[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/yiddishland-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/yiddishland-wikipedia\/","headline":"Yiddishland – Wikipedia","name":"Yiddishland – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The Yiddishland (In Yiddish: \u05d9\u05d9\u05b4\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05d3 or \u05d0\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05d3) is the name given to a vast space in which the Jewish","datePublished":"2017-12-28","dateModified":"2017-12-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Yiddish.png\/220px-Yiddish.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d0\/Yiddish.png\/220px-Yiddish.png","height":"179","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/yiddishland-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6412,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The Yiddishland (In Yiddish: \u05d9\u05d9\u05b4\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05d3 or \u05d0\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05d3) is the name given to a vast space in which the Jewish communities of central and eastern Europe are inserted before their physical elimination by Nazi Germany and its allies during the Second World War.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4By extension, it is a name given to these Jewish communities themselves. This space is marked by the use of Yiddish as the main language, which was of Germanic origin. It is an important element in the history of Judaism in Europe.   The term is popularized in the French -speaking space successively by the 1982 documentary Yiddishland revolutionaries , then by the work of Silvain and Minczeles, Yiddishland , published in 1999 [ first ] , and that of Alain Guillemoles, In the footsteps of Yiddishland , published in 2010 [ 2 ] .        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4For Liliana Ruth Feierstein, you must hear by Yiddishland, simply, “The place where we speak Yiddish [ first ] \u00bb . Another source talks about a “Collision between space, time and culture [ 3 ] \u00bb .  Yiddish dialect map between XV It is And XIX It is centuries This “Pays Sans Fronti\u00e8res” [ 4 ] Covers a moving area between Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania and Hungary – roughly the territory of medieval Poland [ 5 ] – Marked by a unity of language, with the use of different dialects of Yiddish. It is estimated its population before the Shoah at 11 million people [ 4 ] . It should be noted that, from the various meanings encountered, we associate in Yiddishland that the areas of East Yiddish, and never those of Western Yiddish. Rather than a true territorial continuity, it was rather an archipelago, a set of tiny kingdoms sometimes on the scale of a village, scattered on this vast territory of central and eastern Europe [ 6 ] . For some people [Who ?] , it is not even possible to define territory corresponding to Yiddishland, an entity more cultural than spatial, denying the possibility of a nation state for the Jews, even if they concede that it is a representation of the Yiddishe Nation [not clear] [ 3 ] , in parallel with Yiddishkeyt, “Yiddishity”.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsConstitution [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Scission [ modifier | Modifier and code ] The case of “Russian” Yiddishland [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Contemporary [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Videos [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Constitution [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Yiddishland is a modern name for Jewish communities in Central Europe, whose history is spread over eight centuries [ 5 ] . It was formed into an “quasi-state organization [ 5 ] During the Middle Ages. He had representative bodies such as the Council of the Four countries [ 7 ] Between 1580 and 1764 and had three administrative levels, \u1e33ehillot (commune), Galil (region) and the council [ 8 ] . At the beginning of XX It is century, the territory was made up of Shtetl, a Yiddish -speaking village [ 9 ] , and districts of large cities more or less reserved for Jews. Scission [ modifier | Modifier and code ] A process of differentiation between Judaism Litvak (Lithuanian and Belarusian), mainly urban and patrician, and Polak Judaism (Polish and Ukrainian), rather rural and dependent, marks the beginning of the dislocation of this previously rather homogeneous ensemble [ 5 ] . At XVIII It is century, the policy of the Russian Empire in the newly conquered territories at the expense of Poland leads to a strong rural exodus, due to the establishment of a “Residence area” limited and evictions of Jews [ 5 ] . We are then witnessing a differentiation between a Yiddishland “from the North” (Lithuania, Belarus) where the Jews manage to better integrate and to better fight against segregation policies, and a Yiddishland “from the South” (Poland, Ukraine) where Pogroms will marginalize the population, maintained outside the modernization of society. In the north, the political organization is solid, especially through the Yidishe Folkspartei by Simon Doubnov. The socialist movement is also structured around the ‘ Algemeynes yidisher works tie in a bit, poyln un rusland \u00bb ou bottom [ 5 ] . To the south, the masses held away massively emigrated to America. The political organization is done here around Labor Socialism [ 5 ] . The case of “Russian” Yiddishland [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Map of Western Russia: in pale green the area of \u200b\u200bresidence, until 1917. Within the Russian Empire, the Tsars imposed a “area of \u200b\u200bresidence” on the Jews, between 1835 and 1917 [ ten ] . Then, from 1923 to 1938, the Soviet Union set up “Jewish agricultural colonies [ 11 ] \u00bb. First helped financially by ORT, an organization whose actions aimed to bring a helping hand to the homeless, to the poor fianc\u00e9s, to orphans, to destitute scholars, this action aims to “normalize Jewish life” in The framework of professional activities considered to be productive, likely to promote the integration of Jews into modern then Bolshevik society, especially at the time of the NEP of Lenin [ twelfth ] . Nevertheless, these installations disappear during the radicalization of the agrarian policy of Stalin, which transforms these colonies into Kolkhozes, and cancels all the work of ORT in 1938 [ ten ] . This period is better known in particular since the discovery of hundreds of photographic plates among the ORT-FRANCE archives by Serge Klarsfeld [ ten ] . Contemporary [ modifier | Modifier and code ]  Lower East Side, in Manhattan, the new Yiddishland according to Annie Ousset-Krief. There are accepted Yiddishland to designate contemporary, “virtual” and fragmented cultural space, either people speaking Yiddish, or the New York Jewish community in Lower East Side [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . Yiddishland has caused a clean cultural production, organized around Yiddish mainly and incidentally Hebrew. She was rich in books, tales, music, teaching centers of all levels and newspapers. One of the most famous writers in this community is Cholem Aleikhem whose funeral in New York attracted more than 200,000 people in 1916, and whose work was greeted by Mark Twain. However, all this specific culture was lost due to the extermination of Jews from countries conquered by the Germans, from the first killings carried out during the compulsory constitution of ghettos in eastern Europe from October 1939 and then the ” Shoah by bullets \u201dexecuted from July 1941 by the commandos of the German police and the SS which then formed the operational groups (more than a million and one hundred thousand victims) and then during the “gas per gas” carried out from the first quarter of 1942, in the extermination camps (estimate of around 4 million 900,000 dead) [ 2 ] . Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ] : document used as a source for writing this article. Works Rachel Ertel ( trad. you yiddish), Jewish kingdoms. Yiddish literature treasures , Paris, Robert Laffont editions, 2008 , 840 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-221-10828-4 ) G\u00e9rard Chaliand and Jean-Pierre Farge , Atlas des Diasporas , Odile Jacob editions, 1991 , 182 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 2-7381-0103-8 , read online )  Alain Guillemoles , In the footsteps of Yiddishland: a country without borders , Paris, the little mornings, November 4, 2010 , 189 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 978-2-915879-82-7 )  Isaac Leib Perez , The Forgotten of Shtetl: Yiddishland , Lead, 2007 , 395 p.  (in) Davis Roskies (in) , Yiddishlands\u00a0: A Memoir , Wayne State University Press, 2008 (in) Jeffrey Shandler , Adventures in Yiddishland\u00a0: Postvernacular Language and Culture , Berkeley, University of California Press, 2006 , 263 p.  (ISBN\u00a0 0-520-24416-8 ) Jean-Marc Izrine, Libertarians from Yiddishland , Libertarian alternative editions\/Le Coquelicot, 1998, 2013, Author’s interview , [ read online ] . Articles (in) Raphael Tart , ‘ When Lithuania was ‘Yiddishland’ \u00bb , Haaretz – Online , February 24, 2009 ( read online , consulted the July 23, 2015 ) Pascal Fenal \u00ab From Yiddishland to Eretz-Israel, from Poland to Palestine \u00bb, The New Review , n you 5-6, May-June 1998 , p. 28-35 ( read online )  Annie Ousset-warfare \u00ab New York Yiddishland: rooted memory \u00bb, Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies , vol. twelfth, n O 1, January 2015 (ISSN\u00a0 1449-2490 , read online , consulted the July 23, 2015 )  Conference Videos [ modifier | Modifier and code ] : document used as a source for writing this article. (in)  Christian Dawid in discussion with Christa Withney , de Yiddish Book Center, coll. \u00ab\u00a0Wexler Oral History Project\u00a0\u00bb, 23 ao\u00fbt 2011, 2 min 20 s  [ Online presentation ] : Klezkanada interview around the contemporary concept of Yiddishland .   Available on YouTube .   Yiddishland, a disappeared continent , November 30, 2010 [ Online presentation ] , 8 min 8 s : Interview, extract from television news  Related articles [ modifier | Modifier and code ] Jews from central and eastern Europe (of) , Ashk\u00e9nazes Council of four countries (1580-1764) Yiddish literature, Yiddish theater, haskala History of Jews in Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Galicia History of Jews in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary History of Jews in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (in) , au Montenegro\u00a0 (in) History of Jews in Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova (in) , in transnistria (in) Jak\u00f3b’s books (2014), Roman d’Lga Tokarczuk Messiah in Judaism, Jewish contenders for messianity external links [ modifier | Modifier and code ] : document used as a source for writing this article. Akadem.org , ‘ Jewish autonomy in Poland (1580-1764)-The Council of Four-Pays \u00bb  [PDF] , on www.akadem.org , two thousand and thirteen (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )  (in)  Diaseporanationalism.wordpress.com , ‘ Yiddishland \/ Yiddishland \u00bb , on Diaseporanationalism.wordpress.com  (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )  Liliana Ruth Feierstein , ‘ The territories of memory: Sephardic and Ashkenaze as places of flowering, destruction and identity \u00bb  [PDF] , on www.morim-madrichim.org , Morim-Mrrichim, 2005 (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )  (in)  LOCATION , ‘ The Tradesmen and Formers of Yiddishland \u00bb , on www.ort.org , LOCATION, February 17, 2006 (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )  Dominique RAIZON , ‘ Once upon a time there was Yiddishland … \u00bb , on www.rfi.fr , Radio France internationale, 17 mars 2006 (consulted the 27 mars 2013 )  Daniel Rondeau , ‘ Permanence of Yiddish – Speech \u00bb , on www.delegfrance -unesco.org , UNESCO, November 12, 2012 (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )  Cyril Zarrouk , ‘ From Shtetl to Kolkhoze: Yiddishland artisans and peasants (1921-1938) \u00bb , on gazetteort.com , ORT-France, June 18, 2010 (consulted the 29 mars 2013 )       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki32\/yiddishland-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Yiddishland – Wikipedia"}}]}]