[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shearwater-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shearwater-wikipedia\/","headline":"Shearwater – Wikipedia","name":"Shearwater – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Seabird Shearwaters are medium-sized long-winged seabirds in the petrel family Procellariidae. 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They have a global marine distribution, but are most common in temperate and cold waters, and are pelagic outside the breeding season.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsDescription[edit]Behaviour[edit]Movements[edit]Breeding[edit]Feeding[edit]Taxonomy[edit]List of species[edit]Phylogeny[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Description[edit]These tubenose birds fly with stiff wings and use a “shearing” flight technique (flying very close to the water and seemingly cutting or “shearing” the tips of waves) to move across wave fronts with the minimum of active flight. This technique gives the group its English name.[1] Some small species, like the Manx shearwater are cruciform in flight, with their long wings held directly out from their bodies.Behaviour[edit]Movements[edit]Many shearwaters are long-distance migrants, perhaps most spectacularly sooty shearwaters, which cover distances in excess of 14,000\u00a0km (8,700\u00a0mi) from their breeding colony on the Falkland Islands (52\u00b0S 60\u00b0W) to as far as 70\u00b0 north latitude in the North Atlantic Ocean off northern Norway. One study found Sooty shearwaters migrating nearly 64,000\u00a0km (40,000\u00a0mi) a year, which would give them the longest animal migration ever recorded electronically.[2]Short-tailed shearwaters perform an even longer “figure of eight” loop migration in the Pacific Ocean from Tasmania to as far north as the Arctic Ocean off northwest Alaska. They are long-lived. A Manx shearwater breeding on Copeland Island, Northern Ireland, was (as of 2003\/2004) the oldest known wild bird in the world: ringed as an adult (when at least 5 years old) in July 1953, it was retrapped in July 2003, at least 55 years old. Manx shearwaters migrate over 10,000\u00a0km (6,200\u00a0mi) to South America in winter, using waters off southern Brazil and Argentina, so this bird had covered a minimum of 1,000,000\u00a0km (620,000\u00a0mi) on migration alone.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Following the tracks of the migratory Yelkouan shearwater has revealed that this species never flies overland, even if it means flying an extra 1’000 km. For instance, during their seasonal migration towards the Black Sea they would circumvent the entire Peloponnese instead of crossing over the 6 km isthmus of Corinth.[3]Breeding[edit]Shearwaters come to islands and coastal cliffs only to breed. They are nocturnal at the colonial breeding sites, preferring moonless nights to minimize predation. They nest in burrows and often give eerie contact calls on their night-time visits. They lay a single white egg. The chicks of some species, notably short-tailed and sooty shearwaters, are subject to harvesting from their nest burrows for food, a practice known as muttonbirding, in Australia and New Zealand.Feeding[edit]They feed on fish, squid, and similar oceanic food. Some will follow fishing boats to take scraps, commonly the sooty shearwater; these species also commonly follow whales to feed on fish disturbed by them. Their primary feeding technique is diving, with some species diving to depths of 70\u00a0m (230\u00a0ft).Taxonomy[edit]There are about 30 species: a few larger ones in the genera Calonectris and Ardenna and many smaller ones in Puffinus. Recent genomic studies show that Shearwaters form a clade with Procellaria, Bulweria and Pseudobulweria.[4] This arrangement contrasts with earlier conceptions based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing. [5][6][7]List of species[edit]The group contains 3 genera with 32 species.[8]PuffinusChristmas shearwater, Puffinus nativatisManx shearwater, Puffinus puffinusYelkouan shearwater, Puffinus yelkouanBalearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicusBryan’s shearwater, Puffinus bryani \u2013 first described in 2011Black-vented shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelasTownsend’s shearwater, Puffinus auriculatusNewell’s shearwater, Puffinus  newelli (split from Townsend’s shearwater)Rapa shearwater, Puffinus myrtae (split from Newell’s shearwater)Fluttering shearwater, Puffinus gaviaHutton’s shearwater, Puffinus huttoniAudubon’s shearwater, Puffinus lherminieriPersian shearwater, Puffinus persicus (split from Audubon’s shearwater)Tropical shearwater, Puffinus bailloni (split from Audubon’s shearwater)Gal\u00e1pagos shearwater, Puffinus subalaris (split from Audubon’s shearwater)Bannerman’s shearwater, Puffinus bannermaniHeinroth’s shearwater,  Puffinus heinrothiLittle shearwater, Puffinus assimilisSubantarctic shearwater, Puffinus elegans (split from little shearwater)Barolo shearwater or Macronesian shearwater, Puffinus baroliBoyd’s shearwater, Puffinus boydi (split from Barolo shearwater)CalonectrisArdennaThere are two extinct species that have been described from fossils.Phylogeny[edit]Phylogeny of the shearwaters based on a study by Joan Ferrer Obiol and collaborators published in 2022. Only 14 of the 21 recognised species in the genus Puffinus were included.[9]References[edit]^ “Shearwaters”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online\u00a0ed.). Oxford University Press.\u00a0(Subscription or participating institution membership required.)^ “Longest Animal Migration Measured, Bird Flies 40,000 Miles a Year”.^ CIESM Seabird Project. 2021. https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/seabirds\/track-seabirds-migrating-live\/ ^ Estandia, A; Chesser, RT; James, HF; Levy, MA; Ferrer Obiol, J; Bretagnolle, V; Gonzales-Solis, J; Welch, AJ (July 2021). “Substitution rate variation in a robust procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits” (PDF). bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2021.07.27.453752. S2CID\u00a0236502443.^ Bretagnolle, Vincent; Atti\u00e9, Carole; Pasquet, Eric (1998). “Cytochrome-B evidence for validity and phylogenetic relationships of Pseudobulweria and Bulweria (Procellariidae)” (PDF). The Auk. 115 (1): 188\u2013195. doi:10.2307\/4089123. JSTOR\u00a04089123.^ Nunn, Gary B.; Stanley, Scott E. (1998). “Body Size Effects and Rates of Cytochrome b Evolution in Tube-Nosed Seabirds”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (10): 1360\u20131371. doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025864. PMID\u00a09787440. Corrigendum^ Austin, Jeremy J. (1996). “Molecular Phylogenetics of Puffinus Shearwaters: Preliminary Evidence from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 6 (1): 77\u201388. doi:10.1006\/mpev.1996.0060. PMID\u00a08812308.^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). “Petrels, albatrosses”. IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists’ Union. Retrieved 12 January 2022.^ Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; Gonz\u00e1lez-Sol\u00eds, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. (2022). “Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds”. Journal of Biogeography. 49 (1): 171\u2013188. doi:10.1111\/jbi.14291.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/shearwater-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Shearwater – Wikipedia"}}]}]