Real girlsüß – Wikipedia

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The Real meadows sweet ( Filipatendula ulmaria ) is a species that belongs to the family of rose plants (rosaceae). It is native to almost all of Europe and you can find them on nutrient-rich wet and wet meadows, trenches and stream banks as well as in Erlen-ash forests. On rarely mowed and nutrient-rich water edges, the real meadowsweet is a guiding plant of the girls’ high-rise corridors (Filipendulion).

There are several explanatory approaches for the German name “Mädesüß”. The most frequently mentioned explanation indicates that meadowsweet used to be used to sweeten and flavor wine and in particular MET. The name therefore means “meters sweet” – although this honey wine needed less another sweetener, but due to the rather flat wine taste, an aroma to which this may have contributed. However, a “mowing sweetness” is also meaded, because after sensing the withered leaves and stems exude a sweet smell. Fellow At the same time, is an ancient term for grassland, on which the meadows sweet actually grows when the soil is sufficiently moist. For example, the English name speaks for this origin meadow sweet, while the Norwegian and English names mead or. mead wort (Both: Metkraut) in turn indicate on meter sweetness. In any case, the name is not derived from a “sweet girl”.

The real meadowsweet bears a number of other names in a popular saying. In some regions it is also called “Rüsterstaube” and “Bacholde” due to its elm -like leaves because its flowers are reminiscent of that of the black elderberry. “Wies queen” (including the French name Reine-des-Prés ) alludes to the striking size of the perennial and “feather bush” or “spierstrauch” (also “big spell”) on the shape of the inflorescence. In the northern Black Forest, the perennial is referred to as the “Geißripp”.

The vernacular has also found less poetic names for the attractive plant. In some regions, it is also called “stop car” because of its use in diarrhea. Another old name for the real meadows sweet is “forest beard”.

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“Interrupted feathered” leaf leaf
Flower (“funnel rispe”, “Spirre”)
Exclusion of a inflorescence with close -up of individual flowers

Appearance and sheet [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The real meadows sweet is a persistent herbaceous plant and reaches growth heights of 50 to 150, sometimes 200 centimeters. The stems are reddish and only branch in the upper part.

The leaves are dark green feathered and heavily quarreled and white on the underside. The leaves of the leaves are reminiscent of the leaves of the elms, whereupon the scientific name ulmaria indicates. The leaves have the highest known gap opening of 1300 per square millimeter.

Flower and flower [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The heyday ranges in Germany from June to July, in Central Europe from June to August. What is striking are the funnel -rispine inflorescences of the real meadows sweet, which contain many single flowers and bloom in shy.

The flowers exude an intensive, honey to almond-like smell, especially in the evening. Plant copies with male and hermaphrodite flowers occur. The relatively small flowers are radial -symmetrical and fifties with a double flower cover. The five goblet leaves are rarely longer than 1 millimeter. The five cream to yellowish-white crown leaves have a length of up to 5 millimeters. The numerous stamens consist of white dust threads and yellow stamens. The six to ten free fruit leaves are egg -shaped and green. The white fusses end in rounded, yellow scars.

Fruit and seed [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Spiral nuts of the real meadows sweet, with a bug

Most of the flower, six to eight slightly screwed, twisted, clashed nuts develop, which in their entirety give the impression of a single fruit. The inconspicuous, two -way, thin -walled, air -containing, non -open, balmy nuts are curved with a length of up to 3 millimeters. Also due to this specific fruit shape, the real meadowsweet can be easily done by the little girl ( Filipendula vulgaris ) distinguish in which the nuts have a straight shape. With increasing maturity, the color of the nuts changes from green to brown. The nuts are mature in October, have a flat shape and a light brown, hard fruit wall. The only 1 millimeter long seeds are located in the nuts.

Chromosomenzahl [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 14, 16 or 24. [first]

Salicylic acid, flavonoids, tannic acids, essential oil and citric acid, as well as a weak toxic glycoside, contains meadowsweet, which can trigger headaches with a correspondingly high dosage. [2] When rubbing, the leaves freed a smell of salicylaldehyde (such as rheumatism). Like the bark of the pastures, the once also contains Spiraea ulmaria named Filipatendula ulmaria Salicylic acid. The “Aspirin” drug was given its name from the Spirea .

The reliable qualitative and quantitative determination of the ingredients succeeds after adequate sample preparation by coupling the HPLC with mass spectrometry. [3] HPLC analysis with UV detection can also be used to determine individual ingredients such as salicylaldehyde, salicylic acid and other active ingredients (mono- and sesquiterpenes). [4]

The real girl is a hemikryptophyt and a shaft plant.

Flower ecologically are “pollen disc flowers” that smell intensely almond to honey-like; However, when grinding, they smell of salicylic acid. The tire gradually releases the scars by straightening up. With its plenty of pollen and the sweet flower fragrance, the real meadows sweet, especially bees, attracts bees, pollen -eating flies and hoverflies. The pollinating insects also include beetles.

With the ripening process, the air connection in the nuts increases. The associated weight loss helps to ensure that the nuts can be better carried away from the wind (so -called anemochory). The real meadows sweet is one of the “winter stands”, because the mature nuts are only gradually removed and spread by the wind from the fruit floor (semachorial). Occasionally you can find remaining nuts remaining on the dried flower branches in spring.

However, the real meadows sweet also uses other propagation mechanisms to sprinkle its seed as far as possible. The nuts of the meadowsweet, which also grow in the bank of the water, are floatable due to the high air inclusion and, when they fall into the water, are carried away by it (nautochorie). However, the nuts are also among the adhesives (epicory), because they stick to animal skins easily and are thus spread out.

The real meadows sweet is from the rust mushroom Triphragmium ulmariae befallen. [5]

Inflorescences at the beginning of the flowering
Supervision of a vegetative inventory

Filipatendula ulmaria is also common in northern and Central Asia. There is real meadowsüsess in large parts of Europe with the exception of the southern Mediterranean area. In the eastern North America it is an undesirable neophyte and, like in Europe, a willow. Since it can spread both vegetative, namely underground, as well as generative through its fruits, on the cultural land and is avoided by the pasture cattle, it should be viewed and combated in many places as a plague plant – in North America as a neophytic, here as native.

In Central Asia, the distribution area borders on that of the pink meadowsweet that can be found from Siberia to Kamchatka and grows there in fog and rainy areas. On the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kamchatka-mädesüd is also growing, which with a growth in height of up to three meters largest meadowsweet species, which is also widespread in northern Japan.

In Germany, the real meadows sweet in the Alps rises to heights of 1360 meters, even up to 1420 meters in the Black Forest. [first] In the Allgäu Alps, it occurs at a altitude of 1220 meters in the lake sump near Bach in Tyrol. [6]

Mädesüß grows on seepage or basic wet or damp, nutrient-rich, weak to moderately acidic, sandy or pure clay and tone floors or swamp humus soil, also in peat. It is a light to half-shadow plant.

Originally, the real meadow was found, especially in Erlen-eschen forests, which used to shape the stream and fluids. Since these forest societies are only available in fragments in Central Europe today, the real meadows sweet “alternatively” grows along water trenches and streams and can also often be found on wet meadows that are rarely (at most an indexing).

Plant-sociological is the real meadowsweet the association character type of the Filipendulion (meadowsweet corridors), but also occurs in other molitalia companies (wet meadows, wet high-rise corridors), as well as in Convolvolvuletalia companies (nitrophytic banking grounds in wet locations) and in alno-ical. . There are considerations that high-rise societies such as the meadowsweet corridors could be delimited by the economic meadows (molinio-arrhenatheretea) and understood as a separate class. [7] [8]

The flower -rich vegetation is typically made of meading and species such as Wasserdost ( Eupatorium cannabinum ), However, Baldrian ( Officinalis ), Sumpfziest ( Stachys palustris ), Blood pasture ( Lythrum Salicaria ), Gilbweiderich ( Lysimachia vulgaris ), Large nettle ( Urtica dioica ), Swamp and box ( Equisetum palustre ) and tube gloss grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ) educated. Furthermore, real legwell count ( Symphytum officinale ), Swamp-stork beak ( Geranium palustre ), Zottigins pastures roses ( Epilobium hirsutum ) and occasionally the swamp sword lily ( Iris pseudacorus ) to the accompanying flora.

The first publication was published in 1753 under the name (basionym) Spiraea ulmaria through L. the new combination too Filipatendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. was in 1879 by Maxim. in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada , 6, p. 251 published. Another synonym for Filipatendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. is Ulmaria pentapetala Gently. [9]

Depending on the author, two subspecies can be distinguished in Europe: [9]

  • Filipatendula ulmaria subsp. ulmaria (His.: Filipatending Denied (J.Presl & C.Presl) Fritsch , Filipendula subdenudata Fritsch , Spiraea denudata J.Presl & C.Presl , Spiraea gaupa Schultz , Spiraea odorata Gray NOM. Illeg. Spiraea palustris Salisb. NOM. Illeg. Spiraea quinqueloba (Baumg.) Spreng. , Spirae UngianuManata Lake NOM. Illeg. Thecanisia discolor (W.D.J.KOCH) RAF. , Ulmaria denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Opiz , Ulmaria obtusiloba Opis , Ulmaria palustris Moench , Ulmaria spiraea-ulmaria Hill , Filipatendula ulmaria subsp. discovered (J.Presl & C.Presl) Hayek , Filipatendula ulmaria subsp. nivea (Wallr.) Hayek , Spiraea ulmaria subsp. discovered (J.Presl & C.Presl) Schübler & Martens , Spiraea ulmaria subsp. discolor (W.D.J.KOCH) Arcang. ): [9] It is widespread in Europe.
  • Filipatendula ulmaria subsp. picbuel (Support) (His.: Filipatending Stepy Already. ): [9] This subspecies occurs in Europe in Russia, Belarus and Romania and has outposts in Slovakia, southern Moravia and in Lower Austria (Marchtal). It differs from the stem, the felt -haired branches of the inflorescence in the upper part and the fruit, which is at least hairy at least at the tip. It grows on changing moisture, heavily drying out in summer, especially in flood turfs from the Agrostentalia Stoloniferae. [ten]

Use in the kitchen [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

An aromatic tea can be made from the flowers; The roots and the shoots are considered edible.

All parts of the plant, in particular the flowers, are suitable for flavoring sweet and fruit dishes as well as drinks, which they give a sweet taste. In German cuisine, however, it is rarely used. Real meadowsweet is used more often in French cuisine and the kitchen in Brussels and Wallonia. One makes use of the fact that flowers immersed in liquid emit their flavors to the liquid well. Unbeated cream accepts the honey-almond taste when the flowers could pull into it overnight. Mädesüß-sorbet is occasionally served as an intermediate course or completion of a meal, since the plant is supposed to counteract heartburn. Also beer, met [11] And wine were previously flavored with plant parts.

Use as a fragrance plant [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Due to the sweet and tough fragrance, which is perceived as pleasant by many people, a popular scattered herb was once meaded. In the morning, the wooden floor was sprinkled with different herbs and returned the leaves and stems when they were dried up in the evening and no longer exuded their fragrance. However, it was also common to use meadsuit litter for days to weeks because it exudes its fragrance for a very long time.

In England, fragrance potpourris is mixed in meadows. So she was the preferred aroma plant of the English Queen Elisabeth I. However, the fragrance is not valued equally by everyone. Some people perceive the smell too pushy, which the plant also the folk name Meadow cockroach has entered.

Use in herbal medicine [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

An old medicinal plant is meaded, but hardly recorded in ancient times and the Middle Ages, only that About an instant (In the middle of the 12th century) from the school of Salerno, the plant describes in detail. [twelfth] Adam Lonitzer wrote in his herbal book: This herb root is good for the stone, as are the one who tries hard and are looking for loins. The powder of the root serves those who have a cold stomach and cannot digest well. Against Asthma, take the powder and gentian in the same weight and use it in the food, it helps without a doubt. [twelfth]

Headgeme -sweet is interesting, since for a long time it has been obtained from their flower buds salicylal hydary, an anti -inflammatory active ingredient that is now sold in a modified form as synthetically produced acetylsalicylic acid. The real meadows sweet, which was botanically botanically the spy bushes ( Spirea ) assigned to the development of the brand name Aspirin contributed. While the “A” stands for acetyl, “Spirin” is derived from the term “spira acid”. [13]

The official is the maidsuit. Filipendulae Ulmariae plant ) Monographed under this name in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. EUR.) And consists of the flowering stem tips. According to Ph. EUR. A content of at least 1 ml of water vapor -flap (formed by acid hydrolysis made of phenolglykosides) is required per kg drug. Furthermore, the German drug codex monographs meadowsweet blossoms with the older name of the drug Spiraeae Flos. [14]

Important active ingredients are: Penolglykosides such as monotropidine and spirain – when drying, there is a small amount of essential oil with salicylaldehyde and methylsalicylate – as well as flavonoids such as spiraeoside and tannins (ellagitannine). [15]

Medical applications: maidsuit flowers have sweat and diuretic properties. [11] However, the content of salicylic acid compounds, which could have an effect like acetylsalicylic acid, is low, so that an anti -inflammatory effect is doubted. The drug is only recommended to sweat treatments, as is welcome to support them at the beginning of colds. The use in rheumatic diseases and gout to increase the urinary amount is known in folk medicine. [15]

The flowers and the young leaves of the meadows are processed into tea, which is said to have a good diuretic, anti -inflammatory and anti -inflammatory effect. However, since the substances contained in the plant fluctuate strongly, as with many other vegetable means, depending on location conditions in their dose, it is usually recommended to get the plant components in the pharmacy. The excessive production of gastric acid is intended to contain meadowsweet and thus counteract heartburn. [16]

The committee for vegetable drugs (HMPC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published two monographs too meadowsüß. One treats the flowers (Filipendulae Ulmariae Flos), the other the above -ground plant (Filipendulae Ulmariae Herba). For both drugs, the traditional indications for different preparations are confirmed, for example the application for colds and to relieve slight joint complaints. [17] [18]

Cultural history peculiarities [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Already in the 3rd millennium BC Chr. Was meaded by beers detected in bell cups in England and Scotland. [19] At that time, the plant was also added to graves in Scotland. Later, in the younger Iron Age (Laténe period), it was used, among other things, as a colored material for fabrics. Beekeepers rubbed their new beehives with the herb fragrant after honey so that the bees accept them. The mead is often added to the mead to get a more pleasant taste. In the early modern England, the flowers were cooked in wine to drink it as a mood, and meadsüsüß also came into Elisabethan beer, along with other herbs such as Dost or Gundermann, while hops were still frowned upon as a beer ingredient there. [20]

Individually [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer: Plant sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8. Edition. Page 562. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5.
  2. ↑ Martina Melzer: Medicinal plants lexicon: girls’. In: Pharmacy magazine. December 22, 2016, accessed on January 7th, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Bijttebier S, van der Auwera A, Voordoels S, Noten B, Hermans N, Pieters L, Apers S: A First Step in the Quest for the Active Constituents in Filipendula ulmaria (Meadowsweet): Comprehensive Phytochemical Identification by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. In: Plant with. 2016 Apr;82(6):559-72, PMID 26845709 .
  4. ↑ Olennikov DN, KashChenko Ni, Chirikova NK.: Meadowsweet Teas as New Functional Beverages: Comparative Analysis of Nutrients, Phytochemicals and Biological Effects of Four Filipendula Species. In: Molecules. 2016 Dec 26;22(1):16, PMID 28035976 .
  5. ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms in Austria. Supplement and host parasite directory for the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Issue 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Ad 2, hor, 2004, 3307-61-411. 40. 40. 40. 40. 40.
  7. ↑ Erich Oberdorfer: Plant sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3.
  8. ↑ Richard Pott: The plant companies in Germany. UTB, ULmer, Stuttgart 1992. ISBN 3-8252-8067-5 (UTB).
  9. ↑ a b c d A. Kurtto, 2009: Rosaceae (as part of the Mayor). Data sheet in: Euro+Med Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  10. ↑ Heinrich E. Weber: Rosaceae. , S. 280. in: Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 3rd edition Volume IV, Part 2 A, Blackwell-Science-Verlag Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-8263-3016-1.
  11. ↑ a b Gunter Steinbach (ed.), Bruno P. Kremer et al.: Wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaic, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4, p. 70.
  12. ↑ a b Johannes Gottfried Mayer, Bernhard Uehleke, Kilian Saum: The great book of monastery medicine. Zabert Sandmann, Munich 2013. ISBN 978-3-89883-343-1. P. 130.
  13. ↑ Monika Schulte-Löbbert: Real meadows sweet: the vegetable aspirin. In: PTA-Forum , no date.
  14. ↑ Bettina Rahfeld: Microscopic colored atlas plant drugs. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-1951-4.
  15. ↑ a b Ingrid and Peter Schönfelder: The new manual of medicinal plants, botany medicine drugs, active ingredients applications. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart, 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6.
  16. ↑ Manfred Bocksch: The practical book of medicinal plants. BLV, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-405-14937-1.
  17. ↑ Community herbal monograph on Filipendula ulmaria (L.)Maxim., herba
  18. ↑ Community herbal monograph on Filipendula ulmaria (L.)Maxim., flos
  19. ↑ Karsten Wetink: Stereotype. The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary practices . Sidestone, suffer 2020, ISBN 978-90-8890-939-9, S. 80–82 .
  20. ↑ Wolf-Dieter Storl: Plants of the Celts. 3. Edition. Aarau: at Verlag, 2003.

literature [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Erich Oberdorfer: Plant sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3.
  • Ruprecht Düll, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Pocket lexicon of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7., corrected and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1.
  • Detlev Arens: Sixty local wild plants in living portraits. Du Mont, Cologne 1991. ISBN 3-7701-2516-9.
  • Manfred Bocksch: The practical book of medicinal plants. BLV, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-405-14937-1.
  • Elisabeth Lestrieux, Jelena de Belder: The taste of flowers and flowers. Dumont, Cologne 2000, ISBN 3-7701-8621-4.
  • Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Hagebotte & Co – flowers, fruits and spread of European plants. Fauna Verlag, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6.