Tibetic languages ​​- Wikipedia

THE Tibetic languages (Tibetan: བོད་ སྐད ། , Wylie : be skad , THL : duck ), are a set of Sino-Tibetan languages, descendant of the old Tibetan, spoken on a large extent of the east of Central Asia, at the limit with the Indian subcontinent, and including the Tibetan plateau and the ‘Himalayas in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. The classic Tibetan is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use for Buddhist literature.

The central Tibetan (the dialects of the ü-tsang, including the standard Tibetan, that of Lhassa), the Kham Tibetan and the Tibetan of the AMDO are generally considered as dialects of a single language, in particular since they Share the same literary language, while the Dongkha, the SikkiMais, the Sherpa, the Ladakhi, and the Balti are generally considered to be distinct languages ^{[Ref. necessary]} .

The term Tibetic Was used for various types of intermediate levels of Tibeto-Burmese languages ^{[ first ]} .

The origin and dissemination of sino-tibetan languages. The Red Oval represents the end of Cishan cultures and the first cultures of Yangshao. The black arrows represent the alleged routes of non -sinitic expansion. After having applied the comparative linguistic method to the comparative linguistic data database developed by Laurent Sagart in 2019 to identify sound correspondence and establish related, phylogenetic methods are used to deduce relations between these languages ​​and estimate the age of their origin and their homeland ^{[ 2 ]} .

Marius Zemp, hypothesizes, in 2018, that the Tibetic languages ​​originated a pidgin which has as superstrat (in) Western Himalayan languages (in) and Zhangzhung, and a substrate (in) . Similarly, tangangic languages (in) , also have a Western Himalayan superstrat, but their substrates come from different Sino-Tibetan branches ^{[ 3 ]} .

Nicolas Tournadre (2008) describes the linguistic situation of Tibetan as follows:

“Based on my 20 years of work in the field, through the whole of the Tibetan language area and existing literature, I believe that there are 220 there Tibetan dialects Descendant of ancient Tibetan and which is distributed through 5 countries: China, India, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan [which] can be classified into 25 groups of dialects, groups that do not allow mutual intercoming. The notion of dialect group is the equivalent of the concept of language but follows no standardization. According to that, if we put aside the concept of standardization, I believe it would be more appropriate to speak of 25 languages ​​descending from the ancient Tibetan. This is not only a terminology problem, but it gives a completely different perception of the extent of variations. When we refer to 25 languages, we clearly affirm that we are dealing with a family, comparable, in size, to the family of Romance languages ​​which includes 19 groups of dialects ^{[ 4 ]} »

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Tournadre (2014) [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Tournadre (2014) ^{[ 5 ]} classes Tibetic languages ​​as follows:

• Northeast : Ladakhi, Zangskari (in) , the Balti, the can (in) (I Purki)
• West  : Spiti  (in) , GVzha, the snow;
• Centre : Ü, Tsang, Phenpo, Lhokha, Tö, Chinho;
• South West : Sherpa and Jirel (in) ; les Autres Langues et Dialectes le long de la frontière sino-népalusasage : Humla, Mugu, Dolpo, Lo-Ke, Nubripasawa (in) , tsum, langtang, kyirong, yolmo, gyalsumdo, kagate, lhomi, walung et tokpe gola ;
• South : Dzongkha, Drengong, Tsamang, Dhromo Lakha, Dur Brokkat (in) , Mera Sakteng Brokpa (in) -What;
• South East : Hor Nagchu, Hor Bachen, Yushu, Pembar, Rongdrak, Minyak, Dzayul, Derong-Jol, Chaktreng, Muli-Dappa, semkyi nyida; Autres dialcts khams;
  • Diales de la ‘Route Nord’: ‘Chamdo (Chab-Mdo), Derge (SDE-DGE), and Kandze (Dkar-Mdzes);
  • Dialectes de la ‘route sud’: Markham (Smar-Khams), Bathhang (‘Ba’-thang), litong (in thang);
• East : Drugchu, Khöpokhok, Thewo, Choni (O Ch chone), Baima, Sharkhok, Palkyi [Pashi] et zhongu; Autres dialcts khams;
• Northeast  : Amdo, gSerpa  (in) , on the counter (in) .

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Nicolas Tournadre, « The Tibetic languages and their classification (preprint) » , In Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area , De Gruyter, 2014 , 103–129 p. (ISBN  978-3-11-031074-0 , read online )
• Nicolas Tournadre ( pref. Claude Hagège), The prism of languages, essay on linguistic diversity and languages ​​of languages , Paris, the Asia library, 2014 , 352 p. (ISBN  978-2-36057-047-8 , BNF  43761949 , Online presentation ) ( 2 ^{It is} edition, 2016, (ISBN  978-2-36057-083-6 ) , (BNF  45189688 ) )
• (in) Stephan V. Beyer, The Classical Tibetan Language , Albany, N.Y., SUNY Press, 1992 , 503 p. (ISBN  0-7914-1099-4 )
• (in) Philip Denwood  (in) , Tibetan , Amsterdam/Philadelphia (Pa.), John Benjamins Publishing, 1999 , 372 p. (ISBN  90-272-3803-0 )
• (in) Philip Denwood, Roland Bielmeier et Felix Haller, Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond , Walter de Gruyter, 2007 , 47–70 p. (ISBN  978-3-11-019828-7 And 3-11-019828-2 , read online ) , « The Language History of Tibetan »
• (in) George van Driem (in) , Languages of the Himalayas : An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language , Leiden/Boston/Cologne, Brill, 2001 , 1375 p. (ISBN  90-04-10390-2 )
• (in) ‘ AHP43 Amdo Tibetan Language » , on Tibetan Plateau Wikischolars Columbia.edu
• (in) Marius Zemp, On the origins of Tibetan , Kyoto, Kyoto University, coll.  « Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics », 2018 ( read online )

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