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\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u307e\u3063\u3059\u3050\u306b\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u504f\u3063\u305f\u914d\u7f6e\u3067\u65b9\u5411\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\u30a4\u30f3\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u539a\u3055\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u9055\u3044\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30af\u30b9\u30dd\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u300c\u65e5\u300d\uff08\u65e5\uff09\u3084\u300c1\u3064\u300d\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u306f\u9006\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u306f\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u5370\u8c61\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 Table of Contents\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928 [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u518d\u767a\u898b [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u8ad6\u4e89 [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044 [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u53c2\u7167 [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u5916\u90e8\u30ea\u30f3\u30af [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928 [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ]  \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u3001 \u4ecf\u6559\u306e\u30b5\u30ac\u3068\u30bd\u30f3\u30de\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u6559\u5e2b\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6559\u3048 \u3001\u30e2\u30d0\u30a4\u30eb\u30e1\u30bf\u30eb\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u30011377\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6700\u53e4\u306e\u672c\u3002 \u671d\u9bae\u738b\u671d\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u304c\u7b2c2\u5dfb\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u97d3\u56fd\u304b\u3089\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u307e\u3067\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u30d1\u30ea\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306e\u76e3\u8b77\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u30e6\u30cd\u30b9\u30b3\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001 \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u300c1887\u5e74\u306b\u30b4\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u738b\u306e\u6cbb\u4e16\u4e2d\u306b\u30bd\u30a6\u30eb\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u5927\u4f7f\u9928\u306e\u544a\u767a\u3067\u3042\u308b[\u30d3\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30a8\u30df\u30fc\u30eb\u30de\u30ea\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30bb\u30d5]\u30b3\u30ea\u30f3\u30c7\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u5f8c\u306b\u30011911\u5e74\u306b\u30d8\u30f3\u30ea\u304c1950\u5e74\u306b\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f1911\u5e74\u306b\u30db\u30c6\u30eb\u306edrouot\u3067\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30c8\u3067\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30f3\u30ea\u30fb\u30f4\u30a7\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u529b\u306b\u884c\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 [ 2 ] \u73fe\u5728\u3001\u5370\u5237\u7248\u306e2\u756a\u76ee\u306e\u5bb9\u5668\u306e\u307f\u304c\u91d1\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f38\u679a\u306e\u30b7\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u307f\u304c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002 1886\u5e745\u6708\u3001\u97d3\u56fd\u3068\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u9632\u885b\u6761\u7d04\u306b\u7f72\u540d\u3057\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30011887\u5e74\u306b\u30ad\u30e0\u30e6\u30f3\u30b7\u30af\uff081835-1922\uff09\u3068\u30d3\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u30a8\u30df\u30fc\u30eb\u30de\u30ea\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30bb\u30d5\u30b3\u30ea\u30f3\u30c7\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\uff081853-1924\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6761\u7d04\u306e\u6279\u51c6\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u516c\u5f0f\u306e\u5916\u4ea4\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3067\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3092\u5b66\u3093\u3060\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u306f\u30011877\u5e74\u304b\u30891883\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u306b\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u4ee3\u8868\u56e3\u3067\u7ffb\u8a33\u8005\u3092\u52d9\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30021888\u5e74\u306b\u5f7c\u306f\u97d3\u56fd\u306e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u9818\u4e8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30bd\u30a6\u30eb\u306b\u623b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u306f1891\u5e74\u307e\u200b\u200b\u3067\u97d3\u56fd\u3067\u9577\u671f\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u6c38\u7d9a\u6027\u306e\u9593\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306f\u9818\u571f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3057\u30661906\u5e74\u306e\u8056\u8077\u8005\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306e\u5352\u696d\u751f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u30bd\u30a6\u30eb\u306b\u5f15\u3063\u8d8a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u79d8\u66f8\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30af\u30e9\u30f3\u3092\u3001\u5f7c\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u8cc7\u683c\u3092\u8a31\u53ef\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 Plancy\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f\u304b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u4e0d\u660e\u3067\u3059\u304c\u300120\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5e74\u306b\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002\u97d3\u56fd\u3067\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30fc\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u672c\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306f\u30011911\u5e74\u306b\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30aa\u30fc\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3067\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001 \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u540c\u3058\u5e74\u306b180\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u306e\u5408\u8a08\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30d8\u30f3\u30ea\u30fb\u30f4\u30a7\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\uff081854-1943\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u91d1\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d9\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u6709\u540d\u306a\u5b9d\u77f3\u5546\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u53e4\u3044\u672c\u306e\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306b\u5bc4\u4ed8\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u518d\u767a\u898b [ \u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u306e\u91d1\u5c5e\u5370\u5237\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3 \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 1901\u5e74\u306b\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u30cf\u30f3\u30ae\u30c3\u30af\u30fb\u30bd\u30b8 \u3001\u97d3\u56fd\u306e\u30b7\u30ce\u30ed\u30b8\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7de8\u96c6\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30e2\u30fc\u30ea\u30b9\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\uff081865-1935\uff09\u3002 1972\u5e74 \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u5f7c\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u56fd\u7acb\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u304c\u4e3b\u50ac\u3059\u308b\u300c\u672c\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u5e74\u300d\u306e\u9593\u306b\u30d1\u30ea\u3067\u5c55\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u521d\u3081\u3066\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u5f7c \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 \u5f7c\u306f\u30011377\u5e747\u6708\u306b\u30c1\u30e7\u30f3\u30b8\u30e5\u30e2\u30af\u90ca\u5916\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30f3\u30c7\u30aa\u30af\u5bfa\u9662\u306e\u91d1\u5c5e\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u672c\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u30a8\u30d4\u30ed\u30fc\u30b0\u306b\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5f7c\u304c\u30c1\u30e7\u30f3\u30b8\u30e5\u306e\u30c1\u30e7\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30f3\u30c7\u30aa\u30af\u5bfa\u9662\u306b\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u30011985\u5e74\u306b\u30d5\u30f3\u30b0\u30c7\u30af\u5bfa\u9662\u3067\u6e05\u6c34\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u767a\u6398\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u30d5\u30f3\u30c7\u30af\u5bfa\u9662\u306f1992\u5e743\u6708\u306b\u518d\u5efa\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u30b8\u30af\u30b8 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