canceled on N , namely that for any field of vectors
,
. It is also said that the PFAFF system
(P)::
where the
are linear independently, is associated At p -champ
and defines the integral variety N .
(5) either
The vector space of degree forms q on M And
graduated algebra defined by
.
We designate by
the ideal graduated of
constituted by forms
checking the following condition: for any q -form
And all vector fields
,
.
Finally, we designate by
the
-vector spaces made up of
.
Frobenius theorem in geometric form – Either
and p -champ on a variety M and (p) the associated pfaff system. The following conditions are equivalent:
(i) is completely integrable.
(ii) is involved.
(iii) .
(iv) for everything , there is an open neighborhood IN of x and first -Formes classy defined in IN such as, in this open,
(V) for everything , there is an open neighborhood IN of x and functions such as, in IN ,
.
Demonstration
(i) ⇒ (ii) by the theorem of Frobenius in functional form and the lemma.
(ii) ⇒ (i): suppose
for everyone
. Suppose moreover, without loss of generality (the condition (i) being local), that M Or an open of
and
either generated by p first vectors
of the canonical base of
. Either
Canonical projection. The application
is an isomorphism of
on
for everything x in a neighborhood of 0 in M (neighborhood that can be assumed to be equal to M ). So we can find in M Vector fields
such as
And
. Consequently, by fonctoriality of the LIE hook,
.
Since by hypothesis,
, this leads
. Consequently, according to the recovery theorem of landmarks, there is an open
, which will be assumed to be equal to M , and a different
, with
, such as derivative
send
on
. The variety N is integral, since defined by relations
, and the variety M , which is different, is also integral. As a result,
is completely integrable.
(i) ⇔ (iii): we only have to consider 1-form, for which the Maurer-Cartan formula applies. Either
And
. On a
if and only if
, that’s to say
.
(iii) ⇔ (iv): external products
,
,
,
form a base of
-Module of 2-differentials on IN . So we can write for
where the coefficients belong to
. Therefore, (iii) is verified if, and only if the
are all zero, which is equivalent to (IV).
(i) ⇒ (v): Suppose (i) verified; We know that there is a card
of M for which the integral sub-variety N is such that
for local contact details
. 1-Form
therefore constitute a base of
-module
. As a result, 1-formmes
are put in the form indicated in (V) with
.
(5) ⇒ (3): soit
and suppose (v) verified where the 1-formas
are linear independently (which can be assumed without loss of generality). Then vector fields
. He comes
car
. This proves (III).
Remarks [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The equivalence (i) ⇔ (ii) of the geometric formulation of the Theorem of Frobenius extends to the infinite dimension by reasoning with bananachic varieties [ 9 ] . On the other hand, it does not extend in the case of the varieties of Fréchet.
In the case where , equivalence (IV) (v) is particularized as follows: given a 1-form and an open IN Small enough, it exists in IN A 1-Form such that, in this open, If, and only if there are functions such as, in IN , .
In the analytical case, Cartan-Kähler’s theorem (in) is a theorem of existence of an integral variety for a differential system; This theorem is a generalization of the Frobenius theorem.
Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
References [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
(of) Wei-liang Chow , ‘ About systems of linear partial differential equations first order » , Mathematical annals , vol. 117, 1940-1941, p. 98-105 ( read online )
Jean Dieudonné , Analysis elements, vol. 1, 3 and 4 , Gauthier-Villars, 1969-1971
(in) Velimir Jurdjevic , Geometric Control Theory , Cambridge University Press,
(in) Serge Lang , Fundamentals of Differential Geometry , Springer,
Daniel One eyed , Differential calculation and geometry , PUF,
(in) His Samelson , ‘ Differential forms, the Early Days; or the Stories of Deahna’s Theorem and of Volterra’s Theorem » , The American Mathematical Monthly , vol. 108, n O 6, , p. 522-530 ( read online )
(in) Michael Spivak , (A Comprehensive Introduction to) Differential Geometry [Detail of editions] , flight. 1, chap. 6 and 7
(in) Hector J. Sussmann , ‘ Orbits of Families of Vector Fields and Integrability of Distributions » , Trans. Am. Math. Soc. , vol. 180, , p. 171-188 ( read online )
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