[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/tosa-dialect-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/tosa-dialect-wikipedia\/","headline":"Tosa dialect – Wikipedia","name":"Tosa dialect – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Japanese Shikoku dialect after-content-x4 The Tosa dialect (Japanese: \u571f\u4f50\u5f01 tosa-ben) is a Japanese Shikoku dialect spoken in central and","datePublished":"2014-01-19","dateModified":"2014-01-19","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cd810e53c1408c38cc766bc14e7ce26a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/tosa-dialect-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4501,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Japanese Shikoku dialect       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Tosa dialect (Japanese: \u571f\u4f50\u5f01 tosa-ben) is a Japanese Shikoku dialect spoken in central and eastern Kochi Prefecture (former Tosa Province), including Kochi City. The dialect of the Western region of Kochi Prefecture is called the Hata dialect (Japanese: \u5e61\u591a\u5f01 hata-ben) and is drastically different from the Central and Eastern dialect.Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Classification[edit]Phonology[edit]Grammar and Expressions[edit]Grammatical Aspects[edit]Orders, Requests, and Prohibitives[edit]Conjecture[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Classification[edit]Shikoku dialects are divided into Western (Tokushima, Kagawa and Ehime), Southern (Kochi), and also occasionally Southwest (western Kochi and southern Ehime).[1][2] The Tosa dialect exists in a somewhat unique position due to being historically isolated from other prefectures because of the Shikoku Mountains.[1]Kochi Prefecture dialects are broadly divided into Western and Eastern-Central.[3][4]Western dialect – Shimanto (city), Tosashimizu, Sukumo, Otsuki, Mihara, Kuroshio (excluding the former town of Saga), Shimanto (town) (excluding the former town of Kubokawa), Yusuhara.[3][4] Possesses a Tokyo standard pitch accent. Known as the ‘Hata dialect\u2019.Eastern-Central dialect – All other areas in Kochi. Possesses a Keihan standard, or Tarui standard pitch accent. Known as the ‘Tosa dialect\u2019, and will be described in this article.[2]The coastal region from Muroto to Toyo has been influenced by the Tokushima Awa dialect and the Kinki dialects.[3][5]Phonology[edit]The most notable phonetic traits of the Tosa dialect are as follows:       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Virtually no silent vowels.The diphthong ei is distinctly retained.[5] For example: pronunciation of keisan (\u8a08\u7b97 calculation) in the Tosa dialect is keisan (\u30b1\u30a4\u30b5\u30f3), as opposed to keesan (\u30b1\u30fc\u30b5\u30f3) in standard Japanese and Kansai dialects.Among older speakers, a nasalised sound (n) is inserted before g and d.[3] Example: kagami (\u93e1 mirror) \u2192 kangami.[6]Older speakers also differentiate between\u00a0 ji (\u3058) and di (\u3062) and zu (\u305a) and du (\u3065) (so-called yotsugana). Ji is pronounced [\u0292i] whilst di is pronounced [d\u0292i], zu is pronounced [zu] whilst dzu is pronounced [dzu].[6] In addition, tsu is sometimes pronounced tu.[7]Shi (\u3057) sometimes becomes i (\u3044) (i-euphony).[8] For example: doshita (\u3069\u3046\u3057\u305f) \u2192 doita (\u3069\u3046\u3044\u305f), soshite (\u305d\u3057\u3066) \u2192 soite (\u305d\u3044\u3066) and ashita (\u3042\u3057\u305f) \u2192 aita (\u3042\u3044\u305f).In other Shikoku dialects and in the Kinki dialects, single-mora words tend to become lengthened like in te (\u624b) \u2192 tee (\u3066\u30fc) or chi (\u8840) \u2192 chii (\u3061\u30fc), but this tendency is weaker in the Tosa dialect.[8] Only third-class nouns such as ki (\u6728) and te (\u624b) are sometimes lengthened.[8] However, mainly among the younger generation, increased interaction with other Shikoku dialects and the Kinki dialects through media has resulted in a continuing trend of lengthening all single-mora words.Aside from northern Kochi, which has a Tarui standard pitch accent, a traditional Kyoto standard pitch accent is retained, much like in coastal Tokushima, in the city of Tanabe in Wakayama and in the central Kinki Region.Grammar and Expressions[edit]Grammatical Aspects[edit]The Tosa dialect, like English, differentiates between perfect and progressive tenses. Perfect tense uses the Reny\u014dkei (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 conjunctive) form + chuu, choru, and chou, (\u3061\u3085\u30fc\u30fb\u3061\u3087\u308b\u30fb\u3061\u3087\u3046) and progressive tense uses the Reny\u014dkei (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 conjunctive) form + yuu, yoru, and you (\u3086\u30fc\u30fb\u3088\u308b\u30fb\u3088\u3046).[9]For example, the question \u300c\u5bbf\u984c\u3084\u3063\u305f?\u300d(shukudai yatta? Did you do your homework?) can be answered in the following ways without the use of adverbs.Present progressive aspect:(Tosa Dialect)\u00a0 \u300c\u3084\u308a\u3086\u3046\u304d\u300d(yariy\u016bki)(Standard Japanese) \u300c\uff08\u4eca\uff09\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u300d( (ima) yatteiruyo)(I\u2019m doing it now!)(Tosa Dialect) \u300c\u3084\u3063\u3061\u3085\u3046\u304d\u300d(yacch\u016bki)(Standard Japanese) \u300c\uff08\u3082\u3046\uff09\u6e08\u307e\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u300d( (mou) sumaseteiruyo)(I\u2019ve already finished it!)In the case of \u300c\uff08\u3057\uff09\u3088\u3063\u305f\u300d( (shi) yotta I was (doing) it) it is the past progressive aspect and for \u300c\uff08\u3057\uff09\u3061\u3087\u3063\u305f\u300d( (shi) chotta I had (done) it) the past perfect aspect. The specification of perfect aspects is one of the characteristics of the dialects of western Japan.With verbs such as \u300c\u6b7b\u306c\u300d(shinu to die) or \u300c\u6d88\u3048\u308b\u300d(kieru to disappear\/ go out) where the change is instantaneous, the progressive aspect like \u300c\u6b7b\u306b\u3086\u3046\u300d(shiniy\u016b) and \u300c\u6d88\u3048\u3086\u3046\u300d(kiey\u016b) is used to express the sense of \u201c…is about to…\u201d.[9] In the progressive aspect, the existential verb\u300c\u3042\u308b\u300d(aru to be) expresses a specific duration of time.[9]Orders, Requests, and Prohibitives[edit]Orders can be given using the Reny\u014dkei (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 conjunctive) form of verbs, which makes for a gentler expression than using the Meireikei (\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 imperative) form. \u300c\u3084\u300d(ya) is often used,\u00a0 such as in \u300c\u884c\u304d\u3084\u300d(ikiya go) and \u300c\u898b\uff08\u30fc\uff09\u3084\u300d(mi(i)ya look). [10] \u300c-\u3066\u304a\u30fc\u305b\u30fb\u3068\u30fc\u305b\u30fb\u3068\u30fc\u305c\u300d(-te\u014dse, t\u014dse, and t\u014dze) are used with subsidiary verbs like the formal\u300c\u2026\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u300d(shitekudasai please do). \u00a0In cases such as\u300c\u884c\u304b\u308c\u3093\u300d\uff08ikaren) which in standard Japanese is\uff08\u884c\u304f\u306a\uff09(ikuna don\u2019t go) and \u300c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u3093\u300d(miraren) which means the same as\uff08\u898b\u308b\u306a\uff09(miruna don\u2019t look) in standard Japanese, the Mizenkei (\u672a\u7136\u5f62 nai stem) form of a verb plus \u300c\u308c\u3093\u30fb\u3089\u308c\u3093\u300d(ren or raren) is used to indicate prohibition.\u00a0 This expression is also present in the Awa dialect and the Iyo dialect. [11](Tosa dialect) \u300c\u3044\u304b\u3093\u3061\u3084\u3001\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3093\u300d(ikanchiya, seraren)(Standard Japanese) \u300c\u30c0\u30e1\u3060\u3088\u3001\u3084\u3063\u3061\u3083\u30c0\u30e1\u300d(damedayo, yacchadame)(stop, don\u2019t do that)Additionally, the Reny\u014dkei (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 conjunctive) form of a verb can be used to express prohibition, such as in\u300c\u884c\u304d\u306a\u300d(ikina don\u2019t go) and \u300c\u898b\u306a\u300d(mina don\u2019t look). [10] This is also present in the Kansai dialect.Conjecture[edit]Expressions like\u300c\u306f\u308c\u308b\u308d\u30fc\u300d(harerur\u014d)\uff08\u6674\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\uff09(harerudarou it will be sunny) and \u300c\u305f\u304b\u3044\u308d\u30fc\u300d(takair\u014d)\uff08\u9ad8\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\uff09(takaidarou it will be expensive) are composed of the Sh\u016bshikei (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62 dictionary) form of a conjugated word + \u300c\u308d\u30fc\u300d(r\u014d) and are used to express conjecture. [12]\u300c\u308d\u30fc\u300d(r\u014d) originated as \u300c\u3089\u3080\u300d(ramu).[12]  Additionally, expressions like \u300c\u3042\u3063\u3064\u308d\u30fc\u300d(atsur\u014d) or\uff08\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\uff09(attadar\u014d would have had) in Standard Japanese and\u300c\u305f\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3064\u308d\u30fc\u300d(takakattsur\u014d) or\uff08\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\uff09(takattadar\u014d would have been expensive) in Standard Japanese use the Reny\u014dkei (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 conjunctive) form of a conjugated word + \u300c\u3064\u308d\u30fc\u300d(tsur\u014d) and express conjecture in the perfect tense.[12]\u300c-\u306b\u304b\u30fc\u3089\u3093\u300d(-nik\u0101ran) correlates to \u300c-\u3089\u3057\u3044\u300d(-rashii it seems…). It can also be used to express the comparison phrase \u201cit\u2019s like\u2026\u201d (\u300c\u307e\u308b\u3067\u2026\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3060\u300dmarude\u2026noy\u014dda).[13](Tosa Dialect)\u300c\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u306f\u30e9\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3\u5c4b\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u306b\u304b\u3042\u3089\u3093\u300d(ano mise wa ramenya ni kawattanik\u0101ran)(Standard Japanese) \u300c\u3042\u306e\u5e97\u306f\u30e9\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3\u5c4b\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u300d(ano mise wa ramenya ni kawattarashii)(I heard that restaurant got converted into a ramen shop)\u203bThis also includes the nuance of \u201cno mistaking it\u201d (-\u306b\u9055\u3044\u306a\u3044 -ni chigainai).See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b \u571f\u5c45, \u91cd\u4fca (1982). \u300c\u56db\u56fd\u65b9\u8a00\u306e\u6982\u8aac\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0271.^ a b \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0429.^ a b c d \u571f\u5c45, \u91cd\u4fca (1982). \u300c\u56db\u56fd\u65b9\u8a00\u306e\u6982\u8aac\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0291.^ a b \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. pp.\u00a0428\u2013429.^ a b \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0430.^ a b \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. pp.\u00a0430\u2013431.^ \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0431.^ a b c \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00\u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0432.^ a b c \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00 \u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0437.^ a b \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00 \u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0438.^ \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00 \u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00 (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0442.^ a b c \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00 \u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. pp.\u00a0438\u2013439.^ \u5409\u7530, \u5247\u592b (1982). \u300c\u9ad8\u77e5\u770c\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300d\u3001\u98ef\u8c4a\u6bc5\u4e00; \u65e5\u91ce\u8cc7\u7d14; \u4f50\u85e4\u4eae\u4e00 \u7de8 \u300e\u8b1b\u5ea7\u65b9\u8a00\u5b66 8 \u4e2d\u56fd\u30fb\u56db\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u65b9\u8a00\u300f (in Japanese). \u56fd\u66f8\u520a\u884c\u4f1a. p.\u00a0439.     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