Environmental Enrichment -Wikipedia
Environmental Enrichment Refers to the device that is carried out to the breeding environment to bring out the normal behavior of breeding animals, reduce abnormal behavior, and improve animal welfare and health. One of the most powerful means to improve the welfare of breeding animals [first] 。
Definition and history [ edit ]
Environmental enrichment is to change the breeding environment for the welfare and health of animals [2] , To the breeding animals to be stimulated and selected, and bring out the desired behavior of animals [3] In lack of irritation, giving species a stimulus that expresses appropriate behavior and mental activity [first] It is defined. The aim is to increase the activity of breeding animals and the diversity of behavior, draw out the same behavior as wildness, reduce unwanted abnormal behavior, and increase the environmental use of the environment. [first] 。 For this purpose, the feeding method, the structure of the breeding room, the relationship with other individuals and humans are devised in various ways.
It is often targeted for mammals, especially primates, but it also includes diverse animals that contain invertebrates like octopus. [2] 。 In addition to animals in zoos and aquariums, livestock and experimental animals are also eligible.
Robert Yurkeys, who pointed out the need to consider the welfare of breeding animals Hini Hediger Be present [3] 。 Hal Marcwitz proposed an operant condition, that is, giving a reward (bait) when an animal performs a desirable action, to bring out the desirable behavior. [2] 。 This attempt was later called an action enrichment, but was criticized by the fact that the extracted animal behavior was not “natural”. [2] 。 Environmental enrichments were proposed as a way to bring out the diverse behavior of animals more naturally. However, the attempts of Marcwitz may also be included in the environmental entertainment. [4] 。
Classification and case [ edit ]
Environmental enrichment attempts are categorized in several ways. In the following, Hosey and others [2] In accordance with the classification, we will introduce each case.
Collecting enrichment [ edit ]
The food enrichment is an enrichment related to food, such as changing the type and giving food. It is widely done and there are many types [2] 。
Compared to wild animals that spend a lot of time, breeding animals that are given by the breeders have a shorter time for eating and the type of behavior. Therefore, there is an enrichment for the purpose of supplementing it. It is known that many primates and Yabuinu have the effect of enrichments simply by hiding food on flooring and loaded logs. [2] 。 There are also “bulb feeding” that spreads widely in breeding facilities without collecting food in one place, and a bait platform to expand the space where you can take food. [2] 。
Puzzle -like devices may be used to bring out animal behavior. Put the straw of the bait in a gold cage, bring out the behavior of the elephant using the nose, give a feeder that imitates the behavior of sap from the tree, or roll it on a horse. It is also done to give [2] 。 Interestingly, many animals are preferred in a way that requires effort, even if they are easy to get. For example, a parakeet gives priority to finding and eating food hidden in logs, even if the bait plate is feeding. This phenomenon is called a contrast loading.
If the food is given at the time when it is determined, abnormal normal actions often increase before the feeding time. In order to prevent this, it has been attempted to feed irregularly, and has been effective. [2] 。 In the yadokuga frog, the activity increased when the raw bait in the coconut in the cropped coconut was irregularly. [2] 。
Spatial enrichment [ edit ]
The spatial enrichment is enrichment of the structure of the breeding environment, the installation of beams, and the playground equipment and flooring operated by animals. Rope, rest stand, pond, jungle gym, etc. are used [2] 。 When giving balls, etc., tactile enrichments, long -term and semi -permanent equipment may be classified as structural enrichments. [first] 。
Many animals, such as rabbits, reduce abnormal behavior and stress indicators when given a hideout. Depending on the seeds, the blindfold, which can no longer see other flocks, is also effective, but the effect varies depending on the species. [2] 。 Various objects are used as playground equipment given to animals. Hammock given to experimental mice and straw bale given to broilers are also examples. It has been reported that if you give playground equipment to the Nile Suppon, you will see the play -like behavior, and that self -harm behavior has decreased. [2] 。 Waste items like used film cases and simple objects like ice are also used. [2] 。 Water fields are effective for animals such as bears, jaguers, and elephants, and are essential for animals that depend on the hippo -like water. [first] 。
Sensory enrichment [ edit ]
It is an enrichment that stimulates animal vision, hearing, smell and other sensations. It also has a special sensation such as electricity acceptance of cartilage fish [2] 。 The sound of toys, reflected light, blood stains, etc. are used. It can also be given a cloth that soaks various smells, or hears the bird’s cry during feeding. [2] 。 In a gorilla, stress is reduced by playing the recorded sounds in a real forest. [first] 。 There have been reports that the classical music recorded on the commercial CD on the Asian elephant has decreased. [first] 。 However, depending on the species, the stimulation (voice, smell, etc.) indicating the existence of the same species and predators may increase stress and anxiety. [2] 。
You can smell the same species or other species of animals through manure, etc., but in that case, you need to be careful about hygiene. [first] 。 The smell of artifacts, such as cinnamon and tabasco, causes various reactions to animals [first] 。
Although there are relatively few research on the effects of visual enrichments, there are enrichments such as showing television and videos to large -sized monkeys. [first] 。 It is recommended that birds of prey are good, especially a stop tree that can be seen in the sky. [first] 。
Social enchantment [ edit ]
It is an enrichment that focuses on the relationship with other animals. In the case of humans, the same species, or mixed breeding, the relationship with other species can also be a social enchantment. [2] 。 In some cases, I do not include the relationship with the human here, but in another category [first] 。
The existence of similar individuals is one of the most important things in the enrichment of breeding animals. [2] 。 It is desirable to get closer to the wild flock composition [4] 。 For example, the behavior of tigers is more diversified by breeding in pairs than in the case of alone. [2] 。 The importance of social breeding has been strongly pointed out in experimental animals, and it is considered to have a great effect, even in an environment like a very small cage. [2] 。 However, in reality it is often difficult to execute. [first] 。 Breeding with the same species may cause conflict, stress, injury, illness, etc., and it is necessary to consider the breeding management system. [2] 。 Alternatives such as using mirrors and videos, showing other individuals without physical contact is also possible. [first] 。 Depending on the species and times of animals, breeding alone may be rather preferable. [4] 。
Humans, who are most involved in breeding animals, are kepters. Animals can be afraid or distrusted by keepers, but for animals that are bred alone or in a small number, the relationship with humans is also an enrichment, and the relationship is complicated. [4] 。 Enriched psychological exchanges with the keeper are possible through cages and glass. [4] 。 According to studies conducted in multiple North American zoos, it is easier for keepers to be involved in walls than to enter the breeding ground directly. [first] 。
Hasbandy dialies by operant conditions may also be considered to be effective as an enrichment in addition to other advantages. [2] [4] 。 Unlike the forced training due to punishment, it is thought that animals will not hurt animals physically or psychologically in training under operant conditions, and it will also contribute to psychological happiness by interacting with the keeper. [4] 。 However, training and enrichments have the common feature of stimulating animals and giving them the opportunity to express action, but according to research comparing the two, the effect is large and the training becomes an enrichment. It has been pointed out that it is not clear [2] 。
In addition to keepers, researchers who observe animals and zoo audiences are also stimulating for animals. [first] 。 The audience can be a source of stress, although the audience can cause enrichments and stress [first] 。
Cognitive enrichment [ edit ]
Enrichment that requires complicated problems and stimulates animal intelligence. One case is to give a device that cannot be feed without complicated operations. For primates and birds, tools may be brought out to use tool use (such as giving a fruits that are difficult to split). [2] 。 In many cases, the food can be obtained without using an enrichment device, but the effects of the above -mentioned contrast loading will still make animals recognized and difficult. [2] 。 Giving contribution loading opportunities is thought to improve the psychological happiness of animals [first] 。
The issues given for research on cognitive ability are also enriched. It has been reported that chimpanzees who participated in cognitive research show their behavior closer to the wild than other individuals. [first] 。
As mentioned earlier, there are many successes in the enrichment, but on the other hand, it may not be effective but have not been able to get the effect. [2] 。 It is desirable to set goals and evaluate the results when performing enrichments. [3] 。 Enrichment is often done with the aim of changing behavior, so the results are evaluated by behavioral observation. [2] 。 One criterion is to approach the time allocation of action in the wild. [4] 。
For animals, it is often given to irritation using a new one, but in that case, the effect may be lost. When giving the same thing repeatedly, you can prevent getting used to it by putting a certain interval or changing the location and smell. [2] 。 In addition, it may be counterproductive if a struggle between individuals occurs over the monopoly of the enrichment device, so it is necessary to take into account the social composition and make sure that all individuals are sufficiently reached. [2] 。
Enrichment also has an indirect advantage. In experimental animals, it has been reported that enrichments promote neurons new and plastic changes and enhance their learning ability. [2] 。 The effect of improving learning abilities due to lead pollution is also recognized. It also shows improvement of fear reactions and alleviating brain disorders and aging. Breeding is also promoted as an indirect effect of stimulation by enrichment, stress relief, and improvement of health condition. [2] 。 Broilers can lead to economic interests through the increase in spawning. [5] 。 In the zoo, the appearance of animals and being active without boring is also appreciated by visitors. [4] 。
references [ edit ]
- ^ a b c d It is f g h i j k l m n O p q r s Maple, Terry L.; Perdue, Bonnie M. (2013). “Environmental Enrichment”. Zoo Animal Welfare . Animal Welfare. 14 . Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 95-117. doi: 10,1007/978-3-642-35955-2_6 . ISBN 978-3-642-35955-2. ISSN 1572-7408
- ^ a b c d It is f g h i j k l m n O p q r s t in in In x and With aa ab and ad But of at Hose, geofff; melfi, vicky; Pankhurst, SHEILA “Chapter 8 Environmental Enrichment” “Zoo Studies” Koichi Murata, Tetsushi Kusuda (translated by Kuninaga), 2011 (Original 2009), 262-294, 262-294. ISBN 9784830032349。
- ^ a b c Mellen, Jill; MacPhee, Marty Sevenich (2001). “Philosophy of environmental enrichment: past, present, and future”. Zoo Biology 20 (3): 211-226. doi: 10.1002 / good.1021 .
- ^ a b c d It is f g h i Ishida: “Japanese Zoo” Tokyo University Press, 2010, 131-141. ISBN 9784130601917。
- ^ Leone, E. H.; Estévez, I. (2008). “Economic and welfare benefits of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders”. Poultry Science eighty seven (1): 14-21. doi: 10.3382/ps.2007-00154 . ISSN 1525-3171 .
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