Thomas W. Evans — Wikipedia
For homonymous articles, see Evans.
Thomas Wiltberger Evans , born in Philadelphia the , died in Paris on , is an American dentist and doctor XIX It is century.
Thomas Wiltberger [ first ] Evans was born into a Quaker family in Philadelphia. After a learning with the doctor of Haven White and studies at the Jefferson Medical College, Evans graduated doctor of medicine in 1843 and exercised the profession of dentist in Maryland and in Lancaster (Pennsylvania) until 1847.
He then moved to Paris at the invitation of a compatriot, Doctor Cyrus Starr Brewster (1799-1870), who had been exercising there since 1833, counting among his patients artists and writers such as George Sand, Mérimée, Delacroix, and Balzac, as well as the Louis-Philippe monarchs and Nicolas I is [ 2 ] . First associated with Brewster, Evans takes over the latter’s customers and directs his dental office, located rue de la Paix, from 1850.
Renowned for his science and know-how (notably the use of golden sheets), Evans becomes the dentist of high personalities such as President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Countess Eugénie de Montijo, future emperor and empress of the French.
Proximity to the imperial family [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
An employee as an unofficial advisor by Napoleon III (who sends him on a diplomatic mission to President Lincoln and the Secretary of State Seward in 1864), Evans contributes to dissuading the Emperor from intervening in favor of the South in the Civil War.
Influential personality of the Second Empire, Evans remains faithful to the imperial family after Sedan and the proclamation of the Republic. Thus, he protects the fallen Empress during his flight from Paris to England (4- ), before going to visit Napoleon III captive to the castle of Wilhelmshöhe ( ).
He also agreed to take under his protection a natural son of the emperor, Arthur Hugenschmidt, who became his partner and then his successor.
Member of the International Committee of the Red Cross, he organized and financed an “American ambulance” during the Paris headquarters (1870) [ 3 ] .
Crowned customers and technical innovations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Dentist of the crowned heads of Europe, he has the opportunity to treat them all, with the exception of Sultan, Queen Victoria [ 4 ] and Habsburgs. He thus prolongs the life of the Emperor Frédéric III of Germany by 90 days by practicing a tracheotomy on him [ 4 ] .
Not hesitating to innovate, he is one of the first dentists to use nitrogen oxide during an operation (1860 or 1866), as well as vulcanized rubber for the creation of dental prostheses (1865). He also used pyroxiline to make dentiers, and it is attributed to the invention of the rectifier occluser intended to improve the joint of double denty. Other Evans innovations are more questionable, such as its tin and cadmium alloy amalgams (1848).
Way of life [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Notable member of the American community of Paris, Evans creates for her an English -speaking weekly, the American Register (1868), and largely participated in the financing of the construction of the American church on the avenue de l’Alma (n ° 23 avenue George-V).
Very rich, he would have raised a fortune of $ 35 million [ 4 ] . He was built a luxurious palace in the 16th It is Arrondissement, at the corner of avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne and avenue de Malakoff (nowadays Foch avenue and Raymond-Poincaré avenue) respectively) [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . Called “Bella Rosa”, this mansion had a large marble staircase designed by Garnier and in particular housed his important collection of works of art, which had paintings by Manet.
Used in 1900 to house foreign sovereigns visiting the Universal Exhibition, the house was demolished in 1907 and rue de Malakoff (current rue de Lasteyrie) is open to the plot the following year [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] .
Evans had Anne-Rose Louviot, known as Méry Laurent (1849-1900), who had previously been in General Canrobert, governor of Nancy; She interrupted her career as a light comedy actress and became the muse of many artists, including Édouard Manet, whose friend she became, and the model, from 1876; On the painting of 1882 which is here (Nancy Museum of Fine Arts), she lends her features to Autumn , one of the allegories of the seasons commissioned by his friend Antonin Proust, Secretary of State for the Fine Arts of Gambetta – and Mallarmé, who was another of his lovers.
Legs : The Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
Shaken by the death of his wife Agnès Joséphine (née Doyle), in , Evans died a few months later from angina or a heart attack. He is buried in the Woodlands cemetery in Philadelphia [ 8 ] (P44) .
He bequeathed important resources for the establishment of a dental surgery school within the University of Philadelphia; This legacy will only have become effective more than ten years after his death, the will of Evans having been the subject of a legal battle because Evans, who had never had any children [ 4 ] , had disinherited his nephew, John Henry Evans, when the latter was ennobled in Rome by Brief Apostolic (1876).
Finally, the work of Thomas W. Evans Museum and Dental Institute could start in 1912, and the school of dental surgery was inaugurated in 1915.
Distinctions [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- Certain sources, and in particular the act of death of the doctor ( XVI death register It is district of Paris , November 16, 1897), attributed to him for the second first name “William” and not “Wiltberger”, which is the name of his mother’s young girl.
- Marguerite Zimmer, History of anesthesia: methods and techniques in the XIX It is century , EDP, 2008, p. 653, n. 98.
Other authors, such as Davenport or Cohen (see Bibliography), attribute to Brewster the first name Cyrus.
- Count of Hérisson, Journal of a prescription officer , Ollendorff, Paris, 1885, p. 96.
- Necrology of New York Times , November 16, 1897.
- Jacques Hillairet, Historical dictionary of the streets of Paris , Les Éditions de Minuit, seventh edition, 1963, t. first (« A-K »), « Avenue Foch », p. 532-533 .
- Jacques Hillairet, Historical dictionary of the streets of Paris , Les Éditions de Minuit, seventh edition, 1963, t. 2 (« L-Z »), « Avenue Raymond-Poincaré », p. 322 .
- Jacques Hillairet, Historical dictionary of the streets of Paris , Les Éditions de Minuit, seventh edition, 1963, t. 2 (“L-Z”), “rue de Lasteyrie”, p. 24 .
- (in) Thomas H. Keels , Philadelphia graveyards and cemeteries , Arcadia, , 128 p. (ISBN 978-0-7385-1229-7 , OCLC 31017335 , read online )
- Distinctions mentioned in 1867 on the frontispiece of a work of Evans, Discovery of vulcanized rubber and priority of its application to civil and military surgery and dental operations , Rail, Paris, 1867.
- Dr. W. S. Davenport Jr., « The Pioneer American Dentists in France », Dental art history review , n ° 7, 1965, PP. 100-106.
- Gerald Carson, « The Dentist and the Empress – The Adventures of Dr. Tom Evans in Gas-lit Paris », 1983.
- D. Walter Cohen, « Dr. Thomas W. Evans, A Nineteenth-Century Renaissance Man », Proceedings, American Philosophical Society , vol. 139, No. 2, 1995, pp. 135–145.
- Samuel Hugues, ” Crowns and Confidences », Pennsylvania Gazette , November- .
- Flora collet, “modernities of XIX It is century »ds The Nancy Museum of Fine Arts (Art file, n ° 202, , p 44).
Works [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
- Thomas W. Evans, Letters from an uncle to his nephew on the government of the United States , Dent, Paris, 1866.
- Thomas W. Evans, The United States Health Commission , Dle, Paris, 1867.
- Thomas W. Evans, Health institutions during the Austro-Prussian-Italian conflict , Masson, Paris, 1867.
- Thomas W. Evans, Discovery of vulcanized rubber and priority of its application to civil and military surgery and dental operations , Rail, Paris, 1867.
- Thomas W. Evans, The end of the Second Empire, with the Emperor and the Empress. Memoirs , Plon, Paris, 1910.
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Notice in a generalist dictionary or encyclopedia :
- Fine Arts Resource :
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