Voline — Wikipedia

Vsevolod Mikhaïlovitch Eichenbaum (in Russian : Vsevolod Mikhailovich Eichenbaum ) it Voline ( Volin ), born the August 11, 1882 in Voronej (Russian Empire) and died the September 18, 1945 In Paris, is a libertarian poet and militant ^{[ first ]} Russian, half Jew (his father, the doctor Mikhail – born Moïse – Eichenbaum converted to orthodoxy to marry Nadejda Glotova, one of the first women Russian doctors), theorist of anarchist synthesis.

During the 1905 Russian Revolution, he was among the founders of the first Soviet in Saint Petersburg. In 1918, he was mandated by the Confederation of Anarchist Organizations of Ukraine to write a program aimed at bringing together libertarian communists and anarcho-syndicalists. In 1919, he fought the Bolsheviks in the ranks of the Ukrainian insurrectionary army of Nestor Makhno, before being sentenced to death by Trotsky then finally banished by the new Soviet power.

With Sébastien Faure, he developed the concept of anarchist synthesis which aims to bring together in the same organization the plural currents of the movement: libertarian communist, anarcho-syndicalist and individualistic. In 1934, he published Red fascism Where, premise of the criticism of totalitarianisms, he does not hesitate to compare the Stalinist regime to fascist or Nazi regimes. He is finally known for having written the work in French The unknown revolution , which traces the revolutionary Russian history from 1825 to 1921.

He is the son of a doctor from Zemtsvo, Mikhail Eichenbaum (1853-1917), baptized before his marriage in 1880 ^{[ 2 ]} . His grandfather, Jakob (or Yankel) Moïsseïevitch Eichenbaum (1796-1861), a supporter of the Haskala movement, is an inspector of rabbinical schools in Kichiniov, Odessa and Jitomir. His mother, Nadejda Dormidontovna Eichenbaum, née Gratova (1858-1914), pupil of Peter Lesgaft, is one of the first women Russian doctors. She is the daughter of an officer who retires with the rank of general. VSEVOLOD has a younger brother, the future philologist Boris Eichenbaum. Both speak fluent French and German from their young age. They spent their childhood in Voronej where they are students at the classical high school in the city.

Le Tsar Alexandre III reigns over Russia when the future voline is born in a wealthy family (his father and mother are doctors). After the classical high school, he pursued law studies in Saint Petersburg. He speaks French and German fluently ^{[ 3 ]} .

Sympathizer with revolutionary ideas, he broke in 1904 with his family and abandoned his studies to join the Revolutionary Socialist Party ^{[ 4 ]} . He gives lessons and takes care of the training of revolutionary activists ^{[ 5 ]} . According to Paul Avrich: “Voline invests all the strength of his idealistic nature in his new cause. He organizes study groups for workers, founded a library, and developed a training program, while giving private lessons to earn a living. »» ^{[ 4 ]}

The January 21, 1905 , it is with the 30,000 demonstrators, mostly workers, who walk on the winter palace by demanding the release of all imprisoned revolutionaries, better working conditions, the sale of land to peasants and the abolition of censorship. The army, exceeded by the extent of the demonstration, opens fire: the official figures show 96 dead and 333 injured, unofficial figures advance the number of 4,000 dead. This bloody repression remains under the name of Red Sunday, it contributes to the trigger for the 1905 Russian Revolution prefiguring that of 1917.

The January 22, 1905 , he is among the founders of the first Saint Petersburg Soviet ^{[ 6 ]} made up to help victims. He refuses the presidency, believing that this must return to a worker and not to an intellectual ^{[ 7 ]} . It was at this time that he took the pseudonym of Voline ^{[ 5 ]} .

In November 1906 , he takes part in an insurrection on the island of Kronstadt ^{[ 8 ]} . He is arrested, imprisoned at the Pierre-et-Paul fortress ^{[ 5 ]} , then sentenced to perpetual deportation to Siberia. In 1907, he escaped during the transfer ^{[ 9 ]} and manages to join France ^{[ ten ]} .

In 1908-1909, in Paris, he attended Russian socialist-revolutionary circles ^{[ 5 ]} .

In 1911, he met libertarian circles and joined the group created by Apollo Kareline (in) , close to the ideas of Kropotkin ^{[ 7 ]} . It was at this moment that he discovered the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Bakounine, Kropotkine and becomes anarchist ^{[ 4 ]} .

In 1913, he was a member of International War Action Committee and does anti -militarist propaganda ^{[ 4 ]} .

In 1916, during the First World War, he opposed ^{[ 11 ]} In particular with Errico Malatesta ^{[ twelfth ]} , Alexandre Berkman, Rudolf Rocker or Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis in the Sixteen Manifesto, written by Pierre Kropotkine and Jean Grave ^{[ 13 ]} who take sides for the allies’ camp and against the assault of Germany.

Under an arrest warrant ^{[ 8 ]} For his opposition to war, he leaves his wife and four children ^{[ 9 ]} and flee to the United States ^{[ ten ]} .

He adheres to the Russian workers’ union and collaborates in the anarcho-syndicalist weekly Golos Truda ( The voice of work ) ^{[ 8 ]} of which he was the Parisian correspondent ^{[ 3 ]} . Talented speaker, he gives conferences, notably on unionism in Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Chicago ^{[ 4 ]} .

In April 1917 , in New York, he meets Trotsky whom he has already met in Russia and France, from where he was expelled like him in 1916 ^{[ 14 ]} .

Back to Russia and opposition to Bolsheviks [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In July 1917 And following the announcement of the February Revolution, he returned to Russia ^{[ 5 ]} . The editorial staff of Golos Truda Settles in Petrograd. The newspaper became daily after the October Revolution ^{[ 3 ]} , is the organ of the Union for anarcho-syndicalist propaganda And Voline is the editor.

After the October Revolution, Voline is very critical of the new Bolshevik government. He writes in Golos Truda : “The Bolsheviks, once consolidated and legalized their power, as state socialists who believe in centralized and authoritarian leadership, will begin to direct the life of the country and the people of the summit. […] The Bolsheviks will develop a political authority and a state apparatus which will crush any opposition with an iron handle. “He argues the idea that the slogan” all the power to the Soviets “in fact means” all the power to the party leaders. »» ^{[ 4 ]}

Violently opposed to the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, he left to fight the army of Denikine volunteers in Ukraine.

On his return, he spends some time in Moscow where he declined the offer of the Bolsheviks to take the direction of education ^{[ 7 ]} .

He returned to Ukraine where he participated in the foundation of the Nabat Confederation ^{[ ten ]} of which he supports the writing of the newspaper of the same name ( The tocsin ).

From 12 to November 16, 1918 , in Koursk, he participated in the first general conference of the Confederation of anarchist organizations in Ukraine . He finds there among others, Piotr Archinov, Aron and Fanny Baron, Sénia Fléchine, Mark Mratchnyi, Grigori Gorelik, Nikolai Doenko, Efim Yartchouk and Olga Taratuta. The Nabat program can be summed up by the rejection of privileged groups (non-travelers), distrust of all parties, the negation of any dictatorship (mainly that of an organization on the people), the negation of the principle of the State, the rejection of a “transient” period and the self-directing of workers by free soviets. He is responsible for writing an anarchist synthesis, a joint declaration which could bring together all the union, collectivist and individualist tendencies within the same organization ^{[ 15 ]} .

From 2 to April 7, 1919 , in Elizavetgrad (current Kropyvnytskyi), he participated in the first Nabat congress. The delegates denounce the stranglehold of the Bolsheviks on the Soviets and the purely militarist organization of the Red Army. They decide for an “army of revolutionary supporters” spontaneously organized as it acts in Ukraine under the name of Makhnovchtchina ^{[ 16 ]} .

Responsible for the Makhnovchta Insurrection Military Council [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In July 1919 ^{[ 17 ]} , when press freedom is removed by the Bolsheviks, he joined the headquarters of Nestor Makhno ^{[ ten ] , [ 3 ]} . He organizes the section Culture and education of the Ukrainian insurrectionary revolutionary army ^{[ 18 ]} . Voline gives 400 educational meetings during this period ^{[ 7 ]} . In August, he was appointed responsible for the “insurrectional military council” ^{[ 8 ]} .

In December 1919 , sick with typhus he goes to Moscow to get treatment there, but he was arrested on the way by the Red Army: “Considering me as a” brand “activist, the authorities advised Trotsky of my arrest [… ] The answer, by telegram […] arrived, fast, laconic, clear: Immediately . I was not shot, only thanks to a particularly happy and quite accidental competition. »» ^{[ 14 ]} . He finally delivered to the Cheka the January 14, 1920 . Sick, he owes life to a jailer who, who knows him for a long time, cares for him and save him ^{[ 9 ]} .

In October 1920 , a truce is concluded between Nestor Makhno and Léon Trotski, when General Piotr Nikolaïevitch Wrangel and his white army launches a major offensive in Ukraine. Trotski proposes to release all anarchist prisoners in exchange for joint military action against Wrangel. Voline is then released ^{[ 7 ] , [ 4 ]} .

The December 24, 1920 , he was arrested a second time in Kharkiv, as well as all those responsible for Nabat (including Aaron and Fanny Baron, Olga Taratuta, Sénia Fléchine, Mark Mrachnyi, Coloenko-Chekeres and Anatolii Gorelik), on the eve of the “Panrusse of the anarchist congresses »» ^{[ 8 ] , [ 7 ]} . Trotski gives the order to shoot it ^{[ 5 ] , [ 19 ]} .

In July 1921 , he is incarcerated in Riazan prison where the conditions of detention are extremely harsh. He is among the thirteen anarchist detainees who start a hunger strike ^{[ 7 ]} In the international repercussions thanks to the presence, in Moscow, of union delegates who came to participate, in observers, in the third conference of the Red Sion International ^{[ 20 ]} . The case is mentioned in the gallery, as soon as the debates opened, by the French delegation led by Henri Sirolle ^{[ 9 ]} . Following these union pressures ^{[ 18 ]} and those of Victor Serge ^{[ first ]} , the September 17 , he is among the ten activists banished and expelled from USSR including Vorobiov, Mratchny, Mikhaïlov, Grigori Maksimov, Ioudine, Iartchouk, Gorelik, Feldman and Fedorov. The death penalty sanctions any possible return ^{[ 3 ]} .

In January 1922 , he took refuge in Berlin where he resumed the publication of The voice of work . Polyglot, it corresponds in Russian, French, German, English and, later, in Italian and Spanish. He militates in the free union of German workers and published the weekly in the Russian language, The anarchist worker ^{[ 8 ]} subtitle reviews “of an anarcho-synthetist” expression ” ^{[ 7 ]} . He defends Makhno against anti -Semitism accusations ^{[ 7 ]} .

In June 1922 ^{[ 17 ]} , in a text written among others by Voline, A. Gorielik and A. Komoffdonne, the Group of Russian anarchists Exiled to Germany, lists nearly 200 anarchists arrested, shot, died in prison or deported by Soviet power ^{[ 21 ]} . The text is published in brochure under the title Persecution against anarchism in Soviet Russia . Voline translated it into French in 1923 ^{[ 17 ]} , Repression of anarchism in Soviet Russia ^{[ ten ]} . It translates and prefaces, Piotr Archinov’s book: History of the Makhnovist movement ^{[ 5 ]} . He publishes many article on Soviet Russia in The anarchist review by Sébastien Faure and in The libertarian ^{[ 5 ]} .

The account of his collaboration with Makhno is strongly questioned by a Parisian friend of Makhno, Ida Mett, in her text Souvenirs Sur Nestor Makhno ^{[ 22 ]} . In particular, she accuses him of having made the only diary of Makhno’s life disappear after his death.

In the spring of 1925, the expulsion decree having been lifted following the intervention of Henri Sellier ^{[ 9 ]} , he returned to France at the invitation of Sébastien Faure. He adheres to Social studies group ^{[ 5 ]} and collaborates in Libertarian ^{[ 18 ]} as well as to the main journals of the movement. He is part of the editorial team of the Sébastien Faure anarchist encyclopedia ^{[ ten ]} he writes several articles ^{[ 18 ]} . Some like The real social revolution , in 1930, were published in brochures ^{[ 5 ]} .

The 12 and July 13, 1926 , he participated with Makhno in the congress of the Anarchist union to which they both adhere ^{[ 7 ]} .

Synthetism v/s Platformism [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In June 1926 , on the initiative of Piotr Archinov, Nestor Makhno and Ida Mett, the “group of Russian anarchists abroad” publishes in Russian the “Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Project)”. In October, Voline finished the translation and the text appeared in French by editions of The international bookstore ^{[ 5 ]} .

The Platform is made up of three parts: a general , on capitalism and the strategy to overthrow it; a constructive part , on the libertarian communist project and a organizational part , on the anarchist movement itself ^{[ 23 ]} .

The general Affirm that anarchism is not a “beautiful fantasy or an abstract idea of ​​philosophy”, but a revolutionary workers’ movement. It offers an analysis grid based on materialism and class struggle as an engine of history. In a revolutionary situation, the anarchist organization must propose an orientation “in all areas of the social revolution”. The challenge is to “link the solution to these problems to the general conception of libertarian communism”.

The constructive part offers a transitional company project. Industrial production follows the model of federated Soviets. As for consumption and the agrarian question, the Platform A stands out from the “war communism” of Lenin, which consisted in spoiling the countryside to feed the cities. As for the defense of the Revolution, the model is that of the Makhnovchtchina: “class character of the army”, “volunteering”, “free discipline”, “complete submission of the revolutionary army to the workers’ and peasant masses”.

Finally, the organizational part offers four “fundamental principles” for an anarchist organization: theoretical unity, tactical unity, collective responsibility and federalism.

In April 1927 , Voline and seven of his friends publish a 40-page pamphlet “response to the platform”. The tone is controversial, the authors accuse the Plate-Formistes avant-garde and want to “bolchevise” anarchism. Each point of the Platform is dissected and refuted. The class character of anarchism is denied, anarchism is also a “humanitarian and individual” conception. The constructive part is compared to the Leninist “transition program”. Organizational principles are assimilated to barracks. Even the defense of the Revolution, inspired by the Makhnovchtchina, is convened. The authors of the Answer see it as “creation of a leading political center, an army and a police at the disposal of this center, which means, basically, the inauguration of a transitional political authority of state” ^{[ 24 ]} .

In August 1927 , Piotr Archinov publishes “The answer to the confusionists of anarchism” ^{[ 25 ]} .

The debate which initially affects only Russian activists, takes an international scope ^{[ 5 ]} .

In 1928, Sébastien Faure and Voline developed anarchist synthesis which aims to overcome the internal, theoretical and organic divisions of the anarchist movement ^{[ 26 ]} . Voline offers a synthesis of the different currents of the movement: libertarian communist, anarcho-syndicalist and individualistic. According to Voline, these currents are related and close to each other, they only exist because of an artificial misunderstanding. It is therefore necessary to make a theoretical and philosophical synthesis of the doctrines on which they rest, after which we can make its merger and envisage the structure and the precise forms of an organization representing these three trends ^{[ 27 ]} .

Controversy between synthesists And platforms continues until 1931: to the accusation of “Bolshevism” of some, replied that of “dilettantism” of others. The terms of the debate have hardly evolved since.

“Red fascism” [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In November 1927 , Voline writes for the Anarchist International Defense Committee The brochure As in the time of the tsars. Exile and prison, sometimes death against the best revolutionaries ^{[ 5 ]} .

The February 7, 1931 , he coordinates for The libertarian a file, Under Stalin’s boot , devoted to imprisonment of USSR activists ^{[ 5 ]}

In 1934, in “Red Fascism” published under the aegis of Anarchist International Defense Committee In the review what to say about Hem Day in Brussels ^{[ 28 ]} , he defines this new concept: “For me, any current of idea that admits the dictatorship […] is basically, objectively and essentially, fascist. […] Fascism, from a psychological and ideological point of view, is the idea of ​​dictatorship. As long as this idea is issued, propagated, applied by the possessing classes, we understand it. But when the same idea is seized and put into practice by the ideologues of the laborious class as the means of its emancipation, we must consider this fact as a fatal aberration, as a blind and stupid monger, as a perilous error. Because being essentially fascist, this idea, applied, inevitably leads to a fundamentally fascist social organization. This truth was precisely demonstrated – without possible dispute – by “Russian experience”. The idea of ​​dictatorship as a means of emancipation of the working class was practically applied to it. […] Soon, the most ignorant, the most blind, the most obstinate, will be forced to note: the triumphant revolution, instead of leading to the emancipation of the working class, in fact ends, and despite all The theories of emancipators-dictates, the most complete, the most terrible, of this working class by a privileged ruling class. […] That’s why […] No difference exists between Stalin and Mussolini. And that’s why “red fascism” is by no means a joke, but the exact expression of a very sad reality. »» ^{[ 29 ]}

Historian Sylvain Boulouca, in the reproduction of the article “Red fascism” written in 2012: “Very early on the libertarians published lists of arrested and imprisoned in the USSR […] they counted among the first to assimilate “fascism and Bolshevism” ( The libertarian , n ^O 231, June 23, 1923 ). » ^{[ 18 ]}

And on the same subject, Daniel Guérin wrote in 1965, that for Voline, any attempt inspired by the Russian example, could lead only to a “state capitalism based on an odious exploitation of the masses”, the “worst of capitalisms and which has absolutely no relation to the march of humanity towards socialist society ”. It could only promote “the dictatorship of a party which inevitably leads to the repression of all freedom of speech, press, organization and action, even for revolutionary currents, except for the ruling party”, that ‘to a “social inquisition” which stifles “the very breath of the revolution” ^{[ 17 ]} .

For Voline: “Stalin” has not fallen from the moon “. Stalin and “Stalinism” are only the logical consequences of a prior and preparatory evolution, itself the result of a terrible error, of a harmful deviation of the Revolution. It was Lenin and Trotski – that is to say their system – who presented the terrain and engendered Stalin. Notice to all those who, having supported Lenin, Trotsky and others, fuminate today against Stalin: they harvest what they have sown! »» ^{[ 30 ]}

In summer 1934, the litigation which opposed it to Trotski did not prevent him from protesting against the expulsion of France of the latter ^{[ 7 ]} while recalling its role in the crushing of Kronstadt revolt ^{[ 5 ]} .

The unknown revolution [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In July 1934 , he pronounces the funeral prayer to the burial of Nestor Makhno ^{[ 7 ]} .

From 1935, he approached André Prudhommeaux.

The 15 and August 16, 1936 In Toulouse, he participated in the constitution of the anarchist federation. He animates the group there Anarchist synthesis then that of the third Parisian arrondissement ^{[ 5 ]} . In 1937, he was mandated, by the second Congress of the FA, to the editorial staff of Free land ^{[ first ]} where he writes articles on Russia and Spain. He denounces in particular the participation of the National Labor Confederation in the Republican Government in 1937, which earned him the vindictive of the representatives of the CNT-FAI ^{[ 5 ]} .

During the 1936 revolution, when André Prudhommeaux was in Barcelona, ​​he took care of the articles in French of Antifascist Spain (CNT-FAI-AIT) which will become New Spain .

In 1938, he began writing his major work: The unknown revolution ^{[ 17 ]} .

In 1939, he moved to Marseille where he met Émile Danoën who succeeded in convincing Gaby Neumann, the interim director of Sagittarius editions, to give him a better paid work than that of CHOCH Theater of the gymnasium.

When his friend, Victor Serge, visits him, he discovers him alive in real poverty as he desperately tries to finish his story of the Russian Revolution ^{[ 4 ]} .

Anti-Nazi resistance [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

During the Second World War, he lived in the very difficult conditions of hiding, both threatened as an anarchist, as half Jew and as a Freemason.

He participates in the resistance ^{[ 18 ]} , especially from February 1941 , when he meets André Arru with whom he creates the International anarchist group ^{[ 8 ]} that publishes the underground newspaper The reason (First issue in June 1943 ), the only anarchist publication under German occupation. The international group brings together French, Italian, Spanish activists, a Russian and the Czech Joseph Sperck. THE August 3, 1943 , he narrowly escapes the arrest during the roundup which decimates the group (arrest of André Arru) ^{[ 7 ]} .

L’Hartuar Pierre Guiral Dans The Liberation of Marseille talk about International anarchist group In these terms: “Jean-René Saulière, alias André Arru, succeeds in creating a small underground group, strictly libertarian, hostile to the Germans, capitalism, war officials, Stalinist dictatorship. »» ^{[ thirty first ]} .

After the Liberation, he participated in attempts to recreate the anarchist movement, in particular in the pre-congress of Agen the 29 and October 30, 1944 ^{[ 5 ]} . In February 1945 , it contributes to the first issue of Small notebooks published by the Libertarian Federation , Southern region ^{[ 5 ]} .

Then he falls seriously ill and is hospitalized in mars 1945 , he has lost a lot of weight, but remains extremely lucid. THE May 25 , when he left the hospital, he was hosted by Spanish refugees at La Treille, in the suburbs of Marseille. In August 1945 , he returned to Paris with his son Léo where he is again hospitalized.

He dies of tuberculosis September 18, 1945 At the age of 63 at the Laennec hospital in Paris.

It is cremated at the crematorium of the Père-Lachaise cemetery and its ashes rest in the columbarium (box n ^O 4024), not far from the grave of his former comrade Nestor Makhno. The libertarian evokes his funeral: “Despite that no advertisement would have been made, more than two hundred and fifty comrades attended the cremation, attesting to the perennial memory they kept for the one who was one of their guides. »» ^{[ 9 ]}

In 1947, his manuscript The unknown revolution is edited by Jacques Doubinsky ^{[ 32 ]} and a group of his friends ^{[ 3 ]} .

In 1986, The unknown revolution is reissued, increased by the conclusions found by his son Léo. Since the reissues have been linked. Today, the text is available in free reading on the internet.

The January 27, 1930 ^{[ 5 ]} , VULINE IS INTERNIE in Franc-Mçason to the LOY Clarity From the Grand Orient of France to Paris. In 1939, he fell to The perfect union in Marseille ^{[ 3 ]} .

In 1931, The anarchist review Publishes on several issues a debate on compatibility or not of being both a free-mason and anarchist. Voline intervenes in these terms: “As long as I know, the fundamental task of Freemasonry is the search for truth, that is to say solutions as much as possible, exact and fruitful, philosophical problems, social, economic and others. […] The association of Freemasonry offers its members the means of collective research. I believe that, in its kind, it is the only one. […] I believe […] that it is very useful, for an anarchist, to extend somewhat the frames of his usual environment and action, to meet his opinions and his truths with those of others. This is useful to him, because he thus finds a good opportunity to verify, experience and consolidate his convictions. At the same time, it is very useful for others and for the whole cause, because the anarchist idea finds an opportunity there to make itself known in its true light, to be examined, to understand, to estimate. Freemasonry […] is above all, a philosophical circle of free thinkers, free researchers. The collective activity of Freemasons encourages them to reflect, scrutinize, to estimate the opinion of others, to love the truth, to proclaim it, to apply it. […] To conclude, I categorically affirm that, for my part, I find absolutely nothing, in the principles or in the activity of Freemasonry, which would be incompatible with my quality of anarchist. And I believe that any anarchist seeking to get more vast, and also to collaborate in the education of others, should be part of this association. He would win and his cause would also win. »» ^{[ 3 ]}

With Tatiana Solopova (died in 1915) then with Anna Grigorieva (deceased the December 15, 1939 ) ^{[ 7 ]} Fountain, Voline TACA Nachaca Taca Volin (Née en porine (né of the January 4, 1917 ), Alexandre (Alex) Eiannbaum-Voline (black 4 mars 1919 ). In January 1937 , they join, in Spain, a column of the National Confederation of Labor. In February 1938 , the unity of Leo is surrounded and decimated by the Francoists. In 1940, he joined his father in Marseille. In 1986, the reissue of The unknown revolution is increased by the conclusions he finds ^{[ 33 ]} . In 1946, Natacha resides in Paris. Alex resides in Oran, where his daughter was born, also called Natacha. Natacha and Alex with his family both benefit from the material aid in the forms of the Care packages delivered by the Alexander Berkman Aid Fund , anarchist rescue association in Chicago, chaired by Boris Yelensky ^{[ 34 ]} .

Voline is an intellectual and a prolific writer. In Ukraine in 1917, he played a fundamental role during the creation of the Nabat Confederation as well as in the debate on the anarchist organization which opposed it, in France in the 1920s, to Piotr Archinov.

He is the theorist of anarchist synthesis which aims to bring together all the anarcho-syndicalist, libertarian and individualist communist tendencies in a single organization: “These three elements (unionism, communism, and individualism) are three aspects of ‘Only one and the same process, the construction, by the working class organization method (unionism), of anarcho-communist society which is only the material basis necessary for the complete development of the individual free. These three elements chronologically coincide, and manifest themselves strongly from the start of the Social Revolution. »» ^{[ 36 ]}

The text of Voline on the synthesis published in the anarchist encyclopedia of Sébastien Faure, and that of Archinov on the platform structures today the libertarian movement between synthesists, the anarchist federation for example, and platforms , Libertarian alternative for example.

In The unknown revolution Voline exposes its conception of ideology which governs the USSR and denounces in particular the interchangeability of Trotsky, Stalinist and Leninist ideologies: “Stalin” did not fall from the moon “. Stalin and “Stalinism” are only the logical consequences of a prior and preparatory evolution, itself the result of a terrible result, of a harmful deviation of the Revolution.
It was Lenin and Trotski-that is to say their system-who presented the ground and engendered Stalin. Notice to all those who, having supported Lenin, Trotsky and others, fuminate today against Stalin: they harvest what they have sown ^{[ 37 ]} ! » .

In his book Souvenirs Sur Nestor Makhno , Ida Mett writes: “Galina Kouzmienko […] After the death of Makhno, she became the woman of Voline and together with the latter, she had committed the greatest moral dirt: both, they stole from Below the Makhno’s mortuary pillow its diary and made it disappear. However, this Makhno newspaper had written him throughout his life in emigration and gave his opinion on his comrades of idea and their activity. »» ^{[ 38 ]}

Michel Ragon, in his novel The memory of the vanquished Stage this situation: “They found the manuscript under the died pillow and burned it. »» ^{[ 39 ]}

• “Anarchists condemn the authority entirely, without any concession, because the slightest authority eager to strengthen and expand is as dangerous as the most developed, because any authority accepted as” inevitable evil “quickly becomes an inevitable evil . ” – Article Authority in the anarchist encyclopedia.

• Contributions to the anarchist encyclopedia of Sébastien Faure, an international work of anarchist editions, 1925-1934, Full Text .
• Anti -Semitism , Anarchist encyclopedia, Full Text – Reissue Le Libertaire, 2005, Full Text .
• Anarchist synthesis , Anarchist encyclopedia, Full Text .
• Red fascism , What to say, n ^O 2, Thought and action, July 1934 ^{[ 40 ] , [ 41 ]} , Full Text & Full Text .
• The unknown revolution – 1917-1921: unprecedented documentation on the Russian revolution , Les Amis de voline, 1947 ^{[ 42 ] , [ 43 ]}

full text of first two volumes A you third volume of the 1947 edition .

• The unknown revolution: iconographic suite , Tallandier editions, 1969 ^{[ 44 ]} .
• The unknown revolution , Pierre Belfond editions, 1986 ^{[ 45 ] , [ forty six ]} , Vertical Éditions, 1997 ^{[ 47 ]} , Tops-H editions. Trinquier, 2007 ^{[ 48 ]} and reproduction in facsimile, 2009 ^{[ 49 ]} .
• Anarchist synthesis , Le Libertaire Éditions, 1985 ^{[ 50 ]} , Full Text .
• The unknown revolution , First book: birth, growth and triumph of the Russian revolution (1825-1917) , Enditions Entremonde, Lausanne, 2009 ^{[ 51 ]} , (ISBN  978-2-940426-02-7 ) .
• The unknown revolution , Second book: Bolshevism and anarchy , Enditions Entremonde, Lausanne, 2009 ^{[ 52 ]} , (ISBN  978-2-940426-03-4 ) .
• The unknown revolution , Third book: The struggles for the real social revolution (1918-1921) , Enditions Entremonde, Lausanne, 2009 ^{[ 53 ]} , (ISBN  978-2-940426-04-1 ) .
• Many articles on the site The anarchist press , Full Text .
• The unknown revolution (1917-1921) , Tops H. Trinquier ( rompr. 2007) ( first ^re ed. 1947), 700 p. (ISBN  978-2-9123-3959-1 )
• The Russian Revolution: critical and lived history ( pref. Charles Jacquier), Libertaria, 2017 , 228 p. (ISBN  978-2-3772-9004-8 ) . Also contains the article Red fascism .

Preface [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Piotr Archinov, The history of the Makhnovist movement (1918-1921) , Anarchist editions & International Librairie, 1928.
• Piotr Archinov, The makhnovchtchina: the revolutionary insurrection in Ukraine from 1918 to 1921 , Spartacus editions, 2010 ^{[ 54 ] , [ 55 ]} .

Collective works [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Group of Russian anarchists exiled in Germany, Repression of anarchism in Soviet Russia , Éditions de la Librairie Social, 1923 ^{[ 56 ]} .
• Organization platform by the Archinof group, followed by answers and a debate , Archaov, vinine eropiano malasapy, Black and Rouge, 1968.

Texts reproduced in anthologies [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Daniel Guérin, Neither God nor master , anthology of anarchism, volumes II & III, La Découverte, 1999 ^{[ 57 ] , [ 58 ]} .
• Anarchist organization: founding texts , pref. Gaetano Manfredonia, Entraide Editions, 2005 ^{[ 59 ]} .
• Sylvain Boulouque, Kronstadt’s rebellion & other texts – Alexandre Berkman & Emma Goldman , La Digitale Éditions, 2007 ^{[ 60 ]} .
• Sylvain Boulouque, Anarchists neither God nor master! (Anthology), Le Monde, 2012, publisher .

Translations [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• The persecution of anarchists and revolutionary trade unionists in Soviet Russia , The social bookstore, December 1922 .

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Testing [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Sylvain Boulouque, A life of struggles • Alexandre Tchoukaev, Tsars Russia • Ignacio de Llorens, Voline et l’RUEVOLATION RURSE • Gaetano Manfredonia, The platform or synthesis debate • C. Jacquier, USSR. Red fascism (with a voline article) • David Berry, Faced with the Spanish Civil War • White rené, Voline et Laarchiste press • G. de Puytorac, The anarchist movement in turmoil .

• Itinerary, life, thought, n ^O  13, 1996, « Voline » , Man and society, Anarchism news , n ^O 123-124, 1997, p. 202-203 , Full Text .
• Daniel Guérin, Anarchism: from doctrine to action , Paris, Gallimard, 1965, [ read online ] .
• Domenico Tarizzo, Anarchy: history of libertarian movements in the world , Seghers, 1978, Notice Cira .
• Daniel Guérin, Neither God nor master. Anthology of anarchism , volume III, Maspero editions, 1980, new edition .
• Campion, The black flag, the square and the compass: the libertarian links of the chain of union , Alternative Libertaire editions, 1996, read online , pdf .
• Paul Avrich, Russian anarchists , trad. Bernard Mocquot, Maspéro, 1979.
• Winston, Voline, presolutionnaire of the shadows , Revue Ballast, December 19, 2015 , read online .
• Alexandre Skirma, Russian anarchists, Soviets and the 1917 Revolution , Les Éditions de Paris, 2000, [ read online ] .

University work [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Pascal Revolt, Study of the conception of the State in Voline (vsévolod Mikhaïlovitch Eichenbaum) 1882-1945: Criticism of a reductionist analysis of the State (thesis in political sociology), Panthéon-Sorbonne University, September 1986 [ notice ] .

Other languages [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• (in) John Simkin, Vsevolod Eikhenbaum (Volin) , Spartacus Educational, 1997, Full text in English .
• (in) Robert Graham, Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas , From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939) , volume I, Black Rose Books, 2005, Full Text .

Iconography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Notices [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

• Voline, The unknown revolution , First book , Second book , Third book , Annex: cards , 2009, Enforcement editions .
• Frank Mintz, Nabat, bleak of archinov et de makhno, synthèse de Voline et Faure , Pierre Besnard Foundation, 2006 Full Text .
• Nick Heath, Organization platform of libertarian communists, historical introduction , Anarchist Federation, 1989, Full Text .