[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/ryakuji-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/ryakuji-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ryakuji – Wikipedia","name":"Ryakuji – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 “\u7565\u5b57” redirects here. For Korean shorthand simplifications of Hanja, see Yakja. Sign reading “umbrella stand” (\u4ed0\u304a\u304d, kasa-oki, standard form","datePublished":"2014-12-15","dateModified":"2014-12-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/58\/%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97_%E5%82%98%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D.jpg\/170px-%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97_%E5%82%98%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/58\/%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97_%E5%82%98%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D.jpg\/170px-%E7%95%A5%E5%AD%97_%E5%82%98%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8D.jpg","height":"364","width":"170"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/ryakuji-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6320,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4“\u7565\u5b57” redirects here. For Korean shorthand simplifications of Hanja, see Yakja.  Sign reading “umbrella stand” (\u4ed0\u304a\u304d, kasa-oki, standard form \u5098\u304a\u304d, showing ryakuji form of \u5098: \u4ed0 (\u4eba + \u5341), with inner \u4eba omitted. Compare simplified Chinese \u4f1e.  Price tag reading \u00a5400, \u7279\u4fa1\u54c1 (bargain item), showing ryakuji form of \u54c1, with bottom squares connected.In Japanese language, Ryakuji (Japanese: \u7565\u5b57 “abbreviated characters”, or \u7b46\u5199\u7565\u5b57 hissha ryakuji, meaning “handwritten abbreviated characters”) are colloquial simplifications of kanji.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Ryakuji are not covered in the Kanji Kentei, nor are they officially recognized (most ryakuji are not present in Unicode). However, some abbreviated forms of hy\u014dgaiji (\u8868\u5916\u5b57, characters not included in the t\u014dy\u014d or j\u014dy\u014d kanji lists) included in the JIS standards which conform to the shinjitai simplifications are included in Level pre-1 and above of the Kanji Kentei (e.g., \u9920\u2192\u9905, \u6451\u2192\u63b4), as well as some other allowances for alternate ways of writing radicals and alternate forms. Some ryakuji were adopted as shinjitai.Some simplifications are commonly used as special Japanese typographic symbols. These include:\u3005, the kanji iteration mark, from \u4edd, a variant of \u540c;\u303b, the vertical form, from \u4e8c;the hiragana and katakana iteration marks, \u309d and \u30fd, generic strokes;\u3006, shime, simplification of \u5360 (as \u5360\u3081 \u3057\u3081 shime) as cursive form of top component \u30c8, used for various kanji read as \u3057\u3081 shime, primarily \u7de0\u3081, also \u9589\u3081, \u7d5e\u3081, \u643e\u3081, and original \u5360\u3081;\u30f6, small ke, simplification of \u7b87 (also used for \u500b), though with other uses.Of these, only \u3006 for \u7de0 and \u30f6 for \u7b87 are generally recognized as being simplifications of kanji characters.Replacements of complex characters by simpler standard characters (whether related or not) is instead a different phenomenon, kakikae. For example, in writing \u5e74\u9f6243\u6b73 as \u5e74\u4ee443\u624d (nenrei 43 sai “age 43 years”), \u9f62 is replaced by the component \u4ee4 and \u6b73 is replaced by \u624d, in both cases with the same pronunciation but different meanings. The replacement of \u9f62 by \u4ee4 is a graphic simplification (keeping the phonic), while \u6b73 and \u624d are graphically unrelated, but in both cases this is simply considered a replacement character, not a simplified form. Other examples include simplifying \u91a4\u6cb9 sh\u014dyu (soy sauce) to \u6b63\u6cb9.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Compare this to simplified Chinese.Ryakuji are primarily used in individual memos, notes and other such forms of handwriting. Their use has declined in recent years, possibly due to the emergence of computer technology and advanced input methods that allow equally fast input of both simple and complex characters. Despite this, the ryakuji for \u9580 (mon, kado; gate) and for characters using the radical \u9580 are still widely used in handwriting.[1]Table of ContentsAbbreviations for multiple-character words or phrases[edit]Examples[edit]Notes[edit]Further examples[edit]Derived characters[edit]Phonetic simplifications[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Abbreviations for multiple-character words or phrases[edit]In all cases discussed in the other sections of this article, individual characters are simplified, but separate characters are not merged. There are rare cases of single-character abbreviations for multiple-character words or phrases, such as \u5715 for \u5716\u66f8\u9928, \u56f3\u66f8\u9928 toshokan, “library”, but this is very unusual; see polysyllabic Chinese characters for this phenomenon in Chinese, where it is more common.Examples[edit]  Some widely used ryakujiNotes[edit]Of these, several are commonly seen in signs: \u9580 (2), \u54c1 (8), \u5668 (12) are very commonly seen, particularly simplifying \u9593 in store signs, while \u7b2c (1) and \u66dc (5) are also relatively common, as is ? for \u9b5a (as in \u70b9 (3)). Other characters are less commonly seen in public, instead being primarily found in private writing.1 and 2. (\u7b2c, \u9580 \u2013 These are perhaps the most commonly used Ryakuji. 1 (dai, ordinal prefix) is present in Unicode as U+3427 (\u3427), but is not supported by the MS Gothic or Mincho family of typefaces, or Arial Unicode MS. According to the original Japanese article, 1 has been seen on roadsigns on the Keihin #3 Road (\u3427\u4e09\u4eac\u6d5c\u9053\u8def, Dai-San Keihin D\u014dro). 2 is present in Unicode as U+95E8; it is unified with the closely related Simplified Chinese abbreviation \u95e8 (both originated from cursive script forms). The Japanese form may be explicitly induced with the sequence U+95E8 U+E0100.3. (\u70b9) \u2013 An abbreviation of the bottom four dots in the character \u70b9 is present in Unicode as \u594c U+594C, but is not supported by the MS Gothic or MS Mincho typefaces. It does appear in Arial Unicode, Sim Sun, Sim Hei, MingLiU, KaiU and New Gulim typefaces. Another simplification of this sort can be seen for the bottom four dots of \u9b5a (present in Unicode as ? U+29D4B). The bottom of the characters \u71b1 and \u99ac, however, are simplified instead using a horizontal line, as in the Simplified Chinese characters \u9a6c and \u9c7c.4. (\u8077) (variant 1 is present in Unicode as U+803A; variant 2 is U+2B7C9) \u2013 Also used often, but somehow not applied to the related characters \u7e54 and \u8b58.5. (\u66dc)  (\u2ff0\u65e5\u7389, from \u66dc = \u2ff0\u65e5\u7fdf) (present in Unicode as ? U+2B782) \u2013 Also often written as \u65fa (originally a different character), but the dot (as in \u7389) is used to distinguish. Common abbreviation in stores for days of week. The phonetic \u7fdf is generally not abbreviated to \u7389 in other character such as \u6fef, \u64e2, \u6ac2, \u8e8d, \u71ff, or \u8000.6. (\u524d) \u2013 Grass script form (1 and 2 also originated from grass script forms)7. (\u500b) (present in Unicode as \u3430 U+3430) \u2013 Abbreviated by removing the contents of the kunigamae (\u56fa) component. There is also the \u56d7 (U+56D7) abbreviation for \u56fd.8 and 10. (\u9078 \u6a5f, not present in Unicode) \u2013 A portion at the top consisting of two or more consecutive characters is changed to a \u2e8d shape. This can be seen in the Shinjitai simplifications \u69ae\u2192\u6804, \u55ae\u2192\u5358, \u56b4\u2192\u53b3, \u5de2\u2192\u5de3, \u5b78\u2192\u5b66. The \u7af9 top radical has also been used (although rarely). A colloquial simplification for \u6a5f exists (not present in Unicode) in which the right portion is replaced by Katakana \u30ad (ki) to indicate the on reading.9. (\u6ffe) (present in Unicode as \u6caa U+6CAA) \u2013 Not as common a character, but a major ryakuji in scientific circles, as it is used in such words as \u6ffe\u904e (roka, percolation). This character has also been seen in print. The component \u76e7, pronounced RO just like \u616e, is commonly simplified to \u6238 as well such as in \u8606\u2192\u82a6 and the Shinjitai simplification \u7210\u2192\u7089.11. \u95d8 to \u9597 (\u2ff0\u9580\u6597) or simply \u6597 (in Unicode at U+9597). The complicated character \u95d8 (t\u014d) is replaced by a simpler character of the same On reading, \u6597. This is formally known as kakikae, if one standard character is replaced by another standard character of the same reading, though hybrids such as \u9597 (\u9580\u6597) are ryakuji. Another example of kakikae is \u5e74\u9f6243\u6b73\u2192\u5e74\u4ee443\u624d (nenrei 43 sai “age 43 years”), and simplifications of this method have also been seen in print.12. (\u54c1, \u5668) (present in Unicode as ? U+20BEE) \u2013 Also commonly seen. The bottom \u5405  portion of \u54c1 is merged. Examples have also been seen in characters such as \u9748 (the Ky\u016bjitai of \u970a) in which the ? portion has been merged.13. \u9b54, \u6469 (not present in Unicode) \u2013 A colloquial simplification in which Katakana \u30de (ma) is used to indicate the on reading of both characters (ma). The simplification \u9b54 is seen in manga, and the simplification for \u6469 is commonly seen when writing place names such as Tama, Tokyo (\u591a\u6469\u5e02).Further examples[edit]Omitting components is a general principle, and the resulting character is often not a standard character, as in \u5098\u2192\u4ed0.If the resulting character is a standard character with the same reading (common if keeping the phonetic), this is properly kakikae instead, but if it is simply a graphic simplification (with a different reading) or the resulting character is not standard, this is ryakuji. One of the most common examples is \u5dfe for \u5e45 haba “width”. Often the result would be ambiguous in isolation, but is understandable from context. This is particularly common in familiar compounds, such as in the following examples:\u9f62\u2192\u4ee4 in \u5e74\u9f62\u2192\u5e74\u4ee4\u6b74\u2192\u5382 in \u6b74\u53f2\u2192\u5382\u53f2\u7d4c\u2192\u5723 in \u7d4c\u6e08\u2192\u5723\u6e08In some cases, a component has been simplified when part of other characters, but has not been simplified in isolation, or has been simplified in some characters but not others. In that case, simplifying it in isolation can be used as common ryakuji. For example, \u5352 is used in isolation, but in compounds has been simplified to \u5346, such as \u9189 to \u9154. Using \u5346 in isolation, such as when writing \u65b0\u5352 shin-sotsu “newly graduated” as \u65b0\u5346, is unofficial ryakuji. As another example, \u5c08 has been simplified to \u4e91 in some characters, such as \u50b3 to \u4f1d, but only to \u5c02 in isolation or other characters. Thus simplifying the \u5c02 in \u8584 (bottom part \u6ea5) to \u4e91 is found in ryakuji.More unusual examples come from calligraphic abbreviations, or more formally from printed forms of calligraphic forms: a standard character is first written in a calligraphic (\u8349\u66f8, grass script) form, then this is converted back to print script (\u6977\u66f8) in a simplified form. This is the same principle as graphical simplifications such as \u5b78\u2192\u5b66, and of various simplifications above, such as \u7b2c\u2192\u3427. A conspicuous informal example is \u559c\u2192\u3402 (3 copies of the character for 7: \u4e03), which is rather frequently seen on store signs. Other examples include \u9e7f\u2192?; and replacing the center of \u98a8 with two \u4e36, as in the bottom of \u51ac. \u5fa1 has various such simplifications. In Niigata (\u65b0\u6f5f), the second character \u6f5f is rare and complex, and is thus simplified as \u6f5f\u2192\u6cfb\uff08\u6c35\u5199\uff09.Derived characters[edit]Derived characters accordingly also have derived ryakuji, as in these characters derived from \u9580:Similarly, the \u9b5a\u2192? simplification is often used in fish compounds, such as \u9ba8 sushi, particularly in signs.Phonetic simplifications[edit]Some ryakuji are simplified phono-semantic characters, retaining a radical as semantic and replacing the rest of the character with a katakana phonetic for the on reading, e.g., \u8b70 (20 strokes) may be simplified as \u8a00 (semantic) + \u30ae (phonetic gi for on reading):Another example is \u5c64 s\u014d, replacing the \u66fd by \u30bd so.This may also be done using Latin characters; for example, the character \u61b2 (as used in \u61b2\u6cd5 kenp\u014d, “constitution”) may be simplified to “\u5b80K“: the radical \u5b80 placed over the letter K; this is particularly common in law school. Similarly, \u6176\u61c9 (Kei\u014d) as in Keio University may be simplified to “\u5e7fK\u5e7fO“: the letters K and O respectively placed inside the radical \u5e7f. In this case the pronunciation of “KO” (as an initialism) sounds like the actual name “Kei\u014d”, hence the use.The character \u6a5f has a number of ryakuji, as it is a commonly used character with many strokes (16 strokes); in addition to the above phono-semantic simplification, it also has a number of purely graphical simplifications:See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryakuji.     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/ryakuji-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ryakuji – Wikipedia"}}]}]