[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/horned-adder-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/horned-adder-wikipedia\/","headline":"Horned adder – Wikipedia","name":"Horned adder – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Species of snake Horned adder Scientific classification Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: reptile Order: Scales","datePublished":"2021-09-28","dateModified":"2021-09-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Bitis_caudalis00a.jpg\/220px-Bitis_caudalis00a.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Bitis_caudalis00a.jpg\/220px-Bitis_caudalis00a.jpg","height":"273","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/horned-adder-wikipedia\/","wordCount":2886,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Species of snake Horned adder    Scientific classification  Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordata Class: reptile Order: Scales Suborder: Snake Family: Viperidae Genus: Bitis  Species: B. caudal Binomial name Bity caudal  Synonyms Vipera bird  A. Smith, 1838 Cerastes ocellatus  \u2014 A. Smith, 1838 Vipera caudalis  A. Smith, 1839 [2] VIpera (cerasttes) caudalis  \u2014 A. Smith, 1839 Cerastes caudal  \u2014 Gray, 1842 Vipera caudalis  \u2014 Jan, 1859 IN [ The end ]. ( Cerastes ) caudal  \u2014 Jan, 1863 Bity caudal  \u2014 Boulenger, 1896 Cobra caudalis  \u2014 Mertens, 1937 Bity caudal caudal  \u2014 Mertens, 1955 Bity caudal  \u2014 Branch, 1991 [3] The horned adder ( Bity caudal ) is a viper species. [first] [4] It is found in the arid region of southwest Africa, in Angola, Botswana, Namibia; South Africa, and Zimbabwe. [first] It is easily distinguished by the presence of a single, large horn-like scale over each eye. [ citation needed ] No subspecies are currently recognized. [4] [5] Like all other vipers, it is venomous.  Common names [ edit ] The species is commonly known as the horned adder , [first] [4] [6] horned puff adder , [7] or horned viper . [8] Description [ edit ] A short, stout little viper, it usually averages 30\u201340\u00a0cm (12\u201315.5\u00a0in) in total length (body + tail). The largest specimen reported being seen is a female from southern Botswana measuring 51.5\u00a0cm (20.3\u00a0in) total length. [6] Geographic range [ edit ] The snake is found in far arid regions of southwest Africa: southwest Angola, Namibia, across the Kalahari Desert of southern Botswana, into northern Transvaal and southwestern Zimbabwe. In South Africa, it is found from the northern Cape Province south to the Great Karoo. Its type locality is given as “…\u00a0the sandy districts north of the Cape Colony…” [South Africa]. [3] Habitat [ edit ] Horned adders are mostly found in sparsely vegetated desert and semiarid scrub country. [6] Bites are assumed to be rare and no epidemiological data are available. [7] Little information is available regarding the toxicity and amount of venom produced. Spawls and Branch (1995) reported an average yield of 85\u00a0mg of wet venom, [6] while Christensen (1971) offered an LD 50 value of 1.2\u00a0mg\/kg IV. [9] Other research has found the LD 50 [ ambiguous ] to be between 0.15 and 0.22\u00a0mg\/kg [ten] Based on this LD 50 value, Spawls and Branch (1995) estimated about 300\u00a0mg of this venom would be required to kill an adult. They regarded this venom as one of the weakest of the genus, [6] although the tests are conducted solely on mice, which might have a different reaction from humans to the venom. On the other hand, an older report by the U.S. Navy (1965, 1991) suggested it is highly toxic and a number of deaths have occurred as a result. [8] [11] According to Broadley and Cock (1975), envenomation symptoms in humans include swelling, severe pain, nausea, vomiting and shock. Blisters and necrotic ulcers may form around the bite site. [7] The National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, produces a polyvalent antivenin that includes a paraspecific antibody that protects against bites from this species. [twelfth] According to the U.S. Navy (1965, 1991), [8] [11] polyvalent antivenins produced by SAIMR and the Pasteur Institute are said to be effective, while Mallow et al. (2003) reported currently available antivenins are of limited effectiveness. [7] Viljoen et al. (1982) isolated a protein, a neurotoxic phospholipase A 2 , from the venom, which they called “caudoxin”. According to Lee et al. (1983), this is a presynaptic toxin similar to bungarotoxin, but with different binding sites. [7] Taxonomy [ edit ] A number of authors, including Mertens (1955), use a trinomial to refer to this species, even though no subspecies are recognized. [3] References [ edit ] ^ a  b  c  d  Alexander, G.J.; Tolley, K.A. (2021). ” Bity caudal ” . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.t22475165a110344127. Doi: 10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22475165A110344127.en . Retrieved 5 February 2022 .  ^  Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the…Viperid\u00e6. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. ( Bity caudal , pp. 498-499.)  ^ a  b  c  McDiarmid Rw, Campbell and, Tour\u00e9 T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 . Herpetologists’ League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (Series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).  ^ a  b  c  Bity caudal at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database . Accessed 5 February 2022.  ^  ” Bity caudal ” . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 5 February 2022 .  ^ a  b  c  d  It is  Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa . Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN\u00a00-88359-029-8.  ^ a  b  c  d  It is  Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers . Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN\u00a00-89464-877-2.  ^ a  b  c  U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World . US Government. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.  ^  Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes . Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN\u00a00-398-02808-7.  ^  C Y Lee et al. 1982. “Site of action of caudoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from the horned puff adder (Bitis caudalis) venom”. Toxicon, 20(3), 637-647  ^ a  b  U.S. Navy. 1965. Poisonous Snakes of the World . US Government. Washington, District of Columbia: US Govt. Printing Office. 212 pp.  ^  Bity caudal at Munich AntiVenom INdex (MAVIN) . Accessed 21 April 2007.  Further reading [ edit ] Branch, Bill. 2004. Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa . Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. ISBN\u00a00-88359-042-5. ( Bity caudal , p.\u00a0116 + Plate 13.) Broadley DG , Cock EV. 1975. Snakes of Rhodesia . Zimbabwe: Longman Zimbabwe Ltd. 126 pp. Asin B0006CM8SE. Christensen PA. 1971. The venoms of Central and South Africa. In Stagel W, DEULFFEU v, buckley egg. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Vol. I. New York: Academic Press. pp.\u00a0437\u2013462. ISBN\u00a00-12-138902-2. Smith A. 1839. Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836; Fitted out by “The Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa:” together with a Summary of African Zoology, and an Inquiry into the Geographical Ranges of Species in that Quarter of the Globe. [Volume 3.] London: Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury. (Smith, Elder and Co., printers.) 48 Plates + unnumbered pages of text. ( Vipera caudalis , Plate 7.) Viljoen CC, Botes DP, Kruger H. 1982. Isolation and characterization of the amino acid sequence of caudoxin, a presynaptic acting toxic phospholipase A2 from the venom of the horned puff adder ( Bity caudal ). Toxicon 20 (4): 715\u2013737. External links [ edit ]      "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/horned-adder-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Horned adder – Wikipedia"}}]}]