[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shaykh-ahmad-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shaykh-ahmad-wikipedia\/","headline":"Shaykh Ahmad – Wikipedia","name":"Shaykh Ahmad – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Founder of Shaykh\u00ed school of Twelver Shiism (1753\u20131826) after-content-x4 Ahmad al-Ahsa’i Ahmad bin Zayn al-Din al-Ahs\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed after-content-x4 Born May","datePublished":"2018-03-17","dateModified":"2018-03-17","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/72\/Shaykh_Ahmad_Ahsaey.jpg\/220px-Shaykh_Ahmad_Ahsaey.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/72\/Shaykh_Ahmad_Ahsaey.jpg\/220px-Shaykh_Ahmad_Ahsaey.jpg","height":"364","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shaykh-ahmad-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4493,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Founder of Shaykh\u00ed school of Twelver Shiism (1753\u20131826)       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Ahmad al-Ahsa’iAhmad bin Zayn al-Din al-Ahs\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4BornMay 1753Died27 June 1826(1826-06-27) (aged\u00a072\u201373)Resting placeJanna\u1e6b al-Baq\u012b\u02bb Cemetery, Medina, Hijaz (Present-day Saudi Arabia)ReligionIslamEraQajar dynastyDenominationTwelver ShiaMovementShaykh\u00edsmShaykh Ahmad bin Zayn al-D\u00edn bin Ibr\u00e1h\u00edm al-Ahs\u00e1’\u00ed (Arabic: \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a) (May 1753\u201327 June 1826), commonly known as Shaykh Ahmad or al-Ahs\u00e1’\u00ed, was a prominent Shia Muslim theologian and jurist who founded the influential Shaykh\u00ed school of Twelver Shiism, which attracted followers from throughout the Persian and Ottoman Empires.He was a native of the Al-Ahsa region (Eastern Arabian Peninsula), educated in Bahrain and the theological centres of Najaf and Karbala in Iraq.[1] Spending the last twenty years of his life in Iran, he received the protection and patronage of princes of the Qajar dynasty.[2] His ancestors were nomadic Sunnis.[3]Shaykh Ahmad diverged from the Usuli school on key issues related to eschatology, the role of the ulama, and the proper interpretation of the mystical hadith of the Twelve Imams. These divergences, according to Bah\u00e1’\u00ed scholar Peter Smith, resulted in accusations of heresy from orthodox members of the Shia ulama, and instances of persecution against Ahs\u00e1’\u00ed and his followers occurred during and after his lifetime. His teachings were complex, thus he often practised Taqayya concealing his controversial ideas from his opponents.[4]Today, Shaykh\u00ed populations retain a minority following in Iran and Iraq. After the death of Shaykh Ahmad’s successor, Kazim Rashti, many Shaykh\u00eds converted to B\u00e1bism and the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed faith; the two Shaykh\u00ed leaders continue to be highly regarded by the Babis and the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00eds, being seen as spiritual forerunners to their religions.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsHistory[edit]Early life[edit]Education and Mission[edit]Dreams and Visions[edit]Founding the Shaykhi School[edit]Successor[edit]Published works[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]History[edit]Early life[edit]Little is documented about the early life of Shaykh Ahmad, except that he was born in al-Ahsa, in the northeast of the Arabian peninsula, to a Shi\u02bbi family with Sunni ancestry in either the year 1166 AH (1753 CE), or 1157 AH (1744 CE). Nab\u00edl’s Narrative, a history of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed faith, describes his spiritual awakening as follows:He observed how those who professed the Faith of Islam had shattered its unity, sapped its force, perverted its purpose, and degraded its holy name. His soul was filled with anguish at the sight of the corruption and strife which characterised the Sh\u00ed’ah sect of Islam […]  Forsaking his home and kindred, on one of the islands of Bahrayn, to the south of the Persian Gulf, he set out, […] to unravel the mysteries of those verses of Islamic Scriptures which foreshadowed the advent of a new Manifestation […] There burned in his soul the conviction that no reform, however drastic, within the Faith of Islam, could achieve the regeneration of this perverse people. He knew, […] that nothing short of a new and independent Revelation, as attested and foreshadowed by the sacred Scriptures of Islam, could revive the fortunes and restore the purity of that decadent Faith.While it is unclear how much of Nabil’s interpretation is consistent with Shaykh Ahmad’s true feelings, the underlying motivations for reform, and ultimately for messianic expectation, become somewhat clearer.Education and Mission[edit]Shaykh Ahmad, at about age forty (1784 or 1794 – circa), began to study in earnest in the Shi\u02bbi centres of religious scholarship such as Karbala and Najaf. He attained sufficient recognition in such circles to be declared a mujtahid, an interpreter of Islamic Law. He contended with Sufi and Neo-Platonist scholars, and attained a positive reputation among their detractors. He declared that all knowledge and sciences were contained (in essential form) within the Quran, and that to excel in the sciences, all knowledge must be gleaned from the Quran. To this end he developed systems of interpretation of the Quran and sought to inform himself of all the sciences current in the Muslim world.He also evinced a veneration of the Imams, even beyond the extent of his pious contemporaries and espoused heterodox views on the afterlife, the resurrection and end-times, as well as medicine and cosmology. His views on the soul posited a “subtle body” separate from, and associated with the physical body, and this also altered his views on the occultation of the Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. His views resulted in his denunciation by several learned clerics, and he engaged in many debates before moving on to Persia where he settled for a time in the province of Yazd. It was in Yazd that much of his books and letters were written.Dreams and Visions[edit]He experienced a series of dreams and visions. In one such dream recounted by him, he believed that he was granted permission to transmit knowledge by each of the twelve Imams. In another dream he saw Imam Hasan teaching him Quranic verses. [5]Founding the Shaykhi School[edit]Juan Cole summarises the situation at the advent of the Shaykhi School, and the questions that were unfolding as his views crystallised and he acquired an early following:When Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i wrote, there was no Shaykhi school, which only crystallized after his death. He saw himself as a mainstream Shi\u02bbite, not as a sectarian leader. Yet he clearly innovated in Shi\u02bbi thought in ways that, toward the end of his life, sparked great controversy. Among the contentious arenas he entered was that of the nature of religious authority. He lived at a time when his branch of Islam was deeply divided on the role of the Muslim learned man. Was he an exemplar to be emulated by the laity without fail, or merely the first among equals, bound by a literal interpretation of the sacred text just as was everyone else? Or was he, as the Sufis maintained, a pole channeling the grace of God to those less enlightened than himself? How may we situate Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i with regard to these contending visions of Shi\u02bbi Islam?\u2014\u2009Juan Cole, Shaykh Ahmad Al-Ahsa\u02bei on the Sources of Religious AuthorityBah\u00e1’\u00ed scholar, Moojan Momen in his Introduction to Shi\u02bbi Islam (George Ronald, Oxford, 1985) states that many mujtahids were afraid that the Shaykh’s preference for intuitive knowledge, which he claimed to obtain directly by inspiration from the Imams, would seriously undermine the authority of their position. Momen has some interesting and useful commentary on Shaykh Ahmad’s doctrines and his succession during which the conflict with Shi\u02bbi orthodoxy intensified.Bah\u00e1’\u00ed scholar, Nader Saiedi in his Gate of the Heart (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2010) has characterised his followers by their fervent millenarian expectations, their complex mystical and esoteric knowledge, their insistence on the absolute transcendence of the divine Essence, their rejection of the doctrine of wahdatu\u2019l-wuj\u00fad, their reinterpretation of the traditional doctrine of bodily resurrection (ma’ad-i-Jismani), and their ambiguous assertions concerning the necessity of the presence of a living Gate (a B\u00e1b) to the Hidden Im\u00e1m for the guidance of the Sh\u00ed’i community.[7]Successor[edit]Shaykh Ahmad appointed Kazim Rashti as his successor, who led the Shaykh\u00ed movement until his death. He taught his students how to recognize the Mahdi and the Masih (the returned Jesus). After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Iraq and Iran to search for a new leader.Published works[edit]Shaykh Ahmad was a prolific writer, he is known to have completed 71 published works during his career, of which 354 contemporary manuscripts are known to be still extant. Writing primarily in Arabic, his work spanned a wide array of literary forms. The largest number of his works consist of correspondence with other members of the ulama or his students, usually intended to expand upon a teaching advanced in another work, or provide answers to vexing questions of theology or jurisprudence. Treatises and lessons composed independently by al-Ahs\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed make up a smaller number of his works, but tend to be longer than his correspondence and more commonly studied and reprinted. In keeping with Islamic and Persian literary and academic tradition, a large number of his works take the form of commentaries on Surahs from the Qur\u02bcan, important Hadiths of Muhammad or the Imams, or writing by earlier mystical or theological writers. The most comprehensive bibliography of Ahmad’s known works identifies twelve wide subject areas addressed by individual works:\u2022 Sharh al-Hikma al-Arshiyya – a multi-volume commentary on the al-Hikma al-Arshiyya of MuIla Sadra (Tabriz, 1854)[11]\u2022 Sharh al-Fawa’id. Lithographed. N.P. (Tabriz: 1856).\u2022 Jawami’ al-Kalim. Lithographed. N.P. (Tabriz: 1856-59).\u2022 Sharh al-Masha’ir. Lithographed. N.P. (Tehran: 1861).\u2022 Sharh al-‘Arshiyya. Lithographed. N.P. (Tehran: 1861).\u2022 Sharh al-Ziyara al-Jami’a al-Kabira. Chapkhaneh Sa’adat (Kirman: 1972), 4 Volumes.\u2022 Rasa’il al-Hikma. Al-Da’ira al-‘Alamiyya (Beirut: 1993).^ Zarandi 1932, p.\u00a02.^ Zarandi 1932, p.\u00a07.^ “A\u1e24S\u0100\u02be\u012a, SHAIKH A\u1e24MAD \u2013 Encyclopaedia Iranica”. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-20.^ Smith, Peter (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. p.\u00a031. ISBN\u00a01-85168-184-1.^ “A\u1e24S\u0100\u02be\u012a, SHAIKH A\u1e24MAD \u2013 Encyclopaedia Iranica”. iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-20.^ Saiedi, Nader, 1955- (31 March 2010). Gate of the heart\u00a0: understanding the writings of the B\u00e1b. [Waterloo, Ont.] ISBN\u00a0978-1-55458-056-9. OCLC\u00a0904293009.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^ Lambden, Stephen (2002). Some aspects of Isr\u0101’\u012bliyy\u0101t and the emergence of the B\u0101b\u012b-Bah\u0101 (Thesis thesis). Newcastle University.References[edit]Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. “Une absence remplie de pr\u00e9sences. Herm\u00e9neutiques de l’occultation chez les Shaykhiyya (Aspects de l’imamologie duod\u00e9cimaine VII) ,” in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 64, No. 1. (2001), pp.\u00a01\u201318.Cole, Juan R. I. (2001-08-30), “Shaykh Ahmad Al-Ahsa\u02bei on the Sources of Religious Authority”, The Most Learned of the Shi\u02bfa, Oxford University Press, pp.\u00a082\u201392, doi:10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195137996.003.0006, ISBN\u00a09780195137996, retrieved 2018-10-04Cole, Juan R.I. “The World as Text: Cosmologies of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i,” in Studia Islamica, No. 80. (1994), pp.\u00a0145\u2013163.Corbin, Henry (1977). Spiritual Body and Selestial Earth: from Mazdean Iran to Sh\u012b\u02bbite Iran. Translated by Pearson, Nancy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p.\u00a0351. ISBN\u00a00691018839. OCLC\u00a023769270.Corbin, Henry. L’ecole Shaykhie en Theologie Shi\u02bbite. Taban (Tehran: 1967).Corbin, Henry. En islam iranien. Galimard (Paris: 1972), vol. 4.MacEoin, Denis. S.V. “Ahsa’i, Shaikh Ahmad b. Zayn al-Din,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica, 3 vols. – (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983 – ).MacEoin, Denis. The Messiah of Shiraz. Brill (Leyden, 2008).Hamid, Idris Samawi. The Metaphysics and Cosmology of Process According to Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa’i. (Ph.D. dissertation: State University of New York at Buffalo, 1998).Lambden, Stephen (May 26, 2016). “Twin Shining Lights, Part 1: Shaykh Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Din al-Ahsa’i”. Lights of ‘Irf\u00e1n: Papers Presented at the ‘Irf\u00e1n Colloquia and Seminars. 17.Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi\u02bbi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi\u02bbism. Yale University Press. pp.\u00a0229. ISBN\u00a00-300-03499-7.Momen, Moojan (1991). “The Works of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahs\u00e1’\u00ed: A Bibliography”. Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Studies Bulletin. Monograph #1: 177.A.L.M, Nicolas (1910). Essai sur le cheikhisme. Paris, France: Paul Geuthner.Rafati, Vahid (1979). The Development of Shaykhi Thought in Shi\u02bbi Islam. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Zarandi, Nabil (1932) [Written in 1887-88]. Nab\u00edl’s Narrative of the Early Days of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Revelation. Translated by Effendi, Shoghi (Hardcover\u00a0ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Publishing Trust. ISBN\u00a00-900125-22-5.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shaykh-ahmad-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Shaykh Ahmad – Wikipedia"}}]}]