Ur-100 — Wikipedia
| UR-100 | |
 Ur-100 in its container, on a maz-537. |
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| Presentation | |
|---|---|
| Type of missile | Intercontinental ballistic missile |
| Manufacturer | OKB-52 (Concept), Gknpz Khrounitchev, Polyot, Strela |
| Deployment | 1966-1996 |
| Features | |
| Number of floors | 2 |
| Motors | first is Floor: 3 × RD-0217 and 1 RD-0216 2 It is floor 1 × 15d13 and 4 × RK-3 |
| Mass at launch | from 42.3 to 50.1 tonnes |
| Length | 16.7 to 19.1 meters |
| Diameter | 2 m |
| Scope | 10 600 km |
| Payload | 1 head of 1 Mt or 3 heads of 220 kT |
| Guidance | inertiel |
| Accuracy | ECP: from 0.96 to 1.4 km |
| Launch platform | silo |
| User countries | |
| Soviet Union | |
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L’ UR-100 (in Russian : Ur-100 or Universal missile , “Universal rocket”) or SS-11 Sego In the NATO designation is a second generation intercontinental ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union. The missile which is designed by the OKB-52 of Tchelomeï was deployed between 1966 and 1996. In the 1970s, this missile, with nearly 1,000 operational copies, was the main nuclear weapon of Soviet strategic forces.
The UR-100 is a two-story missile using storable liquid ergols. Pulled from a silo, it is permanently encapsulated in a container which, by protecting it from external aggressions, makes it possible to space maintenance operations by several years while the missiles which preceded it required a revision every 6 months. Three versions were deployed, taking as the case of 1 to 3 nuclear heads. The UR-100 is the first Soviet missile whose nuclear heads are accompanied by lures. From a mass between 42 and 50 tonnes for a diameter of 2 meters and a length of 17 to 20 meters, the missile has a range of 10,600 km with precision between 0.96 and 1.4 km .
Les missiles MR-UR-100 Sotka (code OTAN SS-17 Spanker ) a UR-100N (Code Otan SS-19 Stiletto ) designate, despite their name, completely different devices.
Context [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
In , the Soviet government decides to develop the second generation of intercontinental ballistic missile with the objective of compensating the inadequacies of first generation missiles, R-16s ( SS-7 Saddler ) and R-9 ( SS-8 Sasin ). The production of four types of missile is planned:
- A light missile using solid proprieties and which must be deployed in large numbers and constitutes the response to Minuteman Americans;
- A heavy missile, counterpart of the American Titan;
- An even more powerful missile capable of taking a nuclear head of 50 Mt ;
- A missile capable of placing a nuclear charge in orbit thus allowing to bypass the radar defense line that the United States has placed north of its territory (baptized Fractional Orbital Bombardment System by Americans).
Sergei Korolev’s OKB-1 design office, the designer of the first intercontinental ballistic missile and father of Soviet astronautics, is responsible for developing the missile with a solid property. But this project, called RT-2 (in) (code otan SS-13 Savage ), is experiencing difficult development and the military authorities who have already had tumultuous relations with Korolev during the conception of R-7 missiles ( SS-6 Sapwood ) and R-9 ( SS-8 Sasin ) Decide to launch two other competing projects using liquid ergols: Mikhail Yanguel’s SKB-586 design office develops the R-38 while the OKB-52 of Vladimir Tchelomeï receives the authorization to develop UR-100. The development of the R-38 is later abandoned so that Yanguel engineers can focus on the design of the heavy missile R-36 ( SS-9 Scarp ) [ first ] , [ 2 ] .
Development and deployment [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The development of UR-100 takes place without encountering important problems unlike that of RT-2. The first shot takes place in Baikonour the , almost a year before that of RT-2. The tests end the And operational deployment begins the same year. About 990 missiles were deployed over the next six years on 11 sites generally located near the Trans -Siberian railroad. RT-2 is only deployed from 1971 and only 60 copies [ first ] , [ 2 ] .
Following the degradation of Sino-Soviet relations during the 1960s, nuclear strategic forces must in 1968 consider a redeployment of their device allowing to face a conflict with China. However, at the time, the change in missiles targets required a modification of their long program to be implemented and the UR-100 long-range were unable to strike important Chinese targets but located at too short distances. After changing the missiles, two successful tests were carried out in 1968 on targets of around 1,000 km . The missiles of the last two deployed regiments were located in China. From this date, the UR-100 were also used as medium-range ballistic missiles loaded with strikes on cities in Europe or Japan [ 2 ] .
New versions [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
At the end of the 1960s, a study on the replacement of second generation missiles was partly carried out by the Yangel design office. The choice of missile which must replace the UR-100 deeply divides the ministries involved in the defense, the Politburo, the Soviet staff and the managers of the various design offices responsible for the development of missiles. Following this designated episode under the term “small civil war”, a call for tenders is launched for the replacement of the UR-100. Yanguel offers the MR-UR-100 Sotka (NATO code SS-17 Spanker ) while Tchelomeï submits two projects: UR-100K, an improved version of UR-100 and UR-100N (NATO code SS-19 Stiletto ), a missile which despite its name is entirely new. While in the words of the call for tenders, only one model should be selected, the Soviet leader of the Léonid Brejnev era having not found consensus, makes the very expensive choice to develop the three types of missile for Replace the UR-100 [ first ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] .
The number of Ur-100-100-type missiles deployed in 1971. From 1972, these were gradually withdrawn from the service. Their silos are modified to accommodate the UR-100K version of an increased mass of 8 tonnes and which is deployed in two sub-brains: one with a single warhead and the other with three warheads. The UR-100K is the first Soviet intercontinental missile to incorporate lures intended to deceive the opposing anti-missile defense. The nuclear mono-head variant was operational from 1974. In 1975, 248 missiles of this type were deployed while 220 multi-head copies were deployed. 120 copies of the UR-100U version, which carries 3 nuclear heads, were deployed in 1975. The UR-100N (SS-19) and MR-UR-100 Sotka (NATO Code SS-17 ) also become operational from 1972 [ 3 ] .
Salt agreements I and the removal of UR-100 missiles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]
The agreement SALT I , signed between the United States and the Soviet Union, sets a limit higher than the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles drawn from silos which can be deployed by each of the two countries. In addition, as of 1976, the new SS-20 missile replaces UR-100 (as well as R-12 and R-14) for attacks against continental targets located in Asia and Europe. Consequently, Soviet silos are now affected in a privileged way to intercontinental missiles targeting the United States [ 2 ] . The withdrawal of missiles from the original version of UR-100 intervenes in two stages. In 1980, only 100 missiles remain nuclear head before the total withdrawal which intervened in 1984. The UR-100U was removed from the service between 1980 and 1984. The UR-100K is the latest version to survive. The latest copies are disarmed in 1994 [ 4 ] .
The UR-100 is a two-story intercontinental ballistic missile with liquid propergol. The initial versions carried a single nuclear warhead from 0.5 to 1.1 Mt , while subsequent versions can transport three warheads (mirvage). The missile has been launched for silos. The UR-100 is the first ballistic missile entered in service equipped with lures. OKB-52 relied on its experience in the field of aeronautics to lower the manufacturing costs of the missile. The design office also used its experience in the development of cruise missiles drawn from ships to design a missile protected from external aggressions. The missile is placed in the factory in a container and transported in it to the silo. The container with its contents went down into the silo and then full of tanks is made. Finally the container is sealed to protect the missile which allows it to be stored without maintenance for several years while the missiles of the previous generation as the R-16 had to undergo a maintenance cycle every 6 months. When the missile is set on fire, the burning gases are expelled in the space set up between the walls of the silo and the container.
Silos design is greatly simplified compared to previous missiles. The installations consisted of silos not inhabited and controlled by a single central command post. To make it possible to make the installations faster and at a lower cost, the SUR-100 silos are relatively unprotected against an atomic explosion nearby: they are designed to resist an overpressure of 2 atmospheres.
The missile has two floors whose motors burn a mixture of storable liquid ergols: the fuel is UDMH and the comburant is nitrogen peroxide. The UR-100 is the first Soviet missile with the R-36 to use nitrogen peroxide which replaces the nitric acid used for the propulsion of the previous generation. The missile has two floors:
- The first floor 8S816 is propelled by four 15D2 engines (RD-0217);
- The second floor 8S817 with a main motor 15D13 and four verniers 15D14 (RK-3).
The missile, which was designed by the OKB-52 of Vladimir Tchelomeï, is manufactured by GKNPZ Khrounitchev, the №166 “polyot” aeronautical factory of OMSK and the aeronautical factory №47 “Strela” by Orenburg. The nuclear head of 1 Mt is developed by the NII-1011 industrial complex in Tcheliabinsk-70. The lures are made by the NII-108 center of V.Gerasimenko. Silos type 15p784 are designed by KBOM, Design Bureau of Common Machinery Directed by V.P.Barmin.
| Version | UR-100 | Ur-100k | UR-100U |
|---|---|---|---|
| CONTRACT | RS-10 | RS-10 | RS-10 |
| wheat index | 8K84 | 15A20 | 15A20U |
| Code him | SS-11 mod 1 | SS-11 mod 2 | SS-11 mod 3 |
| Code otan | Blessing | Blessing | Blessing |
| Deployment | 1966-1984 | 1973-1990 | 1975-1983 |
| Propulsion | 2 floors with liquid ergol propulsion | 2 floors with liquid ergol propulsion | 2 floors with liquid ergol propulsion |
| Ergols used | DMH / nothing | DMH / nothing | DMH / nothing |
| Length | 16.70 m | 18.90 m | 19.10 m |
| Head diameter | 2 m | 2 m | 2 m |
| Weight | 42.3 tonnes | 50.1 tonnes | 50.1 tonnes |
| Payload | 760-1 500 kg | 1 200 kg | 1 200 kg |
| Nuclear load | 1 nuclear head of 1.0 MT | 1 nuclear head of 1.0 MT / 3 nuclear heads 220 kT with lures | 3 nuclear heads 220 kT with lures |
| Scope | 11 000 km | 12 000 km | 10 600 km |
| Precision (probable circular error) | 1.4 km | 0.96 km / 1,1–1,2 km | 1.1–1.2 km |
- (in) Pavel L. Venture , Oleg Bukharin et al. , Russian strategic nuclear forces , Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press, , 692 p. (ISBN 978-0-262-16202-9 , OCLC 51969872 ) .
- (in) S. J. Zaloga (in) , The Kremlin’s nuclear sword : the rise and fall of Russia’s strategic nuclear forces, 1945-2000 , Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, coll. « history of aviation », , 296 p. (ISBN 978-1-58834-007-8 , OCLC 47297757 ) .
- (in) Pavel Podvig: The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn’t: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s–A Research Note. International Security , Summer 2008 , vol. 33, n O 1: 118–138 .
- (in) Nuclear Notebook: U.S. and Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 1959–2008 [PDF] .
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