Siege of Knodsenburg – Wikipedia

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L’ siege of Knodsenburg It was a fight held from 21 to 25 July 1591 at the Knodsenburg fort, during the eighty -year war. The clash was also known as Liberation of Knodsenburg . [7] The siege was conducted by the Spanish army in command of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, while the fortification was defended by the Dutch commanded by Gerrit de Jongy, then saved by the Anglo-Dutch army combined by Maurizio D’Orange and Sir Francis Real on July 25th. [8] The Spaniards came out defeated by the siege and had to withdraw beyond the Waal river. [3] [9]

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In 1590 Prince Maurizio D’Orange decided to strengthen the possibilities of the Dutch to besiege Nimega, building a strong on a large hill. [6] This strong became known by the name of Knodsenburg and was placed on the river island in the Batavia. The Duke of Parma had been notified of the movements of the Anglo-Duties and had already been defeated by John Norrioys in 1585 in an attempt to capture that strategic position. [ten] Since the end of July 1590, the Fort of Knodsenburg could be said to be completed. [6]

The Duke of Parma decided once again to be a siege of the fortifications, considering the danger that they represented for the city of Nimega too great. [11] Inside the fort there was a small garrison consisting of six hundred men and a large number of cannons under the command of Gerrit de Jong, a former commander of the lochem garrison, who was determined to defend the city with all his strength but at the same time He waited for the arrival of support forces. [6]

De Jong sent a message to Maurizio d’Orange on July 15, who was in Steenwijk, to keep him informed of the movements of the Spaniards. On July 21 de Jong launched the aging alarm other Dutch but Maurizio was at the time engaged in a campaign to regain Zutphen, Deventer and had already captured Delfzijl. [twelfth] The Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Parma approached Knodsenburg and Maurizio was informed of these movements and then began the crossing of the Rouveen swamp where no other army had ever dared to pass previously. [13] Guglielmo Luigi of Nassau-Dillenburg in the meantime was left to control the Spanish garrison of Groninga. [6] The forces passed from Hasselt, Zwolle and then arrived at Deventer, then from 18 July Maurizio crossed the boats bridge on the Ijssel river in Zutphen and arrived in Arnhem on July 20. [11]

Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, in a portrait of Otto Van Veen

On July 21, the Duke of Parma surrounded and placed a siege of Knodsenburg’s fortress. Gerrit de Jong and his men attempted to keep the besiegers away by shooting all day on their positions. [6] Also on that day, the son of Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Filippo Ottaviano, was hit to death by a musketball ball while he was on the bastions of the city. [14]

The following morning the Spaniards attacked the fortification; De Jong and his men attest until the enemy had entered the fort and suddenly opened the fire of six cannons at the same time. [6] The soldiers shot and therefore advanced with their spades, inflicting more than 200 losses in the Spaniards in total, including many officers. [twelfth] The attack was rejected with minor losses. Maurizio had meanwhile approached the city. [6] The next day, the Duke of Parma had planned a further advance but for the strong rains he had decided to remain entrenched in his positions. [13]

Maurizio di Nassau, Prince of Orange, from Histories of the Netherlands Di Emanuel van Meteren.

On July 23, Maurizio D’Orange went even later to the point that he was spotted by the reconnaissance forces of the Duke of Parma. [4] [15] The Anglo-Dutch combined forces were largely composed of an English regiment, commanded by Sir Francis Vere for a total of more than 3000 men. [11] In addition to these there were ten companies in Scottish in the command of William Balfour for a total of 1300 men and eight companies of the German County of Solms with another 1000 men, 900 men commanded by Filippo di Nassau, the Famars companies (700 men) and by Van Brederode with 600 other men. With the reinforcements, the soldiers of the Dutch army reached 8000 infantrymen and 1200 knights engaged in the clash. [11]

The Spanish troops had dedicated themselves in the meantime to the looting of many of the villages close in the Batavia region and along the Rhine. This move was misunderstood as a fake of the Duke of Parma, who thought instead wanted to focus on the city of Arnhem and therefore reinforced the local garrison. [13]

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Maurizio analyzed the forces put in place by the Spaniards for the siege: it was 6-7000 infantrymen with 1800 knights, and many of the first group were gods Thirds with experience. [twelfth] [13] The distance between the two armies was the four or five miles along the road leading from Arnhem to Nimega. [15]

On day 24 the Duke of Parma hoped to lead Maurizio in a trap and maintained his key positions; The Farnese was preparing for a battle with picca stroke if the assault on Knodsenburg had been rejected and for this reason they further studied the enemy’s moves. [16]

The defeat of the Duke of Parma [ change | Modifica Wikitesto ]

Francis Vere, Portrait of William Faithrne

Landics Vere decided to implement a plan to take advantage of the activity of the Spaniards and put 500 knights and 1200 mosquettieri and pikers on the field, a force this placed under the orders of Maurizio d’Orange. [15] About two thirds of the route between the city and the Anglo-Dutch field there was a bridge towards which Vere headed from the early hours of the following day. [13] He sent 200 light knights to attack the Spanish outposts and therefore they had the order to retire by letting themselves be chased by Spanish veterans. [11] In the meantime, he had his infantry placed between the bushes with a detachment at the bridge and the other to a quarter of a mile back, and the rest of the rear cavalry. [13] Vere hoped to play the Duke of Parma on the field. [6]

The Dutch and English cavalry applied a technique of “bodies and runs” and was as expected to be chased by the Spaniards until the bridge is reached. [9] Vere obtained the desired effect and then triggered the ambush from the five infantry companies that had remained hidden, while preparing the cavalry for action. [11] The Spanish veterans were fully caught and soon found themselves surrounded in a proud clash that decimated them largely. [3] Only a few Spaniards managed to escape and retired in disorder leaving the Duke of Parma completely discouraged with strong losses; 60 were the dead in the clash, 500 prisoners and 500 dead horses; Two regimental flags were also captured. [3] [4] Among the prisoners there was also the commander Pietro Francesco Nicelli whose teaches, with the representation of Christ on the cross, became a personal prey of real. [5] The losses for the Anglo-Duties amounted to 2 dead and 10 injured. [15]

After the rejection of the forces of the Duke of Parma and the fact that the best part of his army had been massacred, he decided that the best option at that point was the retreat. [3] On day 25, the Duke of Parma decided to distract Maurizio from his conquest plans and focused on the camp of the Spaniards to cover his retreat beyond the Waal river, a little behind Nimega. [11] This maneuver was conducted personally by Ranuccio Farnese, the firstborn of the Duke. [4]

When they saw the Spaniards leave definitively, the Anglo-Duties understood that they had won the clash. [11]

The Duke of Parma and Maurizio collided here once again showing the respective value on the battlefield: if Prince Farnese did not expect the immediate arrival of Maurizio’s troops, the Prince of Orange on the other front did not expect the retreat of the Duke of Parma. [4] Alessandro Farnese remained some time in Nimega, then receiving the order of King Filippo II of Spain to take to France to assist the Huguenots against local Catholics. [9] He left Nimega on August 5, heading to Spa (current Belgium) and leaving Nimega a garrison under the command of Francisco Verdugo. Maurizio made Nimega his next goal. [twelfth]

The English poet George Chapman who took part in the countryside under the command of Vere wrote a poem regarding the siege and defeat of the Duke of Parma entitled The hymn in Cynthia , part of the volume The Shadow of Night . [17]

  1. ^ Dunthorne p 50
  2. ^ Hoenselaars P 22
  3. ^ a b c d It is Charles Maurice Davies, The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth , G. Willis, 1851, p. 252.
  4. ^ a b c d It is John Lothrop Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic, Entire 1566–74 , p. 115.
  5. ^ a b House of Commons, House of Commons Papers, Volume 45 , H.M Stationery Office, 1907, p. 164.
  6. ^ a b c d It is f g h i H.A.M Roelands, The banner: magazine for non -commissioned officers, Volume 4 , Visser, 1870, p. 227. (Dutch)
  7. ^ van der Hoeven pp 115-16
  8. ^ Template:DNB Cite
  9. ^ a b c Watson, The history of the reign of Philip the Second, king of Spain , Tegg, 1839, pp. 474–75.
  10. ^ Nolan p 91
  11. ^ a b c d It is f g h Markham pp 176-78
  12. ^ a b c d Van Nimwegen P 156
  13. ^ a b c d It is f Firth, Charles Harding, Stuart Tracts, 1603-1693 Volume 7 of English garner , E. P. Dutton and Company Limited, 1693, pp. 103–05.
  14. ^ Wernham P 317
  15. ^ a b c d Knight, Charles Raleigh: Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark’s Regiment . Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, 1905, pp 37-38
  16. ^ Duffy p 82
  17. ^ Acheson, Arthur, Shakespeare and the Rival Poet: Displaying Shakespeare as a Satirist and Proving the Identity of the Patron and the Rival of the Sonnets Volume 13 , John Lane, 1903, p. 54.
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