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[]).push({});after-content-x41\u3064\u306e\u30ec\u30f3\u30ba\u30681\u3064\u306e\u5c55\u793a\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u4e8c\u91cd\u753b\u50cf\u306e\u7acb\u4f53\u5199\u771f\u306e\u30ec\u30f3\u30ba\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u93e1\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30d7\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u9664\u6570\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5358\u306b\u5149\u7dda\u3092\u30ea\u30c0\u30a4\u30ec\u30af\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u30da\u30a2\u306e\u30da\u30a2\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u8aa4\u89e3\u3092\u62db\u304f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u30de\u30cb\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u93e1\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30d7\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u7acb\u4f53\u5199\u771f\u306e\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u73cd\u3057\u3044\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u306f\u3001\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u95a2\u6570\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u30012\u3064\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u30aa\u30d6\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u3092\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u9069\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30ca\u30b0\u30ea\u30d53D\u753b\u50cf\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u7523\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 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Podders\u306f\u3001Macha-Zehnder\u5e72\u6e09\u8a08\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5149\u675f\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u5408\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6642\u3005\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u30012\u3064\u306e\u7740\u4fe1\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306b2\u3064\u306e\u767a\u4fe1\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u30012\u3064\u306e\u767a\u4fe1\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u632f\u5e45\u306f\u3001\u5165\u529b\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u632f\u5e45\u306e\u5408\u8a08\u3067\u3042\u308a\u30012\u3064\u306e\u767a\u4fe1\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u306e1\u3064\u304c\u632f\u5e45\u304c\u30bc\u30ed\u306b\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3092\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u30821\u3064\u306e\u767a\u4fe1\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u504f\u5149\u6ce2\u304c\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a98\u96fb\u8868\u9762\u306b\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5149\u6ce2\u306e\u96fb\u754c\u304c\u8868\u9762\u306e\u8868\u9762\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u53cd\u5c04\u6ce2\u306b\u306f\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059 pi \u3001 {displaystyle pi\u3001} \u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u653e\u9001\u6ce2\u306b\u306f\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u52d5\u4f5c\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30ec\u30cd\u30eb\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059 [2] \u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5c0e\u96fb\u6027\uff08\u91d1\u5c5e\uff09\u30b3\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u5c04\u306b\u306f\u9069\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u30d1\u30b9\u3067\u4ed6\u306e\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff08\u53cd\u5c04\u304a\u3088\u3073\u9001\u4fe1\uff09\u3002\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u8a73\u7d30\u306f\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u4ed5\u5207\u308a\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3068\u30b8\u30aa\u30e1\u30c8\u30ea\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u4ed5\u5207\u308a [ \u7de8\u96c6 | \u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] 2\u3064\u306e\u7740\u4fe1\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u9664\u4f53\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e21\u65b9\u306e\u5165\u529b\u30012\u3064\u306e\u51fa\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306b\u96fb\u754c\u304c\u843d\u3061\u308b\u96fb\u754c\u3092\u6301\u3064\u6881\u306e\u30af\u30e9\u30b7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u5206\u88c2\u8005\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066 \u3068 c {displaystyle e_ {c}} \u79c1 \u3068 d {displaystyle e_ {d}} \u5165\u308a\u53e3\u306b\u76f4\u7dda\u7684\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 \u3068 a {displaystyle e_ {a}} \u79c1 \u3068 b {displaystyle e_ {b}} \u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff1a [EcEd]=[ractbctadrbd][EaEb],{displaystyle {begin {bmatrix} e_ {c} \\ e_ {d} end {bmatrix}} = {begin {bmatrix} r_ {ac}\uff06t_ {bc} \\ t_ {ad}\uff06r_ {bd} end {bmatrix} {bmatrix} {bmatrix} {bmatrix} } \\ e_ {b} end {bmatrix}}\u3001} \u3053\u3053\u3067\u30012\u00d72\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u306f\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u30de\u30cb\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306e\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001 r {displaystyle r} \u53cd\u5c04\u4fc2\u6570\u3067\u3059 t {displaystylet} \u901a\u904e\u4fc2\u6570 \uff08\u3002\uff09 \u30dc\u30c8\u30e0\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u304c\u3053\u306e\u30d1\u30b9\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u4ed5\u5207\u308a\u3092\u901a\u308b\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u30d1\u30b9\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u305f\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u3002 \uff08\u5024\u306f\u5149\u306e\u504f\u5149\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff09\u3002 \u4ed5\u5207\u308a\u304c\u5149\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3092\u5931\u308f\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7dcf\u51fa\u529b\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306f\u7dcf\u5165\u529b\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3067\u5747\u7b49\u5316\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002 |Ec|2+|Ed|2=|Ea|2+|Eb|2.{displaystyle | e_ {c} |^{2}+| e_ {d} |^{2} = | e_ {a} |^{2}+| e_ {b} |^{2}\u3002} \u3053\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u4ed5\u5207\u308a\u306e\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u304cUnitar\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 \u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306aUnitar\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b92\u00d72\u3092\u30ea\u30fc\u30c9\u3057\u307e\u3059  \u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u7dad\u6301\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u306f\u3001\u53cd\u5c04\u4fc2\u6570\u3068\u900f\u904e\u7387\u4fc2\u6570\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002 |rac|2+|tad|2=|rbd|2+|tbc|2=1{displaystyle | r_ {ac} |^{2}+| t_ {ad} |^{2} = | r_ {bd} |^{2}+| t_ {bc} |^{2} = 1} \u3068 ractbc\u2217+tadrbd\u2217=0,{displaystyle r_ {ac} t_ {bc}^{*}+t_ {ad} r_ {bd}^{*} = 0\u3001} \u3069\u3053 ” \u2217{displaystyle ^{*}} \u300c\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u7d50\u5408\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u8ab0\u3067\u3082\u4fdd\u5b58\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059 r {displaystyle r} \u79c1 t {displaystylet} \u632f\u5e45\u3068\u4f4d\u76f8\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30dd\u30fc\u30cd\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u7d50\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6570\u5024\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\uff1a r a c = | r a c | \u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059 \u79c1 \u03d5ac\u3002 {displasyStle r_ {ac} = | r_ {ac} | e^{iphi _ {ac}}}} \u4f4d\u76f8\u4fc2\u6570\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8868\u9762\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u307e\u305f\u306f\u9001\u4fe1\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3001\u30d0\u30f3\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u53d6\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a |rac||tbc|ei(\u03d5ac\u2212\u03d5bc)+|tad||rbd|ei(\u03d5ad\u2212\u03d5bd)=0.{displayswlet | \u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002 |rac||tad|=\u2212|rbd||tbc|ei(\u03d5ad\u2212\u03d5bd+\u03d5bc\u2212\u03d5ac),{displaystyle {frac {| r_ {ac} |} {| t_ {ad} |}} =  –  {frac {| r_ {bd} |} {| t_ {bc} |}} e^{{i\uff08phi _ {ad} -phi _ {bd}+ph _ _ _ _ _i _ _i }\u3001} \u3044\u3064\u771f\u5b9f\u306a\u306e\u304b \u03d5 a d  –  \u03d5 b d + \u03d5 b c  –  \u03d5 a c = pi \u3001 {displaystyle phi _ {ad} -phi _ {bd}+phi _ {bc} -phi _ {ac} = pi\u3001} \u6b21\u306b\u3001\u89e3\u91c8\u8981\u7d20\u304c-1\u306b\u7c21\u7d20\u5316\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e21\u5074\u3092\u5747\u7b49\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u53d6\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff1a 1\u2212|tad|2|tad|2=1\u2212|tbc|2|tbc|2,{displaystyle {frac {1- | t_ {ad} |^{2}} {| t_ {ad} |^{2}}}} = {frac {1- | t_ {bc} |^{2}} {| t_ {bc} |^{2}}}}} \u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u7dad\u6301\u8981\u4ef6\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7f6e\u63db\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u5834\u6240 | r a c | 2 = \u521d\u3081  –  | t a d | 2 \u3002 {displaystyle | r_ {ac} |^{2} = 1- | t_ {ad} |^{2}\u3002} \u3053\u308c\u306f\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff1a |tad|=|tbc|\u2261T{displaystyle | t_ {ad} | = | t_ {bc} | equiv t} \u305d\u3057\u3066\u540c\u69d8\u306b |rac|=|rbd|\u2261R.{displaystyle | r_ {ac} | = | r_ {bd} | equiv R.} \u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u307e\u3059 r 2 + t 2 = \u521d\u3081\u3002 {displaystyle r^{2}+t^{2} = 1\u3002}  \u5c64\u72b6\u5206\u30d3\u30c0\u30fc\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u5236\u9650\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u521d\u671f\u5f0f\u3092\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u51e6\u65b9\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059 [3] [EcEd]=[Rei\u03d5acTei\u03d5bcTei\u03d5adRei\u03d5bd][EaEb].{displaystyle {begin {ad}}\uff06re {iphi _ _ {bd}} end {bmatrix} {begin {bmatrix} e_ {a} \\ e_ {b} end {bmatrix}\u3002}}} \u5b9f\u9a13\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 [ \u7de8\u96c6 | \u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] \u30dd\u30c3\u30c0\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3068\u3001\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u3068\u76f8\u5bfe\u6027\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7269\u7406\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3068\u304a\u308a\u3067\u3059\uff1a 1851\u5e74\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30be\u30fc\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c34\u4e2d\u306e\u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b \u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30a8\u30fc\u30c6\u30eb\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e1887\u5e74\u306eMichelson-Morley\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13 Morley-Miller\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13 [4] 1887\u5e74\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u30591902\u5e74\u304b\u30891904\u5e74\u307e\u3067 \u30c7\u30a4\u30c8\u30caC.\u30df\u30e9\u30fc\u5b9f\u9a13 [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 1925\u5e74\u304b\u30891926\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u3001\u30a6\u30a3\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u5c71\u306e\u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30a8\u30fc\u30c6\u30eb\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b520\u4e07\u4ef6\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u5024\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u91d1\u8272\u306e\u9b5a\u306e\u661f\u5ea7\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 Eksperment\u30cf\u30f3\u30de\u30fc [\u5341] 1935\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u5bb9\u5668\u306e\u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5730\u7403\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b 1932\u5e74\u306e\u30b1\u30cd\u30c7\u30a3\u30fb\u30b6\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30b1\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f\u3001\u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u6e2c\u5b9a\u88c5\u7f6e\u306e\u901f\u5ea6\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b \u30d9\u30e9\u5b9f\u9a13 [11] \uff081972\u5e74\u9803\uff09\u91cf\u5b50\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3044\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u793a\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u306a\u96a0\u308c\u5909\u6570\u3092\u9664\u5916\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f Wheeler\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u304c\u9045\u308c\u305f\u5b9f\u9a13 [12\u756a\u76ee] 1978\u5e74\u30011984\u5e74\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u5149\u5b50\u306f\u6ce2\u3084\u7c92\u5b50\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 Felix\uff08\u30ec\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u5e72\u6e09\u8a08X\u7dda\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u305f\u81ea\u7531\u8ecc\u9053\u5b9f\u9a13\uff09\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f2000\u5e74\u306b\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u3001\u91cf\u5b50\u306e\u91cd\u306d\u5408\u308f\u305b\u304c\u6642\u7a7a\u306e\u6e7e\u66f2\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046Penrose\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f Elitzur-Vaidman\u7206\u5f3e\u30c6\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\uff08\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306e\u306a\u3044\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3092\u542b\u3080\uff09\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u91cf\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u9818\u57df\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308bMacha-Zehnder\u306e\u5e72\u6e09\u8a08\u3002 2\u3064\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u30d5\u30a1\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u5165\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30d2\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u6f14\u7b97\u5b50\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 a^0 \u3001 a^\u521d\u3081 \u3001 {displaystyle {hat {a}} _ {0}\u3001{hat {a}} _ {1}\u3001} \u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u30de\u30cb\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u6e2f\u306b\u8a72\u5f53\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30eb\u3067\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u3055\u308c\u305f2\u3064\u306e\u51fa\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9 a^2 \u3001 a^3 \u3001 {displaystyle {hat {a}} _ {2}\u3001{hat {a}} _ {3}\u3001} \u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5165\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306b\u76f4\u7dda\u7684\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 [13] \uff1a (a^2a^3)=(t\u2032rr\u2032t)(a^0a^1).{displaystyle left\uff08{begin {matrix} {hat {a}} _ {2} \\ {hat {a}} _ {3} end {matrix}}\u53f3\uff09 _ {0} \\ {hat {a}} _ {1} end {matrix}}\u53f3\uff09\u3002}} \u5909\u63db\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u4fc2\u6570\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u616e\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002 [a^i,a^j\u2020]=\u03b4ij{displaystyle [{hat {a}} _ {i}\u3001{hat {a}} _ {j}^{dagger}] = delta _ {ij}} \u79c1 [a^i,a^j]=0.{displaystyle [{hat {a}} _ {i}\u3001{hat {a}} _ {j}] = 0\u3002} \u3069\u3053\uff1a a^i{displaystyle {hat {a}} _ {i}}  – \u6d88\u6ec5\u30aa\u30da\u30ec\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3001 a^j\u2020{displaystyle {hat {a}} _ {j}^{dagger}}  – \u4f5c\u6210\u30aa\u30da\u30ec\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\uff08\u30b7\u30f3\u30dc\u30eb \uff08 \uff09\uff09 \u2020{displaystyle\uff08\uff09^{dagger}} hergritic\u7d50\u5408\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff09\u3001 d ij{displaystyle delta _ {ij}}  – \u30c7\u30eb\u30bf\u30af\u30ed\u30cd\u30c3\u30b1\u30e9\u3001 []  – \u6574\u6d41\u5b50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059 [ a \u3001 b ] = a b  –  b a \u3002 {displaystyle [a\u3001b] = ab-ba\u3002} \u4e0a\u8a18\u306f\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u5236\u9650\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002 |r\u2032|=|r|,|t\u2032|=|t|,|r|2+|t|2=1{displaystyle | r ‘| = | r | ,, | t’ | = | t | ,, | r |^{2}+| t |^{2} = 1} r\u2217t\u2032+r\u2032t\u2217=r\u2217t+r\u2032t\u2032\u2217=0.{displaystyle r^{*} t ‘+r’t^{*} = r^{*} t+r’t’^{*} = 0\u3002} \u8a98\u96fb\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u5206\u88c2\u8005\u3067\u306f50\uff05\uff1a50\uff05\u53cd\u5c04\u3068\u9001\u4fe1\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u76f8 \u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059 \u00b1 \u79c1 \u03c02= \u00b1 \u79c1 \u3002 {displaystyle e^{pm i {frac {pi} {2}}} = pm i\u3002} \u53cd\u5c04\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u304c\u306e\u4f4d\u76f8\u3067\u9045\u5ef6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3066 pi 2 \u3001 {displaystyle {frac {pi} {2}}\u3001} \u5165\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u3068\u51fa\u529b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002 a^2=12(a^0+ia^1),a^3=12(ia^0+a^1).{displaystyle {hat {a}} _ {2} = {frac {1} {sqrt {2}}}\u5de6\uff08{hat {a}} _ {0}+i {hat {a}}}} _ {1} right\uff09 t {2}}}\u5de6\uff08i {hat {a}} _ {0}+{hat {a}} _ {1}\u53f3\uff09\u3002}} \u3053\u306e\u5909\u63db\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u5358\u4f4d\u5909\u63db\u306f\u3067\u3059 U^=ei\u03c04(a^0\u2020a^1+a^0a^1\u2020).{displaystyle {hat {u}} = e^{i {frac {pi} {4}}\u5de6\uff08{hat {a}}} _ {0}^{dagger} {hat {a}} _ {1}+{hat {a}} _ {{1} {{a}}}} _ {{a}} {{a}}} }\u53f3\uff09}\u3002} \u3053\u306eUnitarrier\u30de\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002 (a^2a^3)=U^\u2020(a^0a^1)U^.{displaystyle left({begin{matrix}{hat {a}}_{2}\\{hat {a}}_{3}end{matrix}}right)={hat {U}}^{dagger }left({begin{matrix}{hat {a}}_{0}\\{hat {a}}_{1}end{matrix}}right){hat {U}}.} \u91cf\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u3067\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 [ \u7de8\u96c6 | \u30b3\u30fc\u30c9\u3092\u7de8\u96c6\u3057\u307e\u3059 ] 2000\u5e74\u3001Knill\u3001Laflamme\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073Mirurn\uff08KLM Protocol\uff09\u306f\u3001\u500b\u3005\u306e\u5149\u5b50\u306e\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u9664\u6570\u3001\u4f4d\u76f8\u30b7\u30d5\u30bf\u30fc\u3001\u5149\u5ea6\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u306e\u307f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u306a\u91cf\u5b50\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30c8\u30b3\u30eb\u3067qubit\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u30012\u3064\u306emod\u3092\u6301\u30641\u3064\u306e\u5149\u5b50\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u72b6\u614b }”>\u79c1 }”>2\u756a\u76ee\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\uff08\u30b7\u30fc\u30eb\uff09\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30ea\u30bd\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u30b2\u30fc\u30c8\u30682 quatoic\u306a\u78ba\u7387\u7684\u30b2\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u5b9f\u88c5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30d3\u30fc\u30e0\u4ed5\u5207\u308a\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3067\u3059\u3002\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30eb\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u9593\u306b\u7d61\u307f\u5408\u3046\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002 \u9023\u7d9a\u5909\u6570\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u306b\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u307e\u3059 \uff08\u3002\uff09 \u3002\u30dc\u30b4\u30e9\u30d6\u5909\u63db\u3092\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059 \uff08\u3002\uff09 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G.W. \u3001 \u5de8\u5927\u306a\u30a8\u30f3\u30af\u30ed\u30fc\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u5185\u306e\u5149\u306e\u901f\u5ea6 \u3001\u300c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u300d\u30015\u3001V\u300248\u30011935\u3001s\u3002 462\u2013463\u3001doi\uff1a 10.1103\/PhysRev.48.462.2 \u3001bibcode\uff1a 1935phrv … 48..462h  \u3002  \u2191  Alain Aspect\uff06Philippe Grangier\uff06G\u00e9rard A.A.\uff06P.G.\uff06G\u3002  \u30ed\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc  Alain Aspect\uff06Philippe Grangier\uff06G\u00e9rard A.A.\uff06P.G.\uff06G\u3002 \u3001 \u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u5b9a\u7406\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u30ed\u30fc\u30ab\u30eb\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8 \u3001\u201e Phys\u3002\u7267\u5e2b\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u300d\u30017\u3001V\u300247\u30011981\u3001s\u3002 460\u20133\u3001doi\uff1a 10.1103\/physrevlett.47.460 \u3001bibcode\uff1a 1981phrvl..47..460a  \u3002  \u2191  \u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 \u306e\u3002  \u30b8\u30e3\u30c3\u30af  \u30f4\u30a3\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8 \u306e\u3002 \u3001 Wheeler\u306e\u9045\u5ef6\u9078\u629eGedanken\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u5b9f\u73fe \u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u300d\u30015814\u3001V\u3002315\u30012007\u3001s\u3002 966\u2013968\u3001doi\uff1a 10.1126\/science.11\u200b\u200b36303 \u3001PMID\uff1a 17303748 \u3001bibcode\uff1a 2007Sci … 315..966J \u3001arxiv\uff1a Quant-PH\/0610241V1  \u3002  \u2191  \u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30ca\u30a4\u30c8\u3001\u30d4\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30ea\u30fc\uff1a \u5165\u9580\u91cf\u5b50\u5149\u5b66 \u3002 WYD\u3002 3.\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\uff1a\u30b1\u30f3\u30d6\u30ea\u30c3\u30b8\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u5c40\u30012005\u5e74\u3002ISBN 0-521-52735-x \u3002  \u2191  \u30ec\u30f4\u30a9\u30f3\u30fb\u30c1\u30e3\u30d5\u30de\u30d5\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u3001\u30cb\u30b3\u30e9\u30b9\u30fb\u30b1\u30eb\u30d5\u3002 \u7dda\u5f62\u5149\u5b66\u3067\u4efb\u610f\u306e\u30ac\u30a6\u30b9\u56de\u8def\u3092\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3057\u307e\u3059 \u3002 \u300c\u7269\u7406\u7684\u306a\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fcA\u300d\u3002 98\u3001s\u3002 062314\u30012018\u3002doi\uff1a 10.1103\/Physreva.98.062314 \u3002 arxiv\uff1a 1803.11534 \u3002        (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2jp\/wiki47\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/all2jp\/wiki47\/archives\/7165#breadcrumbitem","name":"Bamper Divider -Wikipedia\u3001\u7121\u6599\u767e\u79d1\u4e8b\u5178"}}]}]