Monetation from Massimino Il Trace to Emiliano

Per Monetation from Massimino Trace to Emiliano We mean the whole of the coins issued from Rome during the kingdoms of over a dozen emperors of the first part of the period called military anarchy, successful to Alessandro Severo (last of the Severi dynasty), in an overall period from 235 to 253 : Massimino Trace (235-238), Gordiano I (238), Gordiano II (238), Pupieno (238), Balbino (238), Gordiano III (238-244), Filippo L’Arabic (244-249), Decio With his children Etrusco and Ostiliano (249-251), Trebonian Gallo with his son Volusian (251-253) and finally Emiliano (253).

To the killing of Alessandro Severo (last heir of the Severi dynasty), behind the instigation of General Massimino Il Trace, the latter succeeded him in 235. Maximino after a single three -year period was killed by his own troops of Legio II Parthic caught near nearby Aquileia, in May 238. In a few months Gordiano I (suicide died), Gordiano II (who died in battle), Pupieno and Balbino (two senators killed by the Praetorian guard) and finally Gordiano III who reigned until 244, but what a died in a few months. He was probably murdered by the will of the Prefect of the Praetorium, Filippo L’Arabic. Filippo, who took over from Gordiano on the imperial throne, fell into battle against his rival Decio in 249, who in turn died with his son Erennio Etrusco, destined to succeed him, in the battle of Abritus against the Goths in 251.

To Decio, Gaio Vibio Trebonian Gallo succeeded that he associated the minor son of Decio, Ostiliano, (in 251), and then his son, Volusian, to the first throne. The latter also perished at the end of a bloody battle at the hands of the soldier, behind instigation of the future Emperor Emilia. Emiliano did not last more than three months, also dying for his own soldiers at Spoleto.

Massimino Trace, he was the first barbarian to reach the imperial purple, thanks to the sole consent of the legions, ^[first] having born without Roman citizenship, ^[2] And without even being a senator. ^[3] He was also the first emperor to never set foot in Rome, as he spent his three years of kingdom ^[4] engaged in happy military campaigns. ^[3] He was also the first emperor-soldier of the third century. He died at Aquileia following a sedition of his troops. ^{[3] [5]}

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Massimino, the son Caesar and his wife Paulina [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Massimino was acclaimed Emperor , according to the version of the AUGUSTA HISTORY , only after Alessandro’s killing. It was the first time that it occurred for a military, not yet senator, moreover without any decree of the Senate. He was also given as a colleague in the empire, his son Gaius Julius true Massimo, ^[19] attributing the title of high youth (“Prince of young people”), while his deceased wife, Cecilia Paolina, was divine. The choice of legionaries was, then, also confirmed by the Praetorian guard and ratified by the Roman Senate, which however did not have a successful emperor of Barbara origin.

Massimino and the son Caesar
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	DENARIUS	IVL VERVS Maximvs Cats, Testa Verso Destra, DrapPeggio Sulle Spalli;	Pietas Avg, a lituo, a knife, a jug, a knad and a sprayer.	coined in 235/238;	3.06 gr, 12 h ,, (mint of Rome);	RIC Maximinus Trax , IVb, 1; BMCRE 118; RSC 1.
	DENARIUS	Pavline diva, head covered by a veil to the right, drape on the shoulders;	Consecrate, a peacock in front, the head to the left that makes the wheel.	coined in 235;	3.36 gr;	RIC Maximinus Trax 4 1; BMCRE 135 (Julian); RSC 1.

Military campaigns against Germans and Sarmati (235-237) [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The pressure of the barbarians along the northern and contemporary borders of the Sasanids in the East had in fact, not only intensified, but had spread the feeling that the empire was totally surrounded by the enemies. ^[20] The tools of traditional diplomacy were now ineffective, used since the time of Augustus and based on the threat of the use of strength and on the foment of disagreements internal to the various hostile tribes to keep them engaged against each other.

It was necessary to immediately resort to force, siding tactically superior armed and capable of intercepting as quickly as possible every possible way of invasion of the barbarians; However, the strategy was made difficult by having to preside over immense border sections with mostly poor military contingents. ^[21]

For this purpose between 235 and 236 the emperor led his first campaign against the Germanic federation of the Alemanni, ^[22] Using as a “headquarters” Mogontiacum and beyond the imperial borders in the Taunus area. ^[23] Massimino believed that the priority of the Empire “Antigermanic” was a priority,, ^[24] He continued to fight the Alemanni, managing not only to reject their incursions along the Germanic-TV liga, but also to penetrate deeply in Germany. ^[25] The Roman Senate paid homage to him of the title of German maximum ^[26] and the coins celebrated the Augusta Health and the Peace Augustus .

He went, therefore, in Pannonia a Sirmium for winter (from 235/236) ^[27] and led new campaigns against the Sarmati Izigi of the Tibisco plain, who had tried to cross the Danube after about fifty years of peace along their borders, and the nearby quads (as some inscriptions found in the area seems to testify Brigettio ^[28] ). He had a dream: that of emulating the great Marcus Aurelio and conquering the free Germany Magna. ^[29] His headquarters, placed a Sirmium , ^[27] It was at the center of the lower Pannononic front and Dacico. So in fact it reports the AUGUSTA HISTORY :

“Take the campaigns in Germany [against the Alemanni], Massimino went to Sirmio, to prepare an expedition against the Sarmatians, and planning to submit the northern regions to the ocean in Rome. [27] »

( AUGUSTA HISTORY – The two Maxes , 13.3. )

Military campaigns in the north
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	DENARIUS	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	Vict -ori-a Avg, the victory walks to the left, holds a crown and a palm tree.	235	20 mm, 3.16 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome);	RIC Maximinus Trax , IV 16; BMCRE 25-6 var.; RSC 99.
	DENARIUS	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	Pax Augusti, at the Da Pax Standing to the left, holds an olive branch and a scepter of the traverse.	236	20 mm, 2.95 gr, 7 h (mint of ancient Rome, 2nd emission);	RIC Maximinus Trax , IV 12; RSC 31a.
	sesterzio	Maximinvs Pivs Avg German, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	Victo-Ria Germanica, S (Enatus) C (Consultum) on the sides, the victory standing to the left, holds a crown and a palm; A prisoner on the left at his feet.	236	28 mm, 18.44 gr;	RIC Maximinus Trax , IV 90; BMCRE 194; Cohen 109.
	sesterzio	Maximinvs Pivs Avg German, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	SALVS AVGVSTI, La Dea Salus Sitting to the left, holds a patera from which a snake feeds, getting up from an altar to the left; S (ENATUS) C (Consultum) in exergue.	236 (Mint of ancient Rome, 3rd emission)	30 mm, 21.53 gr, 12 h;	RIC Maximinus Trax , IV 85; BMCRE 175-6; Banti 24.
	DENARIUS	Maximinvs Pivs Avg German, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	P M TR P III COS P P P, the emperor Massimino trace standing between two legionary banners, raises his right hand and holds a scepter.	237	3.08 gr;	RIC Maximinus Trax , IV 5; BMCRE 161; RSC 64.
	sesterzio	Maximinvs Pivs Avg German, head to the right with bay leaf, drapes on the shoulders;	P M TR P IIII COS P P P, the emperor Massimino trace standing between two legionary banners, raises his right hand and holds a scepter.	238	21.19 gr, 11 h;	RIC Maximinus Trax , 40; Pink III, pg. 21; cf. Banti 19/20 (obv./rev.); BMCRE 221; Cohen 71.

Fidelity of the army, donation and consignment to the provincials [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Once the rebellion in Africa broke out against Massimino Trace, Gordiano I, hastened to send numerous messages, to all those whom he considered among the wealthiest citizens of Rome, as well as the Senate and people of Rome himself, ^[30] promising great clemency for those who had collaborated; to the soldiers (Praetorian guard and Legio II Parthic), a donativum , as never before then had been distributed; To the people of Rome a new distribution of money. ^{[thirty first]} Identical what Massimino did, especially to the troops still faithful to him and to the provincials.

Massimino and the army: donation
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	DENARIUS	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG, a graduate head of Massimino Trace to the right, torso with armor;	Faith Militvm, La Fides standing to the left, holds a standard resting on the ground in each of his hands.	236	20 mm, 3.17 gr, 6 h (mint of ancient Rome);	RIC IV 7A; RSC 7A.
	sesterzio	IMP MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG, a graduate head of Massimino Trace to the right, torso with armor;	Lib-eralitas AVG, Massimino Trace, sitting on a platform in the center, facing left; two soldiers with spears behind him, the goddess of Generosity standing on the left, holds an abacus and a cornucopia; Citizens go up the stairs of the platform where five soldiers with the spears are positioned at its feet.	236	27 mm, 15.00 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome);	RIC IV 48.

The growing general discontent due to an increasingly oppressive government of the emperor Maximinus Trace, culminated with the rebellion in Africa of March 238. ^[32] Gordiano I, pushed by popular clamor, took the purple, ^{[33] [34]} and the nickname African, ^[35] March 22nd. ^[36] In consideration of his advanced age, he insisted that his son, Marco Antonio Gordiano (Gordiano II) was associated with him. ^[37] The Senate confirmed Gordian new emperor together with his son, and his nephew Gordian III was promised the Consulate, the Consulate and the title of Caesar , ^[38] while Massimino and the son were proclaimed “public enemies”, ^[39] And most of the provinces lined up with Gordiano I, except a few cities still faithful to Masimino. ^[40] But the kingdom of the first two Gordians lasted little, since the governor of Numidia, Capeliano, remained faithful to Massimino Trace, ^[41] invaded the province of Africa with adequate and well trained military forces and headed on Carthage. ^[42] Here, Gordiano II was defeated and killed in battle of Carthage: ^[43] Following the death of the son, Gordiano I commit suicide, hanging himself with a belt. ^[44] They had reigned for only twenty days.

Coinage of the two Gordians [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Gordiano I E II
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	sesterzio	IMP CAES M ant gordianvs afr avg, head to the right with bay leaf on the head, drapes on the shoulders;	Victoria AV-GG (USTORUM), S C on the sides, the victory advances to the left, holds a crown in the right hand and a palm in the left.	coined in 238;	21.41 gr, 12 h;	RIC Gordian , IV 12; Pink III, pg. 23; Banti 8; BMCRE 15; Cohen 14.
	sesterzio	IMP CAES M ant gordianvs afr avg, head to the right with bay leaf on the head, drapes on the shoulders;	Virtvs AVGG, S C on the sides, the virtus standing to the left, holds a shield resting on the ground on the right and a spear turned towards the ground on the left.	coined in 238;	20.21 gr, 12 h;	RIC Gordian , IV 8; Pink III, pg. 23; Banti 7; BMCRE 31; Cohen 15.

Having supported the cause of the two Gordiano, and finding himself in front of the threat posed by Massimino who was coming from the border, the Senate was forced to continue the struggle, appointing Pupieno and Balbino Coimperati in the temple of Jupiter Capitoline (April 22, 238). ^{[45] [forty six]} However, there was a revolt from the plebs of Rome, in particular of the supporters of the Gordian party, who wanted to be elected emperor of the family of defeated rebels. ^[47] Pupieno and Balbino agreed to appoint Cesare the son of Antonia Gordiana, the sister of Gordiano II and the daughter of Gordiano II, or Gordiano III. ^[48] Pupieno, by virtue of his military career, was sent against Maximinus to the army’s head, ^[49] While Balbino remained in Rome to quell a revolt of the plebe favorable to Gordiano III. ^[50] Massimino Trace died (late April-Primi of May), ^{[3] [51]} Pupieno paid the troops of Massimino, returned to Rome and, together with Balbino and Gordiano III, retired to the Imperial Palace. ^[52] Shortly afterwards new disorders in the city began. Balbino was a layer involved in the clash with the partisans of Gordiano III and the city burned for the fires set by the rioters. With the presence of both co-species, the situation stabilized, but the restlessness remained. The relationship between Balbino and Pupieno was polluted by suspicion from the beginning. Both, in fact, feared they were assassinated from each other. It was, however, the fear that the emperors, chosen by the Senate, melted the Praetorian guard by replacing it with the Germanic guard who pushed some Praetorians to implement a coup. The Praetorians, penetrated in the imperial palace, captured the two defenseless Augustus and killed them shortly after. The Praetorians themselves acclaimed, therefore, as the only emperor, Gordian III. ^{[53] [54]} Pupieno and Balbino had reigned just under three months. The coins issued in their short kingdom show one of the two on one face and two hands tied on the other to symbolize their joint power.

Balbino coinage and Pupieno [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Balbino e pupieno
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	DENARIUS	IMP CM Cold Pvpienus Avg, head to the right with bay leaf on the head, drape on the shoulders;	Concordia AVG (Ustorum), la dea agreement seduta left, tiene single bowl of two cornucopie.	coined in 238 (mint of ancient Rome, 1st emission);	19 mm, 2.82 gr, 1 h;	RIC Pupienus , IV 1; RSC 6.
	DENARIUS	IMP C (Aesar) D Cael Balbinvs Avg, head to the right with laurel on the head, drape on the shoulders;	Ivi conseo-Rivi, Jupiter standing to the left, holds lightning in the right hand and a scepter, resting on the ground, on the left.	coined in 238 (Mint of ancient Rome);	3.21 gr, 12 h;	RIC Balbinus , IV 2; RSC 8.
	sesterzio	IMP Caes (AR) D Cael Balbinvs Avg, head to the right with laurel on the head, armor and drapery on the shoulders;	Victoria AVGG (Ustorum), La Vittoria in Piedi turns on the left, tiene single crown ed un Ramo di palm.	coined in 238 (Mint of ancient Rome, first issue);	30 mm, 22.56 gr, 1 h;	RIC Balbinus , Iv 25; BMCRE 40-1; Banti 9.
	antoniniano	IMP CAES (AR) D Cael Balbinvs Avg, head radiated to the right, armor and drapery on the shoulders;	Pietas Mvtva AVGG (USTORUM), two hands that tighten as a sign of agreement between Balbino and Pupieno.	coined in 238 (Mint of ancient Rome);	24 mm, 4.57 gr, 1 h;	RIC Balbinus , IV 11; RSC 6; BMCRE 71.
	antoniniano	IMP CM Cold Pvpievs Avg, head -spid to the right, armor and drapery on the shoulders;	Patres Senatvs, two hands that tighten as a sign of agreement between Balbino and Pupieno.	coined in 238 (Mint of ancient Rome);	21 mm, 5.31 gr, 1 h;	RIC Pupienus , IV 11a; BMCRE 81; RSC 19.

Marco Antonio Gordiano (Gordiano III), was Roman emperor from 238 to his death, which took place during a military campaign in the East against the Sasanids. Due to his young age (he went to the throne at thirteen and reigned up to nineteen), the government of the empire was in the hands of regents belonging to the senatorial aristocracy, which proved capable. Between the end of 240 and the beginning of 241 the emperor appointed, in fact, Gaius Fulvio Sabinio Aquila Timesiteo prefect of the Praetorium, taking his daughter as wife. Timesiteo, who had already shown his skills in the administrations of different provinces, was one of the most cultured characters of the time, which the Senate honored with the title of Protector of the Republic . As head of the Praetorians and father -in -law of the emperor, Timesiteo quickly became the true referee of the Roman Empire. Meanwhile, Gordiano benefited from this help, in fact becoming the symbol of the unity of the Empire and enjoying the support of the people. Historiography therefore paints an extremely positive portrait, perhaps also in opposition to his successor Filippo L’Arabic.

The Persian sources report that, at the beginning of 244, the Persians and the Romans clashed in the battle of Mesics (today’s Falluja), which ended with a heavy defeat of the Romans: flavor the name of the city in Peroz-Shapur (“Victorious flavor”) and celebrated the victory with an inscription to Naqsh-i-Rustam in which he claimed to have killed Gordiano. Roman sources, on the other hand, do not mention the battle and suggest that Gordiano died at CIRCUMSE , over 300 km north of Peroz-Shapur , but do not report the cause of the emperor’s death, even if the prefect of the Praetorium, Filippo, who succeeded him on the throne, was often described as the principal of his assassination. Despite the opposition of the new emperor, he was divinized after his death to please the people and avoid rebellions.

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Matromonio with Sabina Furia Tranquillina [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Between the end of 240 and the beginning of 241 the Emperor Gordian III appointed Gaius Fulvio Sabinio Aquila Timesiteo prefect of the Praetorium and married his daughter, Furia Sabina Tranquillina, the following summer, as also celebrated in the coinage of that year.

Gordiano III and Tranquillina
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	Sabina Tranqvillina AVG, head to the right with a diadem and ridge on the head, torso with drapes;	Concordia Avgg (usorum), Gordiano III standing to the right, holds a scroll of parchment in his left hand, holds the hand of the quiet bride who stands in front of him, turned to the left.	coined in 241;	21.41 gr, 12 h;	RIC Gordian 3 , IV 250 (Gordian); RSC 4.
	sesterzio	Head crowned with the ancient of Gordiano III who wears armor and draperge (left), his wife calm on the right, facing each other;	Tyche sitting on a rock, holds a small boat in her hand while crossing a river; Above an Sagittarius (symbol of the Legio I Parthic stationed in Sincera), which slips an arrow from the arch.	coined in 243/244?	33 mm, 26.18gr French;	BMC pg. 135, 7. Sear# 3804.

Sasanide campaign [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

With the rise of the first Sasanide sovereign, Ardashir I, the armed arms returned to attack the Roman Empire with greater strength. In 230, in fact, the Sasanid armies advanced in Roman Mesopotamia, placing many Roman garrisons along the Euphrates under siege, ^[62] Also trying, without succeeding, to conquer Nisibis (important center of trade with the East and China), and perhaps invading the Roman provinces of Syria and Cappadocia. ^{[63] [sixty four]} The following year (in 231), Emperor Alessandro Severo organized a military expedition against the Sasanids. ^[65] The military campaign proved to be positive for the Romans, since the territories lost in Mesopotamia during the Sasanid advance of the years 229-230, they were regained, and the Sasanids remained calm until 239-240, while Alessandro was able to boast of the victorious titles Of Parthicus maximus It is Peach . ^[66]

Starting from 238/239 a new invasion on the vast scale by the Sasanids armies led the same to be a siege of the city-fortress of Dura Europos, a Roman outpost on the Euphrates. ^{[sixty seven]} The following year Ardashir I finally succeeded in the enterprise to occupy and destroy the important city-rocker of Hatra, the Allied of the Romans, ^[68] then occupying a good part of Roman Mesopotamia (including legionary fortresses of Sign It is Singara , in addition to the strong auxiliary of Zagurae , today’s Ain Sinu, perhaps also going to besiege and occupy the Antioch of Syria itself, ^[69] As he seems to suggest that his mint stopped beating money for the years 240 and 241.

Gordiano III, after mobilizing the army, personally marched to the East, with the actual command of the campaign entrusted to the father -in -law Timesiteo and the other prefect of the Praetorium, Gaius Giulio Prisco. ^{[54] [70] [71] [72]} The Roman armies had the best of all 243, repeatedly beating the Persians, snatching them Carre , Nisibis , ^{[seventy three] [74] [75]} It is Singara , and then defeating them in the battle of Resta. ^[76] The sudden death, however, of Timesiteo, ^{[76] [77]} He left the young emperor without that necessary military experience, putting at risk the safety of his armies and the emperor himself. ^[76] The Persian sources report that, at the beginning of the year, Persians and Romans returned to clash in the battle of Mesics, which ended with a heavy defeat of the Romans and the death of Gordiano. ^[78] Roman sources, on the other hand, do not mention the battle and suggest that Gordiano died near CIRCUMSE , ^{[54] [79] [80]} leaving the suspicion that he was killed by the Prefect of the Praetorium Filippo L’Arabic, ^[81] ), who later succeeded him on the throne. ^{[54] [82] [83] [84]}

Gordiano III and the war in the East
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	IMP CAES M AN GORDIANVS AVG PM, Radiated head and torso with armor and drape.	Pax Avgvsti, peace standing to the left, holds a sprig in hand and a scepter.	240-242? (before the start of the Sasanide war?)	4.59 gr (Mint of Antioch);	RIC Gordian , IV 189a; RSC 174a.
	sesterzio	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG PM, graduate head and torso with armor and drape.	P M TR P V cos II P P P, Gordian standing to the left, holds a globe in his left and a lamination of the right in the right.	242	28 mm, 17.86 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome, 6th workshop, 10-Esima emission);	RIC Gordian , IV 307a; Banti 75.
	sesterzio	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG PM, graduate head and torso with armor and drape.	Victoria Aeter (Nitatis), the victory standing to the left, holds a palm tree and a shield on a prisoner (Sasanide) sitting on his left; S-C on the sides.	244	31 mm, 20.92 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome, 5th workshop, 13-Esima emission);	RIC Gordian , IV 337a; Banti 105.
	sesterzio	IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG PM, graduate head and torso with armor and drape.	Mars Propvgnat (OR), Mars advances to the right, holds a shield and a lance sideways; S-C on the sides.	January/February 244	29 mm, 22.08 gr, 11 h (mint of ancient Rome, 6th workshop, 13-Esima emission);	RIC Gordian , IV 332; Banti 52.

Little is known about life and political career preceding the elevation to the throne of Filippo L’Arabic. He was born in Shahba in the province of Syria, a small center for about eighty kilometers south-east of Damascus. In the years 230 Filippo married Marcia Otacilia Severa and in 238 he had a son called Marco Giulio Severo Filippo. In 243, during the Sasanide campaign of Gordiano III, the Prefect of the Praetorium, Timesiteo, died in dark circumstances. At the suggestion of the other prefect, Gaius Giulio Prisco, Filippo’s brother, the latter was appointed successor of Timesiteo, thus allowing the two brothers to control the young emperor and therefore the empire as de facto regents.

Following a defeat in the battle of Mesiche, Gordiano III ordered the army retreat, but died during the trip. Filippo probably fomented the discontent of the soldiers, and could have been the principal of the assassination of the young prince. Filippo was therefore proclaimed emperor. ^[85]

Intended not to repeat the errors of previous usurpers, he convinced himself to go to Rome to strengthen his position towards the Senate. In an attempt to strengthen his position, he appointed Caesar The young son Marco Giulio Severo Filippo (later Co-Augusto . ^{[eighty six]} Filippo’s government was, therefore, aimed at rejecting the continuous invasions of the barbarians along the Danubian Limes (245-248), so much so that in the end he could boast of the victorious titles of German maximum It is Biggest carpian .

In 248, therefore, a series of revolts broke out: in the East a certain Marco Iotapiano, was unleashed against the oppressive government and the taxation that is too high in the territories governed by Filippo’s brother, Prisco; ^{[eighty seven]} In Mesia and Pannonia, Tiberio Claudio Marino Pacaziano was acclaimed emperor by the troops, but the revolt was suffocated by the future emperor Gaius Messio Quinto Decio, who was then placed at the head of the two provinces; ^{[eighty seven]} And finally it was the turn of two other usurpeners, Silbannaco and Sponsian, fomenters of as many revolts, also ended up in nothing.

Sent to the region to punish and command the legions that had supported the usurper, Decio was instead proclaimed emperor of the Danubian army in the spring of 249 and immediately marked towards Rome. Filippo’s army came into contact with that of the usurper near Verona at the beginning of summer: in the successive battle Decio had the best and Filippo was killed. When the news reached Rome, Severo Filippo, the eleven year old from Filippo, was in turn murdered by the Praetorian guard.

Imperial title	Number	Event dating
Tribune	6 times:	The first on February 244, then renewed every year to 10 December.
Consulate	3 times:	In 245, [88] 247 and 248. [89]
Victorious titles	5 times:	Adiabenicus (?), Biggest carpian (247), [90] German (246), Parthicus maximus [91] It is GREEN MAXIMUM (244). [92]
Greeting Imperial	At least 6 times:	The first at the time of the rise to the throne, then in 244 (II, III and IV), 246 (V), 247 (VI).
Other titles		Pontifex Maximus , Father of his Country , Pius It is Felix in 244. [93]

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End of the war against the Sasanids [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

The sudden death of the Gordian emperor, to whom the soldiers built at CIRCUMSE a cenotafio (on the shore of the Euphrates, in Zaitha ^{[ninety four] [95]} ), we don’t know if in battle ^[78] or at the hands of his successor, the Prefect of the Praetorium, Filippo L’Arabic, ^{[54] [70] [seventy three] [96]} determined the withdrawal of the Roman armies, ^[81] a peace judged by zosimo, dishonorable ^[97] and probably the loss of part of Mesopotamia and Armenia, ^[98] although Filippo felt authorized to boast the title of GREEN MAXIMUM . ^[99] The Achievements of the flavor , propaganda epigraph of Emperor Sassanid, say:

“The Caesar Gordiano was killed and the Roman armies were destroyed. The Romans then did Caesar A certain Filippo. Then the Caesar Filippo came to us to treat the terms of peace, and to redeem the life of the prisoners, giving us 500,000 money, and thus became our tax. For this reason we renamed the town of Mesiche, Peroz – Shapur (that is to say ” Victory of flavor “)”

( Achievements of the flavor , lines 8-9. )

The Roman East was, therefore, entrusted by Filippo to his brother, Gaius Giulio Prisco, nominated Rector East , ^[100] while the defensive line in Mesopotamia/Osroene was reorganized around the cities/strongholds of Nisibis , CIRCUMSE It is Sign .

A thousand years from the Foundation of Rome [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

In April 248, Filippo had the honor of chairing the celebrations of the thousand years of Rome, founded in 753 BC. The event was celebrated with the games secular and a rich coinage. According to contemporary relationships, the celebrations were splendid including spectacular games and theatrical performances throughout the city. In fact, the coinage reports numerous subjects such as: a column with the word Milialium Saeculum or one with the writing Cos III, or the writing Ludi Saeculares Aug, or the Capitoline she -wolf who breastfeeds Romulus and Remo, a lion, a deer, an antilope, An exastilo temple with the statue of Rome in the center and the writing Saeculum Novum.

A thousand years of Roman history
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs AVG P M, head with radiated crown, wears armor;	Saeculares Aug, a memorial stone who commemorates the first millennium of Roman history on which it is written Cos III (on two lines).	coined in 248;	22 mm, 4.3 gr?	?
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears armor;	Saeculares Aug, the Capitoline she -wolf who breastfeed Romulus and Remus to commemorate the first millennium of Roman history.	coined in 248;	22 mm, 4.3 gr?	Cohen 178.
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears armor;	Secular Augg, un Leo che rappresenta 1 games secular to commemorate the first millennium of Roman history.	coined in 248;	22 mm, 4.3 gr?	Cohen 173.
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears armor;	Secular Augg, un’antilope che rappresenta 1 games secular to commemorate the first millennium of Roman history.	coined in 248;	22 mm, 4.3 gr?	Cohen 188.
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears armor;	Saeculum Novum, an exastilo temple with the statue of Rome in the center, to commemorate the first millennium of Roman history.	coined in 248;	22 mm, 4.3 gr?	Cohen 198.

Wars along the limes Danubian [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Filippo’s government began with a series of military campaigns against populations north of the Danube. In 246 Filippo reported a great success against the Germanic people of the forties along the Pannonian front, thanks to which he was attributed the appellation of ” German maximum “. In 247, the Roman offensive resumed along the lower Danubian course against Carpi, so much so that new honors were paid and the nickname” Biggest carpian “. ^{[90] [101] [102]}

In 248 a new incursion of Goths, to whom the annual contribution promised by Gordiano III, and of Carpi associates had been refused, brought once again devastation to the province of Masia lower. ^[103] In the end, the invasion was stopped by the general of Filippo L’Arabic, Decio Traiano, future emperor, at the city of Marcianopoli, who had remained under siege for a long time. ^[104]

Limes Danubian
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	IMP Philippvs Avg, head with Corona, wears armor;	Victoria Carotica, the victory that advances to the right, with a palm and a laurel wreath in her hand.	coined in 245;	23 mm, 4.35 gr;	Roman Imperial Coinage, Philip , IV, 66; RSC 238.
	axis	IMP M IVL Philippvs Avg, head with a corona, wears armor;	Province Dacia, an inscription in the bottom of II, the Dacia stands between two signs of the legions V Macedonia (symbol of L’Aquila) and XIII Twin (lion symbol).	coined in 247/248;	29 mm, 16.47 gr;	Amng i 9; Varbanov 6 var. (OBV. Legenda); MeeTet Support. II 5.

The historical sources for Decio’s life are fragmentary and do not allow to reconstruct with certainty or the history of his kingdom or his origins. We know from Aurelio Vittore who was a career soldier of Illyrian origin, ^[105] the precursor of the so -called Illyrian emperors and that this characteristic was widely celebrated in its coinage with the writings Pannoniae O Genivs Army Illvriciani .

During his kingdom, the emperor Decius tried to revive the fate of the empire, who fell in the crisis of the third century, relying on the restoration of tradition, but his choice was not suitable for a state that was changing quickly. Although he had clearly the situation and the solution chosen, he showed, in the moment of need, not to be versatile enough. His religious policy split the empire and he himself, unlike the other emperors of the period of military anarchy, was unable to contrast the dangers brought by the Germanic invasions. His very death in battle, however heroic, demonstrates the limits of his judgment.

The power of Decio had its own foundations in the senatorial aristocracy and in the army, and both presented itself as the restorer of tradition, through an appropriate propaganda, also monetary, and taking up those sections of the prince who recalled the late republic and the first empire. From a political point of view, Decio reevaluated the republican positions. He assumed the consulate for each year of his kingdom; He restored the judiciary of censorship by appointing Publio Licinio Valeriano Censoro; He personally hired the command of troops on the battlefield and conferred honors to soldiers regardless of their rank.

He recalled the dynasty of the adoptive emperors assuming the name Trajan in honor and in reference to the emperor considered the best, ‘Optimus Princeps. After twenty years, he resumed a public building program in Rome: he restored the Colosseum damaged by an earthquake and built the sumptuous Terme Deciane on the Aventine.

Finally, he tried to give life to a dynasty, as Filippo had done before him: his children Etruscan and Ostilian received the title of Caesar, with erecty then elevated to the rank of Augustus in 251; Erennia Cupressenia Etruscilla was instead appointed Augusta.

Main themes [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Decius Trajan
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	golden	IMP C M Q Traianvs Decivs Avg, head with laurel crown, wears an armor;	Victoria Avgg, the victory that advances to the left, holds a crown in the right and a palm in the left hand.	coined in 249/250;	4.31 gr;	RIC Decius , IV, 29a; Cohen 107.
	antoniniano	IMP C M Q Traianvs Decivs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears an armor;	Genivs Exerc Illvriciani, the genius standing to the left, holds a patera and a cornucopia; of the banner on the right.	coined in 249/250;	21 mm, 3.77 gr;	RIC Decius , Iv 16c; Hunter 11 was. (Rev. Legend); RSC 49.
	antoniniano	IMP C M Q Traianvs Decivs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears an armor;	D-ACIA, the dacia standing to the left, holds a stick with a donkey head at the top.	coined in 250;	4.99 gr;	RIC Decius , IV, 12b; Hunter 7; RSC 16.
	double sesterium	IMP C M Q Traianvs Decivs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears an armor;	Felicitas Saecvli S-C, the goddess Felicitas standing in front, the head turned to the left, holds a caduceus and a cornucopia.	coined in 250;	34 mm, 31.80 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome, 4th workshop, 3rd emission);	RIC Decius , IV, 115; Banti 9; Cohen 40.
	sesterzio	IMP C M Q Traianvs Decivs Avg, head with laurel crown, wears an armor;	P-a-nnoni-a-e, the two provinces of the upper and lower Pannonia standing in front, the heads facing left, each holds a standard ; S-c.	coined in 250;	27 mm, 19.43 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome, 3rd workshop, 3rd -4th issue);	RIC Decius , IV, 124D; Banti 22.
	sesterzio	Q Her Etr Mes Decivs Nob C, head to the right of Erennio Etrusco, torso with drapes, wears an armor;	Piety Avgvstorvm, S c in exortionge; un a simpulum, un apergillum, one brocca ed un crooked post sopra to one bowl.	coined between the spring of 250 and mid -251;	27 mm, 21 gr, 12 h;	RIC Decius , IV, 168 a, Cohen 15.
	sesterzio	IMP CAE C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS AVG, head with laurel wreath, wears an armor;	SECVRITAS AVGG S-C, the Securitas standing to the left, with the hand on the head and the elbow on a column.	coined in 251;	28 mm, 19.28 gr, 6 h (mint of ancient Rome, 5th workshop, 1st emission);	RIC Decius , IV, 225; Cohen 60; Banti 15.
	antoniniano	IMP CAE between Decivs Avg, head with a radiated crown, wears an armor;	Germanica Vic-land, Decio on horseback to the left, raises his right hand and holds a scepter in the left; On the left the goddess Vittoria advances to the left, holds a branch on the right and a palm in the left.	coined in 251 (Mint of ancient Rome);	3.33 gr, 12 h;	RIC Decius , IV, 43 Corr. (Obv. Legend) and PL. 10, 20 (this coin is illustrated); RSC 122.

Gaius Vibio Trebonian Gallo was Roman Emperor from 251 to 253 together with his son Volusian. His kingdom was characterized by a long series of disasters, such as the plague that hit Rome for years, the incursions of the barbaric populations beyond the borders of the empire and the loss (according to some sources that occurred during his kingdom) of Syria in favor of the Sasanids. Man of undoubted administrative and military qualities, imprinted part of his program in the wording of the coins he made: Eternal peace .

Main themes [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Treboniano Gallo
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	IMP CC VIB Treb Gallus Avg, Trebonian Radiata Gallo head to the right, drapes and armor;	Libertas Publica, Libertas standing to the left, holds a pileo and a scepter of the traverse.	251-253;	21 mm, 3.60 gr, 12 H (Zecca di Milan);	RIC, Gallus trebonianus , IV 70; RSC 68.
	antoniniano	IMP CAE C VIB Treb Gallvs Avg, head with radiated crown, wears an armor;	Eternity AVG Eternity Standing to the left, holds a Phoenix on a globe and raises the hem of the skirt.	coined in 253;	21 mm, 3.77 gr, 12 h (mint of ancient Rome, 1st workshop, 3rd emission);	RIC Gallus trebonianus , 30; RSC 13.

Emiliano, he was Roman Emperor in 253 for only three months, climbing the throne after overturning Trebonian Gallo. Shortly thereafter, in turn, he was defeated and by Valeriano who became, together with his son Gallieno the new Augustus . It was initially acclaimed Emperor From the troops of Mesia, after conducting the Roman armies to the victory against the Goths (July 253). ^[118] Moreover, Trebonian had not been able to oppose the Goths, nor to the Sasanids in the East, nor to the terrible plague that Rome was hitting.

Main themes [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Emilian
Image	Value	Straight	Reverse	Dating	Weight; diameter	Cataloging
	antoniniano	IMP CAES Aemilianvs p f avg, head with radiated crown, wears an armor;	Marti Pacif (Istor), Mars advances to the left, holds a branch, a shield and a sword.	coined in 253;	2.37 gr;	RIC Æmilianus , 15; Hunter 12; RSC 23.
	antoniniano	Cornelia overcomes, head to the right with a diadem and drape;	Vesta, the goddess dresses to the left, holds a patera in the right hand and a scepter in the left.	coined in 253;	2.48 gr;	RIC Æmilianus , 30; Hunter 1; RSC 5.

Primary sources

• Aurelio Vittore, Epitome of Caesars It is The life and character of the Roman WHO .
• The body inscriptions.
• Dione, Roman history : 74-80 WHO .
• Herodian, History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelio .
• Eutropio Breviarii of City , IX WHO .
• Giordane, On the beginning of the Actions .
• AUGUSTA HISTORY, DA Massimino Trace a Valerian .
• Orosio; Histories against the Paganos seven , book 7 WHO .

Modern historiographic sources

• Gian Guido Belloni, The Roman currency. Society, politics, culture , Rome 2004.
• ( IN ) Michel Grant, Roman emperors, history and secrets , Roma, 1984, ISBN 88-54112-0202-4.
• Santo Mazzarino, The Roman Empire , Bari, Lereza, 1973, vol. I, isbn 88-420-2401-5.
• Roger Rémondon, The crisis of the Roman Empire, from Marcus Aurelio to Anastasio , Milan 1975.
• Chris Scarre, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome , Cambridge 1995. Isbn 0-14-051329-9
• ( IN ) Chris Scarre, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors , Londra, 1995, isbn 0-500-077-5.

Abbreviations

• BMCRE = H.Mattingly, Coins of the roman empire in the British Museum , London 1923-1975, Vol.6 (Vol.V-VI da pertinace and pupieo ).
• Cohen = H.Cohen, Historical description of coins struck under the Roman Empire , Paris, 1880-1892, vol.III-IV.
• Ric = Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol.10 by H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London 1926-1994 (vol.iva and B: da pertinace and pupieo ).
• RSC = H.A. Seaby & D.R.Sear, Roman Silver Coins Vol.5 (Vol.i and II), London 1978 (3rd edition).