Calceolariaceae – Wikipedia

Calceolariaceae Raf. ex Olmstead, 2001 It is a family of dicotyledons sperm plants belonging to the Order of Lamiales. ^[first]

The name of the family derives from its most important kind ( Calceolaria L. ) that in turn the etymology can be sought in the Latin word “Vanicea” (= slippers or ciabatta) and refers to the particular shape (bag conformation) of the flowers of some species of this kind; but also in the name and honor of the pharmacist and Botanical Veronese Br. Calzolaris (Latinized in Shoot ) which lived in the second half of the 16th century (1521 – 1600). ^{[2] [3] [4]}

The scientific name of the family was defined for the first time by the self-taught and botanist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840); perfected later by the contemporary botanist Richard Glenn Olmstead (1951-) in the publication “American Journal of Botany. Lancaster, PA – 88(2): 357 (2001)” of 2001. ^[5]

• The bearing of the species of this family is shrub (small bushes) or herbaceous. The surface can present itself from glandular-pubescent to densely villosa. The maximum height that can reach these plants is 50 cm (maximum 1 m for shrub species). ^{[first] [2] [6] [7]}
• The drums have a bearing from erect to ascendant with rounded sections. In some species they are prostrated ( Jovellana ).
• The leaves along the caule are arranged in an opposite or verticillated way. There are also basal rosettes. The leaves are sessile or from subsessili to pigeons. The foil has forms from linear-lanceolate to ovoid-Orbicular, with sharp or obtuse apices. The outline may be whole, or from pennatifid to pennatosetto with whole margins, or from dentati to Crenati. The surface is sometimes wrinkled or a little tomentous.
• The inflorescences are Tirsoids with coupled flowers. The flowers are distinctly pedicated.
• The flowers are hermaphroditi, zigomorphs and tetracyclicals (i.e. consisting of 4 leaders: cup – corolla – androceo – gyge) and tetramer (each verticillo has more or less 4 elements). Generally the flowers of this family are conspicuously colorful.

• Fiorale formula: the following florist formula is indicated for these plants:

X, K (4), [C (2 + 2), A (2/3)], G (2), supero, capsula ^[7]

• The corolla, Gamopetala, has a short tube with two lips (bilabiata corolla); The upper lip, ascendant, is more or less hooded (normally smaller than the lower one) with whole or newly created margins; The lower lip has the shape of a shoe or a more or less swollen bag (in Jovellana The lower lip is not swollen but protruded with a driving license) or it can be similar to an obliquely open and rounded bag on the bass. Internally it is equipped with net tricomes (they secrete oils and lipids as a reward for pollinating insects). The color of the corolla is yellow, red or purple with various shades.

• Pollination: pollination takes place through insects (entomogam pollination).
• Reproduction: fertilization is basically through the pollination of flowers (see above).
• Dispersion: the seeds falling on the ground are dispersed above all by ants like insects (mymecaria dissemination).

The distribution of the species of this family is above all relating to Central and South America. In particular the genre Calceolaria it is mainly distributed in the Andes (from Mexico to land of fire), while the genre Jovellana It is located in Chile and New Zealand. In Ecuador 29 shrub species were reported up to 2400 m a.s.l. altitude. ^[8] In Europe these species are present only in gardens and greenhouses. The heeling pinnata L. It is reported subspontaneous on the island of Malta. ^[3] Calcolaria tripartite Ruiz &Pav. It is present in the Azores islands and the Canary Islands but is considered an exotic species introduced-naturalized. ^[9]

The Calceolariaceae family is relatively recently constitution, in fact initially all its species have been placed by the French botanist Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) within the family Scrophulariaceae . Calceolariaceae belong to the Order of Lamiales. Inside the Labiate (the Clado with Bilabiata Corolla) the family of this voice, together with the Jesnececeae and Plantaginaceae families, could represent, from an evolutionary point of view, an early divergent line. ^[7]

Phylogenesis [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Recent phylogenetic studies ^[ten] they have overhauled the Scrophulariaceae family. The Calceolarieae tribe was to have a distinctive phylogenetic character (it is also strongly monofiletic) and therefore has been elevated to family rank (limestoneae). In particular the two genres of the family ( Calceolaria It is Jovellana ) were found in the “brother group” position of the rest of the Scrophulariace s.l. (but also of the majority of the other families of the Lamiales). This group stands out for the presence of only two stamens in the androceum and for the two lobes corolla. Furthermore Calceolaria It is one of the few genres to have glands producing oil (lipids collected by bees) in the corolla.

Later other studies on morphology and on the development of 12 species of the family made through electronic microscopy scanning ^[11] They highlighted similar development models in the initial organ: the chalice tetramero; While the two lips of the corolla grow later as separate meristematic crests (subsequently merge with the primordies of the two stamens). In this study it has been shown that the Perianzio delle Calceolarieae derived from an initial condition tetramera and not pentamera as traditionally it has always been believed. Ultimately, the molecular tests are now also supported by morphological characteristics/development of the flowers of this recent family.

Initially the family was described with three genres (the third genre was the monotype Poroditta G. Don ), but further phylogenetic tests of the chloroplasty gene and other nuclear regions ^[twelfth] have highlighted a profound nesting of this kind within Calceolaria So it has been reduced to Sinonimia under the latter genre. Other searches ^[13] they established that the genre Jovellana It is certainly more primitive of the genre Calceolaria : In this regard, the simplest structure of the lips of the corolla is indicative.

Composition of the family [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The family consists of two genres and about 240 – 270 species: ^{[first] [6]}

In Europe (and in Italy) numerous species of this family are cultivated for ornamental purposes. The species Calceolaria hybrida Hort. corresponds to a very large group of cultivars. The species The heeling pinnata L. It was introduced in European gardens, from Peru, at the end of the 1700s. ^[2]

• David Gledhill, The name of plants ( PDF ), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008. URL consulted on 9 September 2015 (archived by URL Original March 4, 2016) .
• Sandro Pignatti, Flora of Italy. Volume 2 , Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, p. 540, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
• Giacomo Nicolini, Motta botanical encyclopedia. , Milan, Federico Motta Editore. Volume 1, 1960, p. 398.
• Kadereit J.W, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume VII. Lamiales. , Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004, p. 9-38.
• Judd S.W. et al, Systematic botany – a phylogenetic approach , Padua, Piccin Nuova Libraria, 2007, ISBN 978-88-299-1824-9.
• 1996 Alfio Mustarra, Botany dictionary , Bologna, Edagricole.
• Richard G. Olmstead, Claude W. Depamphilis, Andrea D. Wolfe, Nnelson D. Young, Wayne J. Elisons, and Patrick A. Reeves, Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae , in American Journal of Botany , vol. 88, n. 2, 2001, pp. 348–361.
• Eva M. Mayr and Anton Weber, Calceolariaceae: floral development and systematic implications , in American Journal of Botany , vol. 93, n. 2, 2006, pp. 327–343. URL consulted on May 15, 2022 (archived by URL Original April 14, 2013) .
• Stephan Andersson, On the Phylogeny of the Genus Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) as Inferred from ITS and Plastid matK Sequences , in Taxon , vol. 55, n. 1, 2006, pp. 125-137.
• Stephan Nylinder, Phylogeny and biogeography of the plant family Calceolariaceae ( PDF ), in Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (University of Gothenburg) , 2010.