[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/shandao-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/shandao-wikipedia\/","headline":"Shandao – Wikipedia","name":"Shandao – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk; influential writer in Pure Land Buddhism after-content-x4 Shandao (simplified Chinese: \u5584\u5bfc\u5927\u5e08; traditional Chinese: \u5584\u5c0e\u5927\u5e2b; pinyin:","datePublished":"2022-01-17","dateModified":"2022-01-17","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/shandao-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3873,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x47th-century Chinese Buddhist monk; influential writer in Pure Land Buddhism       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Shandao (simplified Chinese: \u5584\u5bfc\u5927\u5e08; traditional Chinese: \u5584\u5c0e\u5927\u5e2b; pinyin: sh\u00e0nd\u01ceo d\u00e0sh\u012b; Japanese: Zend\u014d; 613\u2013681) was an influential writer for the Pure Land Buddhism, prominent in China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan. His writings had a strong influence on later Pure Land masters including H\u014dnen and Shinran in Japan. The Samguk yusa records him among the 3 monks who first brought Buddhist teaching, or Dharma, to Korea: Malananta (late 4th century) Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula, Shandao (also spelled Sundo) monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea and Ado monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea.[1] Buddhism,  a religion originating in what is now India, was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century.[2] In J\u014ddo Shinsh\u016b, he is considered the Fifth Patriarch.Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Biography[edit]Teachings[edit]The Three Minds and Four Modes of Practice[edit]Meditative and Ritual Practices[edit]The Difficulty of Attaining Rebirth[edit]Role in Japanese Traditions[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]External links[edit]Biography[edit]Shandao was born in what is now present Zhucheng. When he was young, he entered the priesthood and devoted himself to the study of the Infinite Life and Vimalakirti Sutras. One day, in the year 641, he visited the temple of the famous Pure Land master Daochao, who happened to be giving a lecture on the Amit\u0101yurdhy\u0101na S\u016btra. This lecture ultimately inspired him to follow and then spread Pure Land Buddhism.[3]Shandao dwelt at Xiangji Temple (Chinese: \u9999\u79ef\u5bfa; pinyin: xi\u0101ngj\u012b s\u00ec) in Shaanxi, which continues to honor his memory and contributions.  In his lifetime, Shandao wrote five major works on Pure Land Buddhism, with his commentaries on the Amit\u0101yurdhy\u0101na S\u016btra being among the most influential.Teachings[edit]Shandao was recorded as having taught various Pure Land practices, including nianfo, as well as written several commentaries on extant Mahayana scriptures. For instance, Shandao was noted to be a practitioner who engaged in the austere practices of never lying down to sleep and constantly practicing sam\u0101dhi and ritual activity, and he is said to have advised other people to do the same.[4]The Three Minds and Four Modes of Practice[edit]Among Shandao’s teachings are the Three Minds and Four Modes of Practice for Pure Land Buddhism.  In the Commentaries, sincere devotion to Amit\u0101bha over the long-term leads to three minds, or states of mind:       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Utterly Sincere MindThe Profound, or Deeply Believing, MindThe Mind which dedicates one’s merit (or good works) toward rebirth in the Pure Land.In Hymns in Praise of Birth (Wang-sheng-li-tsan), Shandao taught the Four Modes of Practice that develop through devotion to Amit\u0101bha:Reverence shown to Amit\u0101bha and bodhisattvas in Sukhavati: Avalokite\u015bvara and Mahasthamaprapta.Wholehearted and exclusive practice of reciting Amit\u0101bha’s name.Uninterrupted, as in routine, practice.Long-term practice.Meditative and Ritual Practices[edit]Shandao emphasised meditative and ritual practices in addition to nianfo\/nembutsu. Shandao’s tract, “The Meritorious Dharma Gate of the Sam\u0101dhi Involving Contemplation of the Ocean-like Marks of the Buddha Amit\u0101bha” (Chinese: \u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u4f5b\u76f8\u6d77\u4e09\u6627\u529f\u5fb7\u6cd5\u9580; Pinyin: \u0112m\u00edtu\u00f3f\u00f3 xi\u0101ng h\u01cei s\u0101nm\u00e8i g\u014dngd\u00e9 f\u01cem\u00e9n) emphasizes sam\u0101dhi and ritual practice. Also, Shandao’s direct disciples, such as Huaigan, were recorded as having emphasized meditation practices.[5] In addition, Shandao’s expositions on the Pure Land are also rooted in Madhyamika and Yogacara principles.[5]The Difficulty of Attaining Rebirth[edit]Shandao’s tract, the “Correct Mindfulness for Rebirth at the Moment of Death” (Chinese: \u81e8\u7d42\u5f80\u751f\u6b63\u5ff5\u6587; Pinyin: L\u00ednzh\u014dng w\u01cengsh\u0113ng zh\u00e8ngni\u00e0n w\u00e9n), presents a nuanced understanding of the rebirth process and details many dangers that he believed could hinder the dying aspirant\u2019s rebirth in the Pure Land.[5] In another tract, “The Meritorious Dharma Gate of the Sam\u0101dhi Involving Contemplation of the Ocean-like Marks of the Buddha Amit\u0101bha” (Chinese: \u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u4f5b\u76f8\u6d77\u4e09\u6627\u529f\u5fb7\u6cd5\u9580; Pinyin: \u0112m\u00edtu\u00f3f\u00f3 xi\u0101ng h\u01cei s\u0101nm\u00e8i g\u014dngd\u00e9 f\u01cem\u00e9n) Shandao describes a specific set of ritual protocols and practices for helping dying Buddhist devotees achieve successful deliverance from \u201cevil destinies\u201d and procure successful rebirth in the Pure Land.[5] Other similar hagiographical records from Shandao  reflect concerns regarding more complicated requirements for rebirth in the Pure Land, including but not limited to recitation of Amit\u0101bha’s name on one’s deathbed specifically.[4][5] Charles Jones also shows how Shandao conceived of it to be possible for one to fail to be born “at the final moment … if impure persons defiled the irtual space and allowed demonic beings to invade.”[6]At the same time, Shandao and his disciple Huaigan emphasised that all ordinary beings, no matter their level of attainment, are capable of birth by the power of the Buddha’s vows, and that “even the worst evil-doer could say the name of the Buddha and gain immediate access to a glittering Pure Land immediately after death.”[6] In particular that utterance is interpreted by Shandao as calling “Amit\u0101bha Buddha for seven days or even for one day for as little as ten oral invocations or even one oral calling or one contemplation,” and that birth in the Pure Land was not for superior practitioners, but for the lowest kinds of people who have performed “unwholesome acts: the Five Heinous Deeds, the ten evils, and everything that is not good.”[6]Role in Japanese Traditions[edit]In Japanese Pure Land traditions, such as J\u014ddo-sh\u016b and J\u014ddo Shinsh\u016b, Shandao is traditionally seen as having advocated for the exclusivity of the nianfo\/nembutsu as a practice in order to seek salvation through Amit\u0101bha, meaning that reciting the name of Amit\u0101bha Buddha was all that was needed. Writers such as Julian Pas have suggested that these traditional narratives surrounding Shandao were misleading, and that rather he wrote extensive commentaries to scriptures regarding complex sam\u0101dhi practices such as visualization and meditation, showing that he promoted different practices and methods.[7][8][4] On the other hand, defenders of the Japanese approach, such as J\u00e9r\u00f4me Ducor, have suggested that writers such as Pas have misrepresented the relevant Japanese sources, and that Shandao’s scheme clearly delineates between “meditation s\u016btras” such as the Pratyutpanna S\u016btra from s\u016btras that teach “birth in the Pure Land,” among which are included the Infinite Life S\u016btra, the Amit\u0101bha S\u016btra, and the Amit\u0101yurdhy\u0101na S\u016btra. Ducor also notes how Shandao’s Commentary on the Amit\u0101yurdhy\u0101na S\u016btra makes clear the distinction between birth in the Pure Land by faith and nianfo\/nembutsu, which he regards as definitive and a “non-requested” teaching, from the meditative practices such as visualisation, which he regards as a skilful means and a teaching given only on request by Queen Vaideh\u012b.[9]Shandao’s extant works include:The Commentary on the Contemplation S\u016btra (Chinese: \u89c0\u7121\u91cf\u58fd\u7d93\u758f; Pinyin: Gu\u0101n w\u00fali\u00e0ngsh\u00f2u j\u012bng sh\u016b; Hepburn: Kanmury\u014dju ky\u014d sho). Taish\u014d no. 1753, in four fascicles.English translations: Peter Lunde Johnson (2020), The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mah\u0101y\u0101na) Buddhism.[10]The Dharma Gate of the Merits of the Ocean-like Sam\u0101dhi of the Contemplation of the Marks of Amit\u0101bha Buddha (Chinese: \u89c0\u5ff5\u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u4f5b\u76f8\u6d77\u4e09\u6627\u529f\u5fb7\u6cd5\u9580; Pinyin: Gu\u0101nni\u00e0n \u0101m\u00edtu\u00f3 f\u00f3 xi\u0101ng h\u01ceis\u0101nm\u00e8i g\u014dngd\u00e9 f\u01cem\u00e9n; Hepburn: Kannen amida butsu s\u014d kai sammai kudoku h\u014dmen). Taish\u014d no. 1959, in one fascicle.Praise of Dharma Services (Chinese: \u6cd5\u4e8b\u8b9a; Pinyin: F\u01cesh\u00ec Z\u00e0n; Hepburn: H\u014dji San). Taish\u014d no. 1979, in two fascicles.Verses in Praise for Rebirth in the Pure Land (Chinese: \u5f80\u751f\u79ae\u8b9a\u5048; Pinyin: W\u01cengsh\u0113ng l\u01d0 z\u00e0nji\u00e9; Hepburn: \u014cj\u014d rai sange). Taish\u014d no. 1980, in one fascicle.English translation: Zuio Hisao Inagaki (2002), Liturgy for Birth. Online Version. Print version: (2009) Shan-dao’s Liturgy for Birth: \u014cj\u014draisan. Annotated Translation by Hisao Inagaki. Edited by Doyi Tan.[11]Praise of Pratyutpanna (Chinese: \u822c\u821f\u8b9a; Pinyin: P\u00e1nzh\u014du Z\u00e0n; Hepburn: Hanj\u016b San). Taish\u014d no. 1981, in one fascicle.See also[edit]References[edit]^ “Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje” in Samguk Yusa III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178-179.^ Arts of Korea | Explore & Learn | The Metropolitan Museum of Art^ “About Pure Land Buddhism”. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved 2008-12-11.^ a b c The Wiley Blackwell companion to East and inner Asian Buddhism. Mario Poceski. Chichester, West Sussex, UK. 2014. ISBN\u00a0978-1-118-61035-0. OCLC\u00a0881387072.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)^ a b c d e Sharf, Robert H. (2002). “On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch’an\/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China”. T’oung Pao. 88 (4\/5): 282\u2013331. doi:10.1163\/156853202100368398. ISSN\u00a00082-5433. JSTOR\u00a04528903.^ a b c Jones, Charles B. (2019). Chinese Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding a Tradition of Practice. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. pp.\u00a022\u20133. ISBN\u00a09780824881016.^ Pas, Julian F. (1995). Visions of Sukh\u0101vat\u012b\u00a0: Shan-tao’s commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang shou-fo ching. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN\u00a00-585-04595-X. OCLC\u00a042854968.^ The Pure Land tradition\u00a0: history and development. James Harlan Foard, Michael Solomon, Richard Karl Payne. Berkeley, Calif.: Regents of the University of California. 1996. ISBN\u00a00-89581-092-1. OCLC\u00a035319329.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)^ Ducor, J\u00e9r\u00f4me (1999). “Shandao and H\u014dnen. Apropos of Julian F. Pas’ book Visions of Sukh\u0101vat\u012b”. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 22 (1): 251\u2013252.^ Johnson, Peter Lunde (2020). The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mah\u0101y\u0101na) Buddhism, Including a Full Translation of Sh\u00e0nd\u01ceo\u2019s Commentary Explaining The Scripture About Meditation on the Buddha \u2018Of Infinite Life\u2019 (Amit\u0101yur Buddha Dhy\u0101na S\u016btra, \u89c0\u7121\u91cf\u58fd\u4f5b\u7d93). An Lac Publications. ISBN\u00a0978-1-7923-4208-0.^ Inagaki, Zuio Hisao (2009). Shan-tao’s liturgy for birth \u014cj\u014draisan. Tan Peng Yau. ISBN\u00a09789810822392.Bibliography[edit]Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (1999). Shan-tao’s Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha, part 1, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 1, 77\u201389.Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2000). Shan-tao’s Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha, part 2, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 2, 207\u2013228.Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2001). Shan-tao’s Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha, part 3, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 3, 277\u2013288.Pas, Julian F. (1995). Visions of Sukhavati: Shan-Tao’s Commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang- Shou-Fo Ching. Albany, State University of New York Press,  ISBN\u00a00-7914-2520-7Johnson, Peter, trans. (2020). The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mah\u0101y\u0101na) Buddhism, Including a Full Translation of Sh\u00e0nd\u01ceo’s Commentary Explaining The Scripture About Meditation on the Buddha \u2018Of Infinite Life\u2019 (Amit\u0101yur Buddha Dhy\u0101na S\u016btra, \u89c0\u7121\u91cf\u58fd\u4f5b\u7d93) [1], An Lac Publications ISBN\u00a0978-1-7923-4208-0External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki\/shandao-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Shandao – Wikipedia"}}]}]