Chichén Itzá – Wikipedia

Chichén Itzá ( /tʃiˈtʃen iˈtsa/ ) is an important Mayan archaeological complex located in Mexico, in the north of the Yucatán peninsula. The ruins, which extend on an area of ​​3 km², belonged to a large city that was one of the most important centers in the region around the epiclassical period of the Mayan civilization, between the 6th and 11th centuries. The site includes numerous buildings, representative of different architectural styles; Among the most famous can indicate the pyramid of Kukulkan (known as The castle ), the astronomical observatory (the Snail ) and the Temple of warriors .

The Chichén Itzá website was declared UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. ^[first] It constitutes a federal property of the state of Mexico, and is administered by the Institute Nacional de Anthropología and Historia (ina). It was included in 2007 among the seven wonders of the modern world.

The name Chichén Itzá derives from words spend (“mouth”) e ch’en (“Pozzo”), and literally means “to the mouth of the well of the Itza”. The Itza were an ethnic group that had a predominant political and economic position in the northern part of the Yucatán. In turn, the name “Itza” is generally traced back to itz (“magic”) e (h) on (“water”), and translated into “magicians” (or “witches”) “of the water”.

The name of the site generally comes (but not always) transcribed with accents on the latest Sillabe in Spanish and other languages ​​(including Italian); Some sources report the “chich’en itzá” form, which suggests the Mayan etymology more explicitly.

The city certainly existed before the arrival of the Itza on the peninsula, and had another name, as can be deduced for example from some references in Books by Chilam Balam . The previous name could be Uuc Yabnal (also transcribed as Uuc Habnal , UUC na nal O Uc Abnal ); Most of the sources agree that the first word indicates the number seven, but the second part of the name is of uncertain translation.

In a yucatán mainly arid the presence of two wide and deep natural wells, called Cenotes , which provide abundant water, made the site particularly attractive for the settlement. Of the two cenotes the Sacred Cenote It is the most famous. According to post-conquer sources, both Mayan and Spaniards, the pre-Columbian Mayans carried out sacrifices to the god of rain Chaac , throwing both artifacts and human beings into the cenote. The US console Edward Herbert Thompson dragon the Cenote in the years between 1904 and 1910, bringing to light gold, jade and ceramic artifacts, as well as human remains with wounds compatible with the hypothesis of sacrifices. ^{[2] [3]}

Ascent [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Chichén Itzá ascended to regional dominance towards the end of the classic archaic period (approximately in 600 AD).
It was however towards the end of the average classical period and at the beginning of the final classic period that the site became a great regional capital, centralizing and dominating politically, culturally and economically life in the northern plains of the Mayans.
The rise of Chichén Itzá is related to the decline of the main Mayan centers of the southern plains, such as Tikal.
Some sources indicate that around 987 AD A Tolteco king named Quetzalcoatl arrived in arms from central Mexico and, with the help of local allies, he made his capital Cherce Itn, a second tula. The art and architecture of this period show an interesting mix of Mayan and Toltechi styles. However, the recent new dating of the decline of Chichén Itzá indicates that it is largely a site of the final classic period, while Tula remains a site of the first postclassical period, reversing the direction of possible influence.

Social organization [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Unlike other Mayan cities of the first classic period, Chichén Itzá was not governed by a single individual or a single dynasty. The political organization of the city was instead structured through a so -called system multepal , characterized by the government of a council made up of members of the most important families. ^[4]

Economy [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Chichén Itzá at his apogee was the greatest economic power of the northern Mayan lands. Taking advantage of the maritime routes surrounding the Yucatán peninsula by means of the port site of Isla Cerritos, the city was able to obtain raw materials not available locally, such as the oxidian from the regions of Central Mexico and the gold from the regions of the Central America further south .

Decline [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The Mayan chronicles report in 1221 a revolt with a consequent civil war, and the archaeological evidence seemed to confirm that the wooden covers of the great market and the temple of the warriors burned approximately that period. For Chichén Itzá the decline began as the dominant city of Yucatán, supplanted by Mayapan. However, this chronology has been drastically revised in more recent years. On the one hand, a better archaeological knowledge on the changes of ceramic in the region, on the other, a greater number of finds datable with the radiocarbon technique that came from the excavations in Chichén Itzá, have moved the dating of the decline of the city backwards of two centuries, Around 1000 AD ^[5]
This new dating leaves an unexplained time interval between the fall of Chichén Itzá and the rise of his successor Mayapan. Research ongoing in the Archaeological site of Mayapan could help resolve this chronological enigma.
The city was never completely abandoned, however the population decreased and no new important construction was erected after political collapse. However, the sacred cenote remained a pilgrimage place.
In 1531 the Spaniard Francisco de Montejo conquered Chichén Itzá with the intention of making it the capital of the Spanish Yucatán, but after a few months a revolt of the natives Maya forced him to abandon it.

Archaeological studies [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The rediscovery by Chichén Itzá is the work of the US explorer John Lloyd Stephens who in his book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (1843), described the first exploration of the site, with the equipment of the illustrations of English Frederick Catherwood. The publication of the book gave impetus to new archaeological expeditions. In 1860 the French explorer Désiré Charnay performed a new patrol of the site, drawing a photographic report published in American cities and ruins (1863).

In 1875, Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife Alice Dixon Le Plongeon, during a scavi campaign in Chichén Itzá, brought to light a statue depicting a human figure in a reclined position with the head raised and facing the right side, with a tray resting on the belly. Augustus Le Plongeon baptized it “Chaacmol” (corrected later in “Chac Mool,” term used to indicate all the statues with the same features found in Mesoamerica). A further exploration of the site was made by Teobert Maler and Alfred Maudslay in the 1980s; The two spent several weeks between the ruins obtaining a rich photographic documentation. Maudslay published the first detailed description of Chichén Itzá in his book Central-American biology .

In 1894 the United States console Edward H. Thompson bought for a few dollars, the entire area on which the ruins of Chichen Itzá arose, and during the following 30 years he explored the ancient city. His discoveries include the oldest relief dated above the architrave of the temple of the initial series and the excavation of several tombs in the ossuary. However, Thompson is mainly remembered for having removed the bricks that formed the pyramid to build his home, for having subtracted artifacts found during the excavations, sending them into the U.S.A., and also for having dragged the sacred cenote in the years from 1904 to 1910, from which He brought to light gold, copper and carved jada artifacts, as well as the first examples of those that were considered Mayan clothing and weapons. Thompson sent most of the finds to the Peabody Museum of Harvard University.

In 1913 the archaeologist Sylvanus G. Morley persuaded the Carnegie Institution to finance an extensive excavation program in Chichén Itzá, which included the complete mapping of the ruins and the restoration of different monuments. The Mexican revolution and the political instability that followed prevented the beginning of the works until 1924. Over 10 years the researchers from Carnegie dug and restored the temple of warriors and the caracol. The Mexican government for his part did the same thing for El Castillo and for the field of the game of the ball.

In 1926 the Mexican government accused Thompson of having stolen the artifacts found in the cenote Sagrado and of having smashed them outside the country; The property was seized. Thompson, who at that moment was in the United States, never returned to Yucatán again. He wrote a report of his excavations in the book People of the serpent; life and adventure among the Mayas , published in 1932. He died in New Jersey in 1935. In 1944, however, the Supreme Mexican court established that Thompson had not violated any law and returned Chichén Itzá to his heirs, which I resort it to the pioneer of Mexican tourism Fernando Barbacano Peon. ^[6]

In 1961 and 1967 there were two other shipments for the reconnaissance of the Sacred Cenote . The first was financed by National Geographic and the second by private individuals, both with the supervision of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (Inah) Mexican. Also at the INAH, the most recent attempts to bring to light and restore other monuments of the archaeological area must be made, including the Ossario, Akab d’Ass, and numerous buildings of Old chichén .

The site includes numerous refined stone buildings, in various state of conservation; Some were used as a place of worship, others were representative buildings. There are also two big ones there Cenotes (one of these is called Ik Kil) and a field of the game of ball Among the largest and best preserved in Yucatán.

The castle [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The center of Chichén Itzá is dominated by the Temple of Kukulkan (Mayan name of Quetzalcoatl), also called The castle .
It was built by the Mayan civilization in a period between the 11th and thirteenth centuries; It is one of the most famous pyramids with pre -Columbian steel steps of Mexico, with stairways that run along the four sides to the top.
To the spring and autumn equinoxes, to fall and the sunshine of the sun, the corners of the pyramid project a shadow of feathered snake, Kukulkan precisely, along the north staircase.

Not unique case in Mesoamerican cultures, Castillo was built above a pre -existing temple. In 1930 the Mexican government promoted a excavation campaign in which a staircase was discovered under the north side of the pyramid. Continuing the excavation starting from above, another temple buried within the current one was discovered. Inside the temple room there was a chac mool statue and a jaguar -shaped throne, painted red with spots consisting of jade inserts. A tunnel was dug starting from the base of the north staircase to the hidden temple, which was open to tourists. In 2006, however, the inah closed the throne room to the public, due to an accident to an American tourist, who died falling from the stairs of the temple.

Temple of warriors [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The complex of the temple of the warriors consists of a large steps with steps, with files of carved columns depicting warriors in the in front and on the sides.

The complex is similar to Temple B of the Tula’s capital of Tula, the evidence of cultural contacts between the two regions. That of Chichén Itzá is also larger.
At the top of the staircase at the top of the pyramid, indicating the entry to the temple, a statue is placed Chac Mool used in the past as an altar for sacrifices.
Adjacent to the temple there is a large square surrounded by pillars, called The great market .

Field of the ball game [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Archaeologists have identified seven fields for the game of the ball, the largest of which is located about 150 meters north-west of Castillo in Chich itn.

It is the largest field for the game of the ball in all of Mesoameric, 166 meters long and 68 wide. The walls that close the long sides are 12 meters high and support the center of stone rings carved with intertwined snake figures.

At the base of the internal walls there are oblique backs with sculpted panels representing the teams of the participants in the game. In one of the panels, a player is depicted beheaded and seven streams of blood are departed from the wound, you are taking the shape of snakes while the central one becomes a tree.
On the north side of the field there is a temple known as Temple of bearded man . On the internal walls of this small stone building there are in fact very detailed bas -reliefs, including a figure carved with signs on the chin similar to a beard. ^[7] On the south side there is another temple, larger, but in ruins.
Inflined in the east wall there is the temple of the jaguar. The upper part of the temple looks on the playing field, and on the two sides of the entrance there are two large columns carved with the figure of the feathered snake. Inside the temple, a large fresco, largely damaged, depicts war scenes.
The lower part of the Giaguaro Temple opens on the square on the opposite side to the playing field. In the entrance there is a jaguar -shaped throne similar to that found in the internal temple of Castillo, but without paintings and other decorations. The external columns, as well as the internal walls are covered by bas -reliefs.
Besides the temple of the jaguar there is a wall inscription in relief depicting a Tzompantli, a sort of shelf filled with aligned human skulls.

Complex des nuns [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Considered one of the most refined structures of Chichén Itzá, it is a complex of buildings dating back to the classic terminal period of the Mayan civilization, built in the PUUC architectural style. The Spaniards noured the complex The nuns , having exchanged it for the seat of a monastic order, but it was actually a governor palace. Immediately east of the main complex stands a small temple (nicknamed Church ) decorated with elaborate masks of the god of rain Chaac .

The snail [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

North of the complex of The nuns There is a round building on a large square platform, nicknamed The snail (the snail) from the spiral stone scale present inside. This structure was an astronomical observatory, with the doors aligned with the position of the sun at the spring equinox, with the points of the highest north and south of the Moon and other astronomical events sacred to Kukulkan, the feather snake God of the wind and knowledge .
The Maya determined the moment of the solstices by means of the shadows projected by the sun inside the structure.
On the edge of The snail Large stone cups are placed which were filled with water. The observation of the stars that reflected there helped the Mayan astronomers to determine their complex, but extremely precise calendar.

Ahab Dzib [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Located to the east of the Caracol, Akab Dzib means, in the Mayan language, The mysterious registration house . A previous name of the building, according to a translation of the glyphs of the Colorada house , era WA (K) WAK PUT AT , or the flat house with an excessive number of rooms , and it was the residence of the administrator of Chichén Itzá, Kokom Yahawal Cho ‘K’ak’. ^[8] It is a relatively short construction, only 6 meters high, with a length of 50 meters and a width of 15 meters.
The facade turned to the west has seven doors, the one aimed at east only four, interrupted by a large staircase leading to the roof. This was apparently the front of the house, and looks towards a cenote, today dry.
The south side has only one door, which opens on a small room. Inside are the mysterious inscriptions To which the entire building owes its current name, intricate relevant glyphs located above one of the internal doors. In the jumpsuit of the door there is another sculpted panel that represents a sitting figure surrounded by other glyphs.

Ossuary [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

This pyramid -shaped temple is a reduced version of El Castillo (Kukulkan temple); The name derives from a tomb discovered by the first E. H. Thompson.

Old chichen [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

“Vecchio Chichen” is the nickname of a group of structures placed south of the central site. This group includes the group of the initial series, the phallic temple, the platform of the large turtle, the temple of the owls and the temple of the monkeys.

Other structures [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Chichén Itzá also has many other structures positioned in the ceremonial center of about 5 km², as well as several external subsidiary sites.

About 4 km west of the archaeological area of ​​Chichén Itzá there is a network of caves, sacred for the Mayans, known as Balankanche. In the caves there is a large amount of ancient ceramics and statuettes, which can be seen in the same position in which they were left in pre -Columbian times.
The position of the cave was well known in modern times, Edward Herbert Thompson and Alfred Tozzer visited it in 1905, A.S. Pearse and his team of biologists examined the cave in 1932 and again in 1936. In 1954 Edwin Shook and R.E. Smith explored the site on behalf of the Carnegie Institution, bringing to light numerous finds of ceramic and other artifacts. Shook determined that the cave had been uninhabited for a long period of time, at least from the preclax period to the time of the post -conquest Spanish. ^[9] On September 15, 1959, a local guide, José Humberto Gómez, discovered a false wall in the cave, beyond which he found an extensive network of other caves with significant quantities of archaeological finds, ceramics, uncensors carved in stone, tools and jewelery. The inah transformed the cave into an underground museum and the objects found, after being cataloged, were put back in their original position, thus allowing visitors to see them on-site . ^[ten]

Chichén Itzá, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the second most visited archaeological site in Mexico. ^[11]

Tourism has been the key element for Chichén Itzá for more than a century. John Lloyd Stephens, who announced the Yucatán dei Maya to the general public with his book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan , inspired more than a “pilgrimage” to Chichén Itzá. Even before the publication of the book, Benjamin Norman and Baron Emmanuel de Friederichsthal visited the city following a meeting with Stephens, and both published the diaries of the finds.

With the acquisition by Edward Thompson of Hacienda Chichén in 1894 (which included Chichén Itzá) the flow of visitors is constant. In 1910 Thompson announced his intention to build a hotel in his property, but abandoned his plans, probably because of the Mexican revolution.

In the early 1920s, a group of Yucatechi, led by the writer and photographer Francisco Gómez Rul, began to work for the expansion of tourism in the Yucatán peninsula. They put pressure because the governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto built roads that led to the famous archaeological sites of the peninsula, including Chichén Itzá. In 1923 Carrillo Puerto inaugurated the highway for Chichén Itzá. Gómez Rul published one of the first guides of the Yucatán and his archaeological sites.

The son -in -law of Gomez Rul, Fernando Barbacaano Peon (grandson of the previous governor of the Yucatán Miguel Barbacaano) called the first official business linked to tourism in the early 1920s meeting passengers who arrived in Vaporetto in Progresso, the port north of Mérida, and there and there He invited to spend a week in the Yucatán, after which they could take the next ship and continue for their final destination. The first year of activity, BarbaCano Peon convinced only seven passengers of the ship; In the mid -1920s he managed to convince Edward Thompson to sell him five acres of Chichén’s property to build a hotel. In 1927, the Mayland Hotel was inaugurated, little north of Hacienda Chichén owned by the Carnegie Institution.

In 1944 BarbaCano Peon bought the Hacienda Chichén, including Chichén Itzá, from the heirs of Edward Thompson. ^[6] About the same period the Carnegie completed the excavation works in Chichén Itzá and abandoned Hacienda Chichén, which BarbaCan transformed into another hotel.

In 1972, Mexico issued the federal law act on monuments and archaeological, artistic and historical sites that places all the pre -Columbian monuments, including Chichén Itzá, under the federal property. ^[twelfth] There were hundreds at the time if not thousands of visitors every year in Chichén Itzá, and they expected more with the development of the Coast area of ​​Canceún in the east.

In the eighties, Chichén Itzá began to receive the turnout of visitors especially on the day of the spring equinox. Today a few thousand visitors present themselves to see the effect of lights and shadows on the side of the staircase of the temple of Kukulcan, where the feathered snake seems to descend the side of the pyramid to end in one of the two stone heads at its base. ^[13]

• Andrews A.P., et al, The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath , in Ancient Mesoamerica , vol. 14, n. 1, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 151–156, DOI: 10.1017/S095653610314103X , ISSN 0956-5361 ( WC · Acnp ) .
• Andrews, E. Word, IV, Excavations at the Gruta De Balankanche, 1959 (Appendix) , in Preliminary Report on the 1959-60 Field Season National Geographic Society — Tulane University Dzibilchaltun Program: with grants in aid from National Science Foundation and American Philosophical Society , Middle American Research Institute Miscellaneous Series No 11, New Orleans, Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, 1961, pp. 28–31, ISBN 0-939238-66-7, OCLC  5628735 .
• Andrews, E. Word, IV, Balancanche: Throne of the Tiger Priest , Middle American Research Institute Publication No 32, New Orleans, Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, 1970, ISBN 0-939238-36-5, OCLC  639140 .
• Anda Alanís, Guillermo de, Sacrifice and Ritual Body Mutilation in Postclassical Maya Society: Taphonomy of the Human Remains from Chichén Itzá’s Cenote Sagrado , in Vera Tiesler and Andrea Cucina (eds.) (edited by), New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society , Michael Jochim (series ed.), Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, New York, Springer, 2007, pp. 190–208, ISSN 1568-2722 ( WC · Acnp ) , OCLC  81452956 .
• Beyer, Hermann, Studies on the Inscriptions of Chichén Itzá ( PDF ), Contributions to American Archaeology, No.21, Washington D.C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1937, OCLC  3143732 . URL consulted on November 22, 2007 (archived by URL Original March 11, 2003) .
• Breglia, Lisa, Monumental Ambivalence: The Politics of Heritage , Austin, University of Texas Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-292-71427-4, OCLC  68416845 .
• Castañeda, Quetzil E., In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichén Itzá , Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8166-2672-3, OCLC  34191010 .
• Castañeda, Quetzil E., On the Tourism Wars of Yucatán: Tíich’, the Maya Presentation of Heritage , in Anthropology News , vol. 46, n. 5, Arlington, VA, American Anthropological Association, maggio 2005, pp. 8–9, ISSN 1541-6151 ( WC · Acnp ) , OCLC  42453678 (archived by URL Original on 11 October 2007) .
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• Charnay, Désiré, Ancient Cities of the New World: Being Voyages and Explorations in Mexico and Central America from 1857-1882 , J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant (trans.), New York, Harper & Brothers, 1887, OCLC  2364125 .
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• Coe, Michael D., The Maya , 4th edition (revised), London; New York, Thames & Hudson, 1987, ISBN 0-500-27455-X, OCLC 15895415 .
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Insights [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

• John Lloyd Stephens Incidents of Travel in Yucatan , (2 volumes, 1843)
• Holmes, Archæological Studies in Ancient Cities of Mexico , (Chicago, 1895)
• Spinden, Maya Art , (Cambridge, 1912)
• Coggins & Shane, “Cenote Of Sacrifice”, (U. of Texas, 1984).