[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/list-of-gravitationally-rounded-objects-of-the-solar-system\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/list-of-gravitationally-rounded-objects-of-the-solar-system\/","headline":"List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System","name":"List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System","description":"before-content-x4 This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have","datePublished":"2022-08-05","dateModified":"2022-08-05","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Sun_white.jpg\/70px-Sun_white.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/54\/Sun_white.jpg\/70px-Sun_white.jpg","height":"70","width":"70"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/list-of-gravitationally-rounded-objects-of-the-solar-system\/","wordCount":42435,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Apart from the Sun itself, these objects qualify as planets according to common geophysical definitions of that term. The sizes of these objects range over three orders of magnitude in radius, from planetary-mass objects like dwarf planets and some moons to the planets and the Sun. This list does not include small Solar System bodies, but it does include a sample of possible planetary-mass objects whose shapes have yet to be determined. The Sun’s orbital characteristics are listed in relation to the Galactic Center, while all other objects are listed in order of their distance from the Sun.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It contains almost 99.9% of all the mass in the Solar System.[1]Sun[2][3]Symbol (image)[q]Symbol (Unicode)[q]\u2609Discovery yearPrehistoricMean\u00a0distance from the Galactic Centerkm light years\u2248\u20092.5\u00d71017\u2248\u200926,000Mean radiuskm :E[f]695,508109.3Surface areakm2:E[f]6.0877\u00d7101211,990Volumekm3:E[f]1.4122\u00d710181,300,000Masskg :E[f]1.9855\u00d71030332,978.9Gravitational parameterm3\/s21.327\u00d71020Densityg\/cm31.409Equatorial\u00a0gravitym\/s2 g274.027.94Escape velocitykm\/s617.7Rotation perioddays[g]25.38Orbital period about Galactic Center[4]million years225\u2013250Mean orbital speed[4]km\/s\u2248\u2009220Axial tilt[i] to the eclipticdeg.7.25Axial tilt[i] to the galactic planedeg.67.23Mean\u00a0surface\u00a0temperatureK5,778Mean\u00a0coronal\u00a0temperature[5]K1\u20132\u00d7106Photospheric\u00a0compositionH,\u00a0He,\u00a0O,\u00a0C,\u00a0Fe,\u00a0STable of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Planets[edit]Dwarf planets[edit]Satellites[edit]See also[edit]Unless otherwise cited:[z][edit]Manual calculations (unless otherwise cited)[edit]Individual calculations[edit]Other notes[edit]References[edit]Planets[edit]In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a planet as a body in orbit around the Sun that was large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to have “cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit”.[6] The practical meaning of “cleared the neighborhood” is that a planet is comparatively massive enough for its gravitation to control the orbits of all objects in its vicinity. In practice, the term “hydrostatic equilibrium” is interpreted loosely. Mercury is round but not actually in hydrostatic equilibrium, but it is universally regarded as a planet nonetheless.[7]According to the IAU’s explicit count, there are eight planets in the Solar System; four terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and four giant planets, which can be divided further into two gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and two ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). When excluding the Sun, the four giant planets account for more than 99% of the mass of the Solar System.\u00a0*Mercury[8][9][10]*Venus[11][12][10]*Earth[13][14][10]*Mars[15][16][10]\u00b0Jupiter[17][18][10]\u00b0Saturn[19][20][10]\u00d7Uranus[21][22]\u00d7Neptune[23][24][10]\u00a0Symbol[q] or Symbol (Unicode)[q]\u263f\u2640?\u2642\u2643\u2644\u26e2 or \u2645\u2646Discovery yearPrehistoricPrehistoricPrehistoricPrehistoricPrehistoricPrehistoric17811846Mean distancefrom the Sunkm AU57,909,175 0.38709893108,208,930 0.72333199149,597,890 1.00000011227,936,640 1.52366231778,412,010 5.203363011,426,725,400 9.537070322,870,972,200 19.191263934,498,252,900 30.06896348Equatorial radiuskm :E[f]2,440.53 0.38266,051.8 0.94886,378.1366 13,396.19 0.5324771,492 11.20960,268 9.44925,559 4.00724,764 3.883Surface areakm2:E[f]75,000,000 0.1471460,000,000 0.9020510,000,000 1140,000,000 0.274564,000,000,000 125.544,000,000,000 86.278,100,000,000 15.887,700,000,000 15.10Volumekm3:E[f]6.083\u00d710100.0569.28\u00d710110.8571.083\u00d7101211.6318\u00d710110.1511.431\u00d710151,321.38.27\u00d71014763.626.834\u00d7101363.1026.254\u00d7101357.747Masskg :E[f]3.302\u00d710230.0554.8690\u00d710240.8155.972\u00d7102416.4191\u00d710230.1071.8987\u00d710273185.6851\u00d71026958.6849\u00d7102514.51.0244\u00d7102617Gravitational parameterm3\/s22.203\u00d710133.249\u00d710143.986\u00d710144.283\u00d710131.267\u00d710173.793\u00d710165.794\u00d710156.837\u00d71015Densityg\/cm35.435.245.523.9401.330.701.301.76Equatorial\u00a0gravitym\/s2g3.700.3778.870.9049.81.003.710.37824.792.52810.441.0658.870.90411.151.137Escape velocitykm\/s4.2510.3611.185.0259.5435.4921.2923.71Rotation period[g]days58.646225243.01870.997269681.025956750.413540.444010.718330.67125Orbital period[g]days years87.969 0.2408467224.701 0.61519726365.256363 1.0000174686.971 1.88084764,332.59 11.86261510,759.22 29.44749830,688.5 84.01684660,182 164.79132Mean orbital speedkm\/s47.872535.021429.785924.130913.06979.67246.83525.4778Eccentricity0.205630690.006773230.016710220.093412330.048392660.054150600.047167710.00858587Inclination[f]deg.7.003.390[13]1.851.312.480.761.77Axial tilt[i]deg.0.0177.3[h]23.4425.193.1226.7397.86[h]28.32Mean\u00a0surface\u00a0temperatureK440\u2013100730287227152 [j]134 [j]76 [j]73 [j]Mean\u00a0air\u00a0temperature[k]K2881651357673Atmospheric\u00a0compositionHe,\u00a0 Na+K+\u00a0CO2,\u00a0N2, SO2N2,\u00a0O2, Ar, CO2CO2,\u00a0N2ArH2,\u00a0HeH2,\u00a0HeH2,\u00a0HeCH4H2,\u00a0HeCH4Number of known moons[v]001295832714Rings?NoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesPlanetary discriminant[l][o]9.1\u00d71041.35\u00d71061.7\u00d71061.8\u00d71056.25\u00d71051.9\u00d71052.9\u00d71042.4\u00d7104Dwarf planets[edit]Dwarf planets are bodies orbiting the Sun that are massive and warm enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, but have not cleared their neighbourhoods of similar objects. Since 2008, there have been five dwarf planets recognized by the IAU, although only Pluto has actually been confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium[25] (Ceres is close to equilibrium, though some anomalies remain unexplained).[26] Ceres orbits in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. The others all orbit beyond Neptune.\u2020Ceres[27]\u2021Pluto[28][29]\u2021Haumea[30][31][32]\u2021Makemake[33][34]\u00a7Eris[35]Symbol[q] or Symbol (Unicode)[q]\u26b3\u2647 or \u2bd3??\u2bf0Minor\u00a0planet\u00a0number1134340136108136472136199Discovery year18011930200420052005Mean distance from the Sunkm AU413,700,000 2.7665,906,380,000 39.4826,484,000,000 43.3356,850,000,000 45.79210,210,000,000 67.668Mean radiuskm :E[f]473 0.07421,188.3[10]0.186816 (2100 \u00d7 1680 \u00d7 1074) 0.13[36][37]715 0.11[38]1,163 0.18[39]Volumekm3:E[f]4.21\u00d71080.00039[b]6.99\u00d71090.00651.98\u00d71090.00181.7\u00d71090.0016[b]6.59\u00d71090.0061[b]Surface areakm2:E[f]2,770,000 0.0054[a]17,700,000 0.0358,140,000 0.016[y]6,900,000 0.0135[a]17,000,000 0.0333[a]Masskg :E[f]9.39\u00d710200.000161.30\u00d710220.00224.01 \u00b1 0.04\u00d710210.0007[40]\u2248\u20093.1\u00d710210.00051.65\u00d710220.0028Gravitational parameterm3\/s26.263 \u00d7 10108.710 \u00d7 10112.674 \u00d7 10112.069 \u00d7 10111.108 \u00d7 1012Densityg\/cm32.161.872.02[36]2.032.43Equatorial\u00a0gravitym\/s2g0.27[d]0.0280.620.0630.63[d]0.0640.400.0410.82[d]0.084Escape velocitykm\/s[e]0.511.210.910.541.37Rotation period[g]days0.37816.38720.16310.951115.7859Orbital period[g]years4.599247.9283.8306.2559Mean orbital speedkm\/s17.8824.754.48[o]4.40[o]3.44[n]Eccentricity0.0800.2490.1950.1610.436Inclination[f]deg.10.5917.1428.2128.9844.04Axial tilt[i]deg.4119.6[h]\u2248\u2009126[h]?\u2248\u200978Mean\u00a0surface\u00a0temperature[w]K167[41]40[42]r2{textstyle A=4pi r^{2}}, assuming sphericity.^  Volume V derived from the radius using V=43\u03c0r3{textstyle V={frac {4}{3}}pi r^{3}}, assuming sphericity.^  Density derived from the mass divided by the volume.^  Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: Gm\/r2.^  Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: \u221a(2Gm)\/r.^  Orbital speed is calculated using the mean orbital radius and the orbital period, assuming a circular orbit.^  Assuming a density of 2.0^  Calculated using the formula T\u00a0=\u00a0Teff(1\u2212qp\u03bd)1\/4252\/r,{textstyle T = {frac {T_{textrm {eff}}(1-qp_{nu })^{1\/4}}{sqrt {2}}}{sqrt {52\/r}},} where Teff =\u00a054.8\u00a0K at 52\u00a0AU, p\u03bd{displaystyle p_{nu }} is the geometric albedo, q\u00a0=\u00a00.8 is the phase integral, and r{displaystyle r} is the distance from the Sun in AU. This formula is a simplified version of that in section 2.2 of Stansberry et al., 2007,[39] where emissivity and beaming parameter were assumed to equal unity, and \u03c0{displaystyle pi } was replaced with 4 accounting for the difference between circle and sphere. All parameters mentioned above were taken from the same paper.Individual calculations[edit]^  Surface area was calculated using the formula for a scalene ellipsoid:2\u03c0(c2+ba2\u2212c2E(\u03b1,m)+bc2a2\u2212c2F(\u03b1,m)),{textstyle 2pi left(c^{2}+b{sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}E(alpha ,m)+{frac {bc^{2}}{sqrt {a^{2}-c^{2}}}}F(alpha ,m)right),} where \u03b1=arccos\u2061(ca){textstyle alpha =arccos left({frac {c}{a}}right)} is the modular angle, or angular eccentricity; m=b2\u2212c2b2sin\u2061(\u03b1)2{textstyle m={frac {b^{2}-c^{2}}{b^{2}sin(alpha )^{2}}}} and F(\u03b1,m){textstyle F(alpha ,m)}, E(\u03b1,m){textstyle E(alpha ,m)} are the incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respectively. The values 980\u00a0km, 759\u00a0km, and 498\u00a0km were used for a, b, and c respectively.Other notes[edit]^  Relative to Earth^  Sidereal^  Retrograde^  The inclination of the body’s equator from its orbit.^  At pressure of 1 bar^  At sea level^  The ratio between the mass of the object and those in its immediate neighborhood. Used to distinguish between a planet and a dwarf planet.^  This object’s rotation is synchronous with its orbital period, meaning that it only ever shows one face to its primary.^  Objects’ planetary discriminants based on their similar orbits to Eris. Sedna’s population is currently too little-known for a planetary discriminant to be determined.^  “Unless otherwise cited” means that the information contained in the citation is applicable to an entire line or column of a chart, unless another citation specifically notes otherwise. For example, Titan’s mean surface temperature is cited to the reference in its cell; it is not calculated like the temperatures of most of the other satellites here, because it has an atmosphere that makes the formula inapplicable.^  Callisto’s axial tilt varies between 0 and about 2 degrees on timescales of thousands of years.[82]References[edit]^ Woolfson, Michael Mark (2000). “The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System”. Astronomy & Geophysics. 41 (1): 1.12\u20131.19. Bibcode:2000A&G….41a..12W. doi:10.1046\/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x.^ NASA Solar System exploration Sun factsheet Archived 2008-01-02 at the Wayback Machine and NASA Sun factsheet Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine NASA Retrieved on 2008-11-17 (unless otherwise cited)^ “By the Numbers | Sun – NASA Solar System Exploration”. NASA.^ a b Leong, Stacy (2002).  Elert, Glenn (ed.). “Period of the Sun’s Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)”. The Physics Factbook (self-published). Retrieved 2008-06-26.^ Aschwanden, Markus J. (2007). “The Sun”.  In McFadden, Lucy Ann; Weissman, Paul R.; Johnsson, Torrence V. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Solar System. Academic Press. p.\u00a080.^ “IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes” (Press release). International Astronomical Union. 24 August 2006. news release IAU0603. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2007. (“original IAU news release link”. Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2008-10-06.)^ Solomon, Sean; Nittler, Larry; Anderson, Brian (20 December 2018). Mercury: The View after MESSENGER. Cambridge Planetary Science Series. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a072\u201373. ISBN\u00a09781107154452.^ “NASA Mercury Fact Sheet”. NASA. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2008.^ “NASA Solar System Exploration Factsheet”. NASA. Archived from the original on 24 February 2004. 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