[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/hualalai-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/hualalai-wikipedia\/","headline":"Hual\u0101lai – Wikipedia","name":"Hual\u0101lai – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands after-content-x4 Hual\u0101lai (pronounced [huw\u0259\u02c8la\u02d0l\u0250i] in Hawaiian) is an active volcano on the island","datePublished":"2020-07-29","dateModified":"2020-07-29","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Puhia_pelee.jpg\/150px-Puhia_pelee.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/81\/Puhia_pelee.jpg\/150px-Puhia_pelee.jpg","height":"220","width":"150"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/hualalai-wikipedia\/","wordCount":10330,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Active volcano in the Hawaiian Islands       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Hual\u0101lai (pronounced [huw\u0259\u02c8la\u02d0l\u0250i] in Hawaiian) is an active volcano on the island of Hawai\u02bbi in the Hawaiian Islands.[4] It is the westernmost, third-youngest and the third-most active of the five volcanoes that form the island of Hawai\u02bbi, following K\u012blauea and the much larger Mauna Loa. Its peak stands 8,271 feet (2,521\u00a0m) above sea level. Hual\u0101lai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300,000\u00a0years ago. Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801, and being unusually inactive for the last 2,000 years, Hual\u0101lai is still considered active, and is expected to erupt again some time within the next century. The relative unpreparedness of the residents in the area caused by the lull in activity would worsen the consequences of such an event.The area near the volcano has been inhabited for centuries by Hawaiian natives, dating back to before recorded history. The coast west of Hual\u0101lai in particular had several royal complexes. The volcano is also important ecologically, is home to many rare species and several nature reserves near the summit, and is a popular hiking attraction. Today the coast near Hual\u0101lai is dotted by vacation resorts, some built on historic flows, and a National Historical Park.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsGeology[edit]Structural features[edit]History[edit]Eruption history[edit]Lava stratigraphy[edit]1800\u20131801 eruption[edit]Recent activity[edit]Future monitoring[edit]Human history[edit]Ecology and environment[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Geology[edit]Structural features[edit]  An expedition down a lava conduit in Hual\u0101lai volcanoHual\u0101lai stands at 8,271\u00a0ft (2,521\u00a0m) with a prominence of 3,071\u00a0ft (936\u00a0m).[2] It is the westernmost of the five major volcanoes which form the island of Hawai\u02bbi.[1] Being in the post-shield stage of development, Hual\u0101lai is overall much rougher in shape and structure than the more youthful Mauna Loa and K\u012blauea.[5] Hual\u0101lai’s structure is denoted by three rift zones: a well-developed one approximately 50\u00b0 to the northwest, a moderately developed one to the southeast, and a poorly developed one trending northwards about 3\u00a0mi (5\u00a0km) east of the summit.[6][7] There are over 100 cinder and spatter cones arranged along these rift zones. Hual\u0101lai has no summit caldera, although there is a collapse crater about 0.3\u00a0mi (0.48\u00a0km) across atop a small lava shield. Much of the southern slope (above the modern town of Kailua-Kona) consists of lava flows covered by a layer of volcanic ash from 10 to 100\u00a0cm (4 to 39\u00a0in) thick.[7][8] In comparison with the other volcanoes of the island of Hawai\u02bbi, it is the third-tallest, third-youngest, third-most active, and second-smallest, making up just 7% of the island.[5]A major subfeature of Hual\u0101lai is Pu\u02bbu Wa\u02bbawa\u02bba, Hawaiian for “many-furrowed hill”, a volcanic cone standing 372\u00a0m (1,220\u00a0ft) tall and measuring over 1.6\u00a0km (1\u00a0mi) in diameter. It extends for 9\u00a0km (6\u00a0mi), and has a prominence of 275\u00a0m (902\u00a0ft), north of the summit at 19\u00b046\u203215\u2033N 155\u00b049\u203256\u2033W\ufeff \/ \ufeff19.77083\u00b0N 155.83222\u00b0W\ufeff \/ 19.77083; -155.83222\ufeff (Puu Waa Waa). The cone is constructed of trachyte, a type of volcanic lava that is not found on other volcanoes on the island of Hawai\u02bbi. Trachyte flows move more slowly than the typically “runny” Hawaiian lavas, a characteristic caused by its high (over 62%) silica composition (typical basalt is only 50% silica). Geologists hypothesize that Pu\u02bbu Wa\u02bbawa\u02bba originally formed during a pumice eruption a little over 100,000\u00a0years ago, and has continued to build itself since then, with at least three distinct trachyte flows recognized. The eruptions, although partially covered by flows from Hual\u0101lai and Mauna Loa, have built a distinctive structure known as the Pu\u02bbu Anahulu ridge.[9]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The westward-facing flank of Hual\u0101lai forms a large underwater slump known as the North Kona slump. An area of about 1,000\u00a0km2 (390\u00a0sq\u00a0mi), the slump consists of an intricate formation of beaches and scarps 2,000 to 4,500\u00a0m (6,600 to 14,800\u00a0ft) below the waterline. This area was explored more closely in a 2001 joint Japan-United States project to explore the volcano’s flanks, utilizing the remotely operated vehicle ROV Kaik\u014d. Data collected showed that the lava flows there originated in shallow water 500 to 1,000\u00a0m (1,600 to 3,300\u00a0ft) deep, and that unlike similar slumps at other volcanoes, the slump at Hual\u0101lai formed gradually.[10]Hual\u0101lai is a known source for xenoliths, rock from the Earth’s mantle that have been brought up in lava flows. Many prehistoric deposits, as well as those from the 1801 event, contain xenoliths of large size and abundant quantity.[6]History[edit]Hual\u0101lai is the westernmost of the five volcanoes making up Hawai\u02bbi islandLava attributed to a shield-stage Hual\u0101lai has been found just offshore of the volcano’s northwest rift zone. Tholeiitic basalt, indicative of the submarine subphase of the volcano’s construction, has been found in wells driven into the volcano at a depth of 75\u00a0ft (23\u00a0m). These lavas persisted until an estimated 130,000\u00a0years ago.[11] Hual\u0101lai entered the post-shield stage, the stage it is presently in, about 100,000\u00a0years ago. Pumice and trachyte eruptions at Pu\u02bbu Wa\u02bbawa\u02bba may be a sign of this change.[9]Geological mapping of the volcano has indicated that as much as 80% of the volcano’s surface has been topped by lava flows during the last 5,000\u00a0years,[1] entirely composed of shield alkalic basalt.[6] More than half of this is under 3,000\u00a0years old, and about 12% is less than 1,000\u00a0years of age.[8] Between the years 1700 and 2016, eruptions originated from six vents; four of these lava flows poured into the sea to the west coast.[8]Eruption history[edit]Hual\u0101lai is the third most active volcano making up the island of Hawai\u02bbi, behind K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa. Although the two larger volcanos have each erupted over 150\u00a0times in the last 1,000\u00a0years, Hual\u0101lai has done so but 3\u00a0times. The recurrence of activity at the volcano seems to be every 200 to 300\u00a0years.[12]A recent calm period, with almost no earthquake or magmatic activity at Hual\u0101lai, has seen the growth of homes, businesses, and resorts on the mountain’s flanks. The most recent major activity at the volcano was in 1929, when an intense earthquake swarm rocked Hual\u0101lai, most likely caused by magmatic action near the volcano’s peak. Although it has been relatively placid in the recent past, Hual\u0101lai is still potentially active, and is expected to erupt again within the next 100\u00a0years.[1]Lava stratigraphy[edit]The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has divided the exposed lava flows and tephra erupted by Hual\u0101lai volcano during the last 112,000\u00a0years into 419\u00a0rock units of eight chronostratigraphic age groups. These are summarized in the table below:Lava stratigraphy of Hualalai volcano[13]Age GroupAge (years before present)Rock typeSurface area (percent)Number of rock unitsLocation of exposuresComments8less than 224alkali basalt63northwest flankVent cinder deposits with black pahoehoe basalt lava flows formed during AD 1800\u20131801 eruption. Five vents along NW rift zone. Abundant xenoliths of ultramafic plutonic rocks.7200\u2013700alkali basalt34southern flankVent lava spatter and lava flows, cinders and tuff at Waha Pele. Spatter cone erupted pahoehoe and \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 basalt lava flows. Cone collapsed causing violent phreatic eruptions of tuff. Lava flow eruption resumed building larger cone, with eruption of long \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 lava flows.6750-1,500alkali basalt814mostly central summit area and southeast flankDark grey to black vent lava spatter (including a 650-meter-long spatter rampart), cinders, \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 and pahoehoe basalt lava flows, including Hualalai’s longest lava flow (22\u00a0km). Collapse of vents produced pit craters. Hawaiian, Strombolian, and sub-Plinian activity.51,500\u20133,000alkali basalt3849mostly northern flankSpatter deposits, \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 and pahoehoe basalt lava flows. Very active 2,400\u20131,900 years before present.43,000\u20135,000alkali basalt2598mostly northern flank and summitSpatter deposits, \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 and pahoehoe basalt lava flows.35,000\u201310,000alkali basalt with minor amounts of picritic basalt, hawaiite and ankaramite15185mostly southern flank and summitSpatter deposits, extensively weathered \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 and pahoehoe lava flows.210,000\u201325,000alkali basalt with minor amounts of picritic basalt, hawaiite and ankaramite563northeastern and southwestern flanksLava spatter, cinders, extensively weathered \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 and pahoehoe lava flows and palagonite tuff. Spatter and cinders contain abundant xenoliths of mafic and ultramafic plutonic rocks.1more than 100,000trachyteless than 13northeastern flankTrachyte cone of Pu\u02bbu Wa\u02bbawa\u02bba (current prominence approximately 430 meters). Block and \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 trachyte lava flow of Pu\u02bbu Anahulu and trachyte pyroclastic deposits. 5.5\u00a0km3 in volume, the largest-volume single eruption on Hawai\u02bbi (Big island). K-Ar age is 106,000 \u00b1 6,000 years before present.1800\u20131801 eruption[edit]  Hual\u0101lai last erupted in 1800\u20131801. This eruption produced very fluid alkalic basalt lava flows that entered the ocean off the western tip of Hawai\u02bbi island. Although five vents were active at the time, only two produced flows that eventually reached the ocean. The total output volume of the flow is estimated at over 300,000,000\u00a0m3 (0.072\u00a0cu\u00a0mi). One volcanic vent, situated high on the slope, produced a large \u02bba\u02bb\u0101 flow, dubbed the Ka\u02bb\u016bp\u016blehu flow, that reached the ocean as two distinct lobes.[6] On its way down, it overran a village and a valuable 3\u00a0mi (5\u00a0km) fishing pond. There is a local legend that after the failure of several offerings of animals and other items to the gods, the flow was finally stopped when Kamehameha I threw a lock of his own hair into the fire.[12] The Ka’\u016bp\u016blehu flow is also known for the particularly large quantity of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths that came up with it.[8]The other major outflow from the event reached the sea south of Kiholo Bay, destroying the village of Ka\u02bb\u016bp\u016blehu.[14] This 1801 flow, known as the Hu\u02bbehu\u02bbe flow, formed Keahole Point where Kona International Airport is now located, 11\u00a0km (6.8\u00a0mi) north of Kailua-Kona.[1][15] The eruption at Hual\u0101lai is believed to have been concurrent with an eruption at the nearby Mauna Loa. It is theorized that in the near past, Hual\u0101lai has been active around the same time as both Mauna Loa and Kilauea, although precise dating is impossible.[6]Recent activity[edit]  Hual\u0101lai is indicated as threat level 4 by the USGS in this mapping. The two gray areas are the two major outflows from the 1800\u20131801 event.A severe earthquake swarm shook the volcano in 1929, lasting about a month. This caused $100,000 worth of damage to the Kona district ($1.2 million as of 2010), and two earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.5 and 6.5 were felt as far away as Honolulu. This was probably caused by magma movement near the surface, but there was no surface activity or eruption.[6][12]The 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake, with epicenter just to the north in Kiholo Bay near M\u0101hukona, caused much damage in the area.[16]Future monitoring[edit]Hual\u0101lai is expected to erupt again in the near future, as a 200- to 300-year estimated pause in activity is coming to an end.[12] This presents a distinct hazard to the communities around it as well; for example, in the event of an eruption similar to the 1801 event, Kailua-Kona, which is 15\u00a0mi (24\u00a0km) from the volcano’s summit, could be covered completely in a matter of hours.[6] According to the USGS lava-flow hazard zones, on a scale of 1 to 9, all of Hual\u0101lai is listed as threat level 4. For comparison, almost all of K\u012blauea and Mauna Loa is listed as threat levels 1 through 3.[17] The flanks of the volcano do not pose a lower threat to the population than the area near the rift zones because the distance is short and the slopes are steep; lava poses as much of a threat as it does near its source.[14] The 2018 National Volcanic Threat Assessment published by the US Geological Survey classified Hual\u0101lai as a high threat volcano, with an overall threat score of 109, and ranked it 23rd among United States volcanoes most likely to threaten lives and infrastructure.[18]Since 1971, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has maintained a seismic recording station 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi) east of Hual\u0101lai’s summit to monitor the volcano. During this time, not a single earthquake swarm or harmonic tremor, indicative of activity at the volcano, has occurred.[6] Hual\u0101lai is also monitored by several other instruments, including one continuous GPS instrument and several instruments on the flanks of adjacent volcanoes. In addition, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory uses GPS to measure slight changes in tilt and slope of Hual\u0101lai, indicative of magmatic movement.[19]Although Hual\u0101lai does experience several magnitude-4 earthquakes per year, these are attributed to a deep source off the coast of the north-western rift zone and are not related to the movement of magma.[6]Human history[edit]  Hual\u0101lai has been a home to native people since ancient times. Centuries ago, the Ahu A Umi Heiau was built on the dry plateau east of the mountain.[20] The Kaloko-Honok\u014dhau National Historical Park lies on the shore west of Hual\u0101lai, over the site of an ancient Hawaiian settlement. Although it is called kekaha \u02bba\u02bbole wai (lands without water), the rugged volcanic terrain attracted much sea life, making it an appealing place to settle. There are two main attractions within the park: the Kaloko fishpond, an area of loko kuapa (rockwall fishponds) constructed of interlocking rocks across a natural embayment on the coast, and Honok\u014dhau, a former extensive settlement on the south side of the park.[21]“Outside the (royal) enclosure, by the edge of the sea, was a spring called Ki’ope\u00a0… It was a gathering place for those who went swimming and a place where the surf rolled in and dashed on land when it was rough. It was deep enough there for boats to land when the tide was high”.\u2014\u00a0John Papa \u012a\u02bb\u012b, court attendant of Kamehameha II.[22]Kamakahonu, Holualoa Bay, and Keauhou Bay were favored retreats of Hawaiian royalty long before the westernization of Hawaii. It was here that Kamehameha I rested after his eight-year campaign to unite the Hawaiian isles. His death in 1819 triggered social chaos. Mokuaikaua Church, built for missionaries in 1837 of lava rock and crushed coral, still stands today. Hulihe\u02bbe Palace, where many of Hawaii’s last kings spent their time, has been maintained as a museum since 1927.[22]Today, the coast west of Hual\u0101lai is a popular location for vacation resorts, since the rain shadow of the mountain causes many sunny days. The first, Kona Village resort, was built in 1961. Since then the Four Seasons Resort[23] and the K\u016bki\u02bbo golf course and vacation home complex have also been built on the 1800 flow.[24] Both the Kona Village Resort and the Four Seasons Resort were damaged by the tsunami generated by the 2011 Sendai earthquake.[25] The Hawaii Belt Road traverses the western slopes with an upper route called the Mamalahoa Highway and lower route named for Queen Ka\u02bbahumanu.[26]Much of the Kona coffee crop grows on Hual\u0101lai’s western slope near the town of Holualoa.[27]The family of early coffee merchant Henry Nicholas Greenwell owned a large ranch on the western side of the volcano.[28] The road from Kailua-Kona up the slopes of Hual\u0101lai is named for Frank “Palani” Greenwell.[29]Hawaii Route 200 known as the Saddle Road, crosses the plateau north of Hual\u0101lai, where the Pohakuloa Training Area provides a remote training ground for the United States Army and United States Marine Corps.[30]Ecology and environment[edit]  Although some of Hual\u0101lai is bare volcanic rock, most of it is covered by some form of vegetation. Bushes, ferns, and grass are common, and even a few \u014dhi\u02bba lehua trees (Metrosideros polymorpha) grow along the summit. Many of the collapse craters in particular have vegetation, and a few even have respectably-sized “vertical forests” inside, including several eucalyptus tree groves.[31] The volcano is populated by many birds and animals;[32] the coast in particular attracts many fish and sea-dependent animals, such as the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus).[21] Hual\u0101lai averages 18.27\u00a0in (46\u00a0cm) of rainfall per year.[33] The summit gets more rain than the coast[34] and is typically obscured in heavy cloud cover and vog.[5]Several ecological reserves lie on the flanks of Hual\u0101lai. The Pu\u02bbu Wa\u02bba Wa\u02bba forest sanctuary was established in 1992 (along with the Laupahoehoe sister reserve on Mauna Kea) as a testbed for long term ecological research about Hawaiian moist forest and dry forest biomes, and lies within a mile of the volcano’s summit on its northwestern flank. Elevation differs from sea level near the coastal edge to 6,300\u00a0ft (1,920\u00a0m) near the summit. Median annual rainfall is about 46.7\u00a0in (1,186\u00a0mm). Plentiful lava flows from the 19th century provide unique niches for vegetative and soil growth in the region. The southern section of the reserve, closest to the summit, has been split into a bird sanctuary.[34]The Honuaula forest reserve on the southwestern flank of the volcano at 19\u00b030\u203225\u2033N 155\u00b054\u203241\u2033W\ufeff \/ \ufeff19.50694\u00b0N 155.91139\u00b0W\ufeff \/ 19.50694; -155.91139\ufeff (Honuaula State Forest), preserves an extensive koa (Acacia koa) forest stand, with smaller Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) and M\u0101mane (Sophora chrysophylla) trees and an undergrowth of \u02bb\u0100kala (Rubus hawaiensis) and various ferns. The reserve measures 655 acres (265\u00a0ha) and protects an ecosystem that has since been largely deforested in the surrounding area.[35][36] The Wai Aha spring reserve on the lower slopes of the mountain is somewhat swampy and is home to the flowering evergreen \u014dhi\u02bba (Metrosideros polymorpha), the woody climber \u02bbIe\u02bbie (Freycinetia arborea), and a dense undergrowth of \u02bbAma\u02bbu (Sadleria cyatheoides).[35]See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c d e f g “Hual\u0101lai, Hawai\u02bbi’s Third Active Volcano”. USGS. 18 June 2001. Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2004.^ a b “Hualalai, Hawaii”. Summits of the World. peakbagger.com. Retrieved 21 February 2013.^ “About the Pu’u Wa’awa’a Trail System”. puuwaawaa.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.^ HVO, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. “Hual\u0101lai Volcano, Hawai\u02bbi”. usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2015.^ a b c “Hualalai Volcano: Kailua-Kona’s intriguing neighbor”. USGS. July 8, 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2010.^ a b c d e f g h i Rubin, Ken. “Hualalai Volcano”. Hawaiian Center for Volcanology. Retrieved 15 June 2010.^ a b Macdonald, G.A.; Abbott, Agatin Townsend (1970). Volcanoes in the Sea. Univ. of Hawai\u02bbi Press. pp.\u00a0441.^ a b c d “Volcano Information: Hualalai”. USGS. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2010.^ a b “When Hualalai Turned Viscous”. Volcano Watch. USGS. August 12, 2004. Retrieved 16 June 2010.^ P.W. Lipmana and M.L. Coombs (2006). “North Kona slump: Submarine flank failure during the early(?) tholeiitic shield stage of Hualalai Volcano”. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 151 (1\u20133): 189\u2013216. Bibcode:2006JVGR..151..189L. doi:10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.029.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)^ David R. Sherrod; John M. Sinton; Sarah E. Watkins; Kelly M. Brunt (2007). “Geological Map of the State of Hawaii” (PDF). USGS. pp.\u00a048\u201350. Retrieved 2009-04-12.^ a b c d Lucas, Carolyn. “Hualalai \u2013 Kona’s sleeping giant”. Kailua-Kona, HI, USA: West Hawaii Today. Retrieved 16 June 2010.[dead link]Alt URL^ Moore. R. B. and Clague, D.A. (1991) Geologic Map of Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii; USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-2213, 1:50,000^ a b Watson, John (July 18, 1997). “Lava Flow Hazard Zone Maps:Hualalai”. USGS. Retrieved 16 June 2010.^ McCoy, Floyd; Grant Heiken (2000). Volcanic hazards and disasters in human antiquity. The Geological Society of America.^ “M6.7 \u2013 Island of Hawaii, Hawaii”. USGS. Retrieved July 26, 2010.^ Watson, John (December 18, 1997). “Lava Flow Hazard Zone Maps”. USGS. Retrieved 16 June 2010.^ Ewert, John W.; Diefenbach, Angela K.; Ramsey, David W. (2018). 2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment (Report). Scientific Investigations Report 2018\u20135140. U.S. Geological Survey. p.\u00a08. doi:10.3133\/sir20185140. ISSN\u00a02328-0328.^ “Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Monthly Update – Hualalai Volcano”. US Geological Survey. June 3, 2021.^ Thomas S. Dye (March 25, 2005). “Historic Sites Review of a Proposed Mauna Loa Trail System” (PDF). Nature Conservancy web site. Retrieved July 26, 2010.^ a b “Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)”. National Park Service. April 25, 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.^ a b Fullard-Leo, Betty (December 1997). “Kailua-Kona: A Royal Retreat”. Coffee Times. Retrieved 18 July 2010.^ “Four Seasons Resort Hualalai at Historic Ka’upulehu”, Travel + Leisure, retrieved June 23, 2010^ “K\u016b ki\u02bbo”. 2009. Archived from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2010.^ Engle, Jane (March 28, 2011). “2 Big Island resorts still closed because of tsunami damage”. Los Angeles Times.^ Oscar Voss; C.C. Slater (January 2007). “Hawaii Highways”. Retrieved 7 August 2010.^ “Kona Coffee \u2013 What Makes It So Unique?”. Kona Coffee Council. 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2010.^ Gerald Kinro (June 2003). A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic. University of Hawaii Press. p.\u00a014. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8248-2678-9. Retrieved 26 July 2010.^ Lloyd J. Soehren (2004). “lookup of Palani”. on Hawaiian place names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved July 26, 2010.^ “Marine Corps Base Hawaii G-3 Training Areas – Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA)”. MCBH Kaneohe Bay, HI, USA: Marine Corps Base Hawaii. February 22, 2002. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2012.^ “SummitPost \u2013 Hualalai \u2013 Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering”. SummitPost.org. April 8, 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.^ Catalano, Hadley (September 19, 2006). “Huehue Hualalai Trail”. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.^ “Hualalai 72, Hawaii (512151): Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary”. Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 2011-02-06.^ a b Kauffman, Boone. “Hawaii Experimental Tropical Forest”. Retrieved 18 July 2010.^ a b The Hawaiian forester and agriculturist: quarterly magazine of forestry, entomology, plant inspection and animal industry. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry. 1921. p.\u00a0203. Retrieved 18 July 2010.^ “Big Island Forest Reserves”. Hawai\u201bi Forest Reserve System web site. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/hualalai-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Hual\u0101lai – Wikipedia"}}]}]