[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/geography-of-the-united-kingdom-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/geography-of-the-united-kingdom-wikipedia\/","headline":"Geography of the United Kingdom – Wikipedia","name":"Geography of the United Kingdom – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 The United Kingdom is most of the British Isles The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland It","datePublished":"2019-09-28","dateModified":"2019-09-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Cloud-free_Europe_ESA17486464_%28British_Isles%29.jpeg\/254px-Cloud-free_Europe_ESA17486464_%28British_Isles%29.jpeg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Cloud-free_Europe_ESA17486464_%28British_Isles%29.jpeg\/254px-Cloud-free_Europe_ESA17486464_%28British_Isles%29.jpeg","height":"254","width":"254"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/geography-of-the-united-kingdom-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4162,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4The United Kingdom is most of the British Isles The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland It is an island state of Western Europe. It includes the island of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and the Northern Ireland, together with many other minor islands and three archipelagos: the Orcades, the Ebrrid Islands and the Shetland islands. The country rises between the latitudes 49 \u00b0 N and 58 \u00b0 N (the Shetland islands also reach 61 \u00b0 N), it is at the 8 \u00b0 W at 2nd e. The Royal Observatory of Greenwich, at London, is the reference point for the Greenwich meridian which is the Meridian 0. The United Kingdom, as a whole, covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 245 000 km\u00b2.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The United Kingdom stands between the northern Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, and reaches up to 35 km from the north-western coast of France, from which it is separated from the Channel of the Channel. Northern Ireland has a border of about 360 km in common with the Republic of Ireland. The tunnel of the sleeve, dug below the sleeve channel, connects the United Kingdom with France. Topography of the United Kingdom The physical geography of the United Kingdom is not very varied but is divided by bands: it includes limestone cliffs ( Chalk ) of the Kent and Dorset, the hills and plains of south-eastern England, the granite cliffs of Cornwall, the mountains of Wales, the reliefs of the Peak District and the Pennini Mountains, the Lakes and the Mountains of Cumria, the Plains and islands of Scotland, the fields, lakes and mountains of Northern Ireland. Today’s geomorphology of the United Kingdom is, in fact, the combined result of tectonic\/orogenetic, climatic phenomena (in particular glaciations) and sedimentary. The position of the exact geographical center of the island of Great Britain is discussed: depending on the geodesic detections, it is placed in Halthwhistle in Northumberland or at Dunsop Bridge in Lancashire.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsGeology [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Mountains and hills [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The Giant’s causeway [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Lakes [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Rivers [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Acqua life [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] UK coast [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Inlets [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Promintori [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Islands [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] National government [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Local governments [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Economic geography [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Primary industry [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Manufacture [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Finance and services [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Regional disparity [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Actuality [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Geology [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The geology of the United Kingdom is varied and complex, and is at the origin of the great variety of landscape forms that can be found in this country. This variety influenced, in the effort to understand it, the geological nomenclauture developed by British scientists during the 19th century as the names of geological periods: for example, the Ordovician period takes its name from the Ordovists, a population of ancient British, while the Devonian derives from the Devon county in southwestern England. The oldest rock formations in the United Kingdom are gneiss dating back to at least 2 700 but (Archean period) found mainly in North Eastern Scotland and in the hebrid islands. To the south of the Gneiss there is the complex rock sequence that forms the northworldly Highlands and the Grampian mountains in Scotland, as well as the mountains of Connemara, Donagal and Mayo in Northern Ireland. There are essentially residual formations of sedimentary rocks, considerably folded, deposited above the Gneiss starting from 1 000 Ma: noteworthy are the layers of Torridonian sandstone of the western highlands, powerful up to 7 km and dating back to 800 but, and some Morenic deposits dating back to 670 mA. The remains of ancient volcanic arches lie buried in most of the central England with small outcrops visible in many places. About 600 but, in fact, the caomian orogenesis transformed the English and Welsh landscape, together with that of most of the north-western Europe, into a mountainous region.        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Skiddaw’s Welsh ardasia deposits formed about 500 but he did, in the Ordoviciano. About 425 but Fa, North Wales (and southern County of Mayo in Ireland) experienced an intense volcanic activity. The remains of these volcanoes are still visible, for example Rhobell Fwar, which dates back to 510 Ma. Large quantities of Andesitic lavas and volcanic ashes covered both Wales and Lake District and are testified by the Borrowdale volcanic complex, as found by morphology e Stratigraphy of the mountains of the area such as Helverlyn and Scafell Pike, both consisting of igneous rocks and pyroclastic sediments. In the Silurian period, between 425 and 400 but Fa, a new and intense corrugative phase, related to the Caledonian orogenesis, affected most of the current United Kingdom causing the formation of mountain ranges that could reach 2 500 m, subsequently in large part dismantled and deformed. Vulcan and lave ashes, deposited during this period, can still be observed in the Mentions Hills and in the Pembrokeshire. In the Devonian, the intrusion of large quantities of magma between the layers of metamorphic scans in the Grampiani area caused the formation of these reliefs, such as the BENEvis. In the same period, the sea level was subject to numerous transgressions and regressions; As a consequence, the coast line advanced and retired from north to south through all of England causing the deposition of numerous sedimentary strata. The formation of the red sandstones of the Devon ( Old Red Sandstone , Ors) is typically indicative of this geological period and is at the origin of the name Devoniano , despite its deposits, they are present in many other places. At the beginning of the carboniferous, between 360 and 320 but Fa, the United Kingdom was positioned in the equatorial band partially submerged by the shallow waters of the Rheic ocean, as evidenced by the facies of richly fossiliferous limestones (in Crinoids and brachipods) present on the Mendip Hills And the nibs, in Wales, in Peak District, in derbyshire, Lancashire and Southern Scotland. They also date back to the coal deposits known as Coal Measures and present in different areas of Wales, northern and central England and southern Scotland, from Sutherland to Kent; These charcoal deposits are incorporated into a stratigraphic succession typical of deltizi and river deposits consisting mainly of sedimentary sedimentary clastic rocks with very variable granulometry that undergo, in northern England, to the formations of coarse sandstones known as Millstone Grit . At the end of the carboniferous, the Ocean Rehic disappeared following the continental collision between Gondwana and Eumerica: the consequent corrugation, known as the herogenesis, produced the formation, in south -western England, of a complex system of mountain and hilly chains (such as the Already mentioned Mendip Hills). During the perm’s and triassic periods, much of the United Kingdom was under a shallow sea, where the deposit of sedimentary rocks such as shale, limestone, gravel, and Marl took place. The sea in the end relegated to give way to a flat desert with pools of salt. At the beginning of the Jurassic period, the United Kingdom was still underwater, with the consequent depositing of sedimentary traces that are now found under large part of England from the Cleveland hills of Yorkshire to the jurssical coast in Dorset, including clays, sandstones, And the Oolithic limestone of the Cotswold hills. The burial of algae and bacteria under the mud of the seabed during this period caused the formation of the oil of the North Sea and natural gas. In the Cretaceous period, much of the United Kingdom was again below the sea level and filed chalk and flint on most of Great Britain. These are now significantly exposed to the white cliffs of having to, and form the Salisbury plain, the killed hills, the South Downs and other similar elements of the territory. The latest volcanic rocks in the United Kingdom were formed in the first tertiary period, between 63 and 52 million years ago, with the major eruptions that formed the Plateau of Antrim and the basaltic columns of the Giant’s Causeway. Further sediments deposited above southern England, including the London clay, while the English channel consisted of mud mud and sands deposited by the rivers. The major changes during the last few million years, during the quaternary period, have been made by several recent glacial eras, which left a ultimate in -shaped inheritance in the highest and fertile areas (even if often pietroso) soil in southern England. Mountains and hills [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] With its 1 345 meters, the BEN nevis is the highest top of the United Kingdom The ten highest mountains of the United Kingdom are found in Scotland because Scotland is closer to the limit of tectonic plaque. The highest peaks of the United Kingdom are: The main hills of the United Kingdom are: in Scozia: Cairngorms, Cheviot Hills, Scottish Highlands, Southern Uplands, Grampian Mountains in Galles: Brecon Beacons, Monti Cambrici, Snowdonia, Black Mountains, Preseli Hills in Inghilterra: Chilterns, Cotswolds, Dartmoor, Exmoor, Lake District, Malvern Hills, Mendip Hills, North Downs, Peak District, Pennines, Salisbury Plain, South Downs, Shropshire Hills in Irlanda del Nord: Mountains of Mourne, Antrim Plateau, Sperrin Mountains The Giant’s causeway [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Giant’s causeway , “Pavement of the giant”, is a rocky formation that is located on the eastern coast of Northern Ireland. The name derives from the legend according to which the rocks that we see today are what remains of a paved road that was built by a giant to cross the sea and challenge another giant who lived in Scotland. The rocks, similar to columns, also continue under water for several kilometers so much that on the island of bracket, near the Scottish coast, there are the same rock formations: for this reason the rocks resemble a road that connects the two islands. In reality, it is about 40 000 basalt columns that formed during a volcanic eruption almost 60 million years ago. The basalt is the rock that is formed when magma solidifies. When the melted rock cools in contact with water or air, the basalt is reduced to volume and can take this characteristic column shape. Lakes [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Lago Windermere The largest lakes are: IRLANDA DEL NOrd: Lough Neagh (147,39 sq mi, 381,74 km) Scozia: Loch Lomond (27.46 SQ Mi, 71.12 km\u00b2) England: Windermere (5.69 SQ MI, 14.74 km\u00b2) Galles: Lake Vyrnwy (3,18 SQ MI, 8,24 km\u00b2) The deepest lake of the United Kingdom is the Loch Morar with the utmost depth of 309 meters (Loch Ness is the second with 228 meters). The deepest lake in England is the Wast Water that reaches 79 meters (258 feet). Rivers [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The rivers in the United Kingdom are numerous but of modest size. The longest river in the United Kingdom is the Severn (354 km) that flows between Wales and England and together with the Thames are the main ones. The other longer rivers are: England: Thames (length 346 km) Scotland: Tay (117 miles, 188 km) Northern Ireland: Bann (76 miles, 122 km) Wales: Tyne (64 miles, 103 km) Acqua life [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive system of channels, largely built in the early years of the industrial revolution, before the increase in competition from the railways. The United Kingdom also has numerous dams and basins to store water to drink and for industries. The production of hydroelectric energy is quite limited, providing less than 2% of British electricity mainly from the Scottish Highland. UK coast [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Maritime claims of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has a coastal line which measures approximately 12 429 km. The heavy jagging of the coast helps to ensure that no place is more than 125 km from the coast. Inlets [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Promintori [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The geology of the United Kingdom is such that along its coast there are many promontories and inlets. Here are some of the most noteworthy: Islands [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] In total, it is estimated that the United Kingdom is composed of more than a thousand small islands, some natural and other artificial (the so -called Crannog ), which were built in the past using stone and wood and were made larger by natural debris accumulated over time. The United Kingdom is divided into four parts: Wales, England, Northern Ireland and Scotland National government [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy, which has been part of the European Union since 1973, but has never adopted the euro as an official currency in fact its currency is the pound. Then with the referendum on 23 June 2016, citizens chose to leave the European Union (Brexit). The United Kingdom is governed as a whole by the United Kingdom Parliament. The United Kingdom is divided into four areas: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Each of these has a government: The United Kingdom, precisely Northern Ireland, has an international border with the 360 \u200b\u200bkm Republic of Ireland. There is also a border between the jurisdiction of France and that of the United Kingdom in the channel tunnel. Local governments [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Each part of the United Kingdom is divided into further local government regions: Historically, the United Kingdom was divided into traditional counties or shipres: administrative areas through which all the civil responsibilities of the government were expressed. There are 86 traditional counties throughout the United Kingdom. Every county or Shire had a city of county as an administrative center and was divided into individual parishes that were divided by ecclesiastical borders. Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political borders were based on traditional counties, but due to changes in the centers of the population, traditional counties became not very practical as areas of local government in some highly urbanized areas. The 1972 local government act created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take into account the different concentrations of the population in the different parts of the country. In the nineties, further growth of the population led to new political changes at the local level. Unitier Authorities were created in most of Scotland and Wales, and in the largest cities in England. Many unpopular administrative counties were at the same time abolished. Further reorganizations are scheduled if and when the regional assemblies in England will be reviewed in the future. Economic geography [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The economic geography of the United Kingdom reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history is as a mercantile country and as an imperialist power. The United Kingdom led the industrial revolution and its highly urban character is a consequence of this, with most of the main cities currently or in the past centers of all types of manufacture. However, this turning point was built on the exploitation of natural resources, especially coal and iron mineral. Primary industry [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The British primary industry was in the past dominated by the coal industry, concentrated in the North, the Midlands and the South of Wales. This has passed and today the main primary industry is North Sea Oil. Its activity is concentrated between the British continental platform and the north-east of Scotland. Manufacture [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] In one moment or another virtually every product that can be imagined has been produced in the United Kingdom. In particular, his heavy manufacture guided the industrial revolution. A map of the main British cities gives a good image of where these activities were located, in particular Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, London, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham. Nowadays there is no heavy manufacturing industry in which British brands can be considered world leaders. However, the Midlands in particular remain a strong manufacturing center. More recently, high -tech brands have concentrated along the M4 Motorway, due to access to Heathrow airport, but also due to the economic concentration. Finance and services [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] Once, each big city had a values \u200b\u200bbag. Now, the English financial industry is concentrated in the City of London and Canary Wharf, with offices and administrative operations often dispersed in southern England. London is one of the largest financial centers in the world and usually nicknamed a “city world”. Regional disparity [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The combined effect of economic change has created the so-called North-South division in the United Kingdom, in which the industrial areas in decay of the North contrast with the healthy economy of the South, led by the economy and technology. This led governments to develop regional policy to try to rectify imbalance. This is not to say that the South is uniformly healthy: some of the worst bags of poverty can be found in London, especially in the East of the city. Aerial photo of fields in the Essex In ancient times, much of the United Kingdom was covered with forests. Since the prehistoric age, the man has deforested most of the United Kingdom. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient according to European standards, produces about 60% of food need with less than 1% of the workforce. About two thirds of the production are intended for cattle, a third with plowed fields. In 1993 it was estimated that the use of the land was: Arate fields: 25% Permanent fields: 0% Permanent pastures: 46% Forests and woods: 12% More: 17% Ribbed: 1 080 km\u00b2 The United Kingdom has many natural resources, including: Geological: coal, oil, natural gas, limestone, plaster, silicon, rock salts, clay, steel, silver, gold, lead. Agriculture products: cultivated fields, wheat, barley, hill farms, sheep. The United Kingdom has large reserves of coal, natural gas and oil; Primary energy production covers 10% of the gross domestic product, one of the highest percentages of all industrialized countries. Due to the position on an island of the United Kingdom, the country has a great potential to generate electricity from the waves and tides, although these have not yet been exploited on a commercial basis. Actuality [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ] The United Kingdom is reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Has achieved the objective of the Kyoto protocol of a 12.5% \u200b\u200breduction from the levels of 1990 and intends to achieve the binding goal of a 20% cut in emissions for 2010. As target for 2005, the Government aims Reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste eliminated in landfills by 85% of the levels of 1998 and to recycle or use at least 25% of domestic waste as a compost, increasing this share to 33% by 2015. Between 1998 – 1999 and 1999 – 2000, domestic waste recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%. s          (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2en\/wiki42\/geography-of-the-united-kingdom-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Geography of the United Kingdom – Wikipedia"}}]}]