[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki11\/parmelia-fraudans-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki11\/parmelia-fraudans-wikipedia\/","headline":"Parmelia fraudans – Wikipedia","name":"Parmelia fraudans – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Species of lichen Parmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the","datePublished":"2022-07-18","dateModified":"2022-07-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki11\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki11\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki11\/parmelia-fraudans-wikipedia\/","wordCount":2251,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Species of lichenParmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsTaxonomy[edit]Description[edit]Habitat and distribution[edit]References[edit]Taxonomy[edit]The lichen was originally named as a subspecies of Parmelia saxatilis by William Nylander in 1861. He noted its occurrence on rocks among mosses in North Savo as well as in Kajaani.[2] Nylander promoted it to species status in 1869.[3]Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that Parmelia fraudans is a member of the Parmelia sulcata species group, and it is estimated to have begun diversification during the Pliocene, about 3.3 million years ago.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Description[edit]The foliose (leafy) thallus of Parmelia fraudans is tightly attached to its substrate, typically measuring 4\u201316\u00a0cm (1.6\u20136.3\u00a0in) in diameter. The brittle, flat lobes that comprise the thallus range from contiguous to overlapping, and are 1\u20134\u00a0mm wide, with truncated tips. The colour of the upper thallus surface is grey to yellowish grey, while texturally it is smooth to delicately pitted, with pseudocyphellae and soredia. The soredia, which somewhat resemble isidia, are abundant and are concentrated along the margins of the thallus. The medulla is white. The thallus undersurface is black in the centre, becoming brown towards the margins. Numerous black rhizines (both branched and unbranched) act as holdfasts. Apothecia are rarely observed; when present, they measure 2\u20134\u00a0mm in diameter and have a dark brown disc, with soredia typically on the apothecial margin. The ascospores have an ellipsoid shape and measure 10\u201312 by 5\u20136\u00a0\u03bcm.[5]The expected results of standard chemical spot tests on Parmelia fraudans are cortex K+ (yellow), C\u2212, KC\u2212, P+ (yellow); medulla K+ (yellow becoming deep red), C\u2212, KC\u2212, and P+ (orange). Secondary compounds found in the lichen are atranorin and chloroatranorin in the cortex (and sometimes usnic acid in the soralia), and salazinic acid as a major component of the medulla, with minor amounts of consalazinic acid and protolichesterinic acid. The yellowish tone of the soralia caused by usnic acid is unique in the genus Parmelia.[5]Habitat and distribution[edit]Parmelia fraudans occurs in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks. Its North American distribution extends from Alaska[6] south to Mexico.[5] In Europe, it has been recorded from the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Finland, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and Slovakia.[7] In the 2019 red list of Estonian lichens, it was classified as a critically endangered species due to a reduction of its range and a decrease in population size (compared to its 2008 assessment).[8]References[edit]^ “Record Details: Parmelia fraudans (Nyl.) Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 59(19): 292 (1869)”. Index Fungorum. Retrieved 2 January 2022.^ Nylander, W. (1861). “Lichenes Scandinaviae sive prodromus lichenographiae Scandinaviae”. Notiser ur S\u00e4llskapets pro Fauna et Flora Fennica F\u00f6rhandlingar (in Latin). 5: 100.^ Nylander, W. (1869). “Circa reactiones Parmeliarum adnotationes”. Flora oder Botanische Zeitung (in Latin). 52: 292.^ Molina, M. Carmen; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Goward, Trevor; Millanes, Ana M.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Crespo, Ana (2016). “Neogene diversification in the temperate lichen-forming fungal genus Parmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)”. Systematics and Biodiversity. 15 (2): 166\u2013181. doi:10.1080\/14772000.2016.1226977. S2CID\u00a088996791.^ a b c Nash III, Thomas H. (2016). “Parmelia in Mexico”.  In Herrera-Campos, Maria; P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, Rosa Emilia; Nash, Thomas H. III (eds.). Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae \u2013 Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol.\u00a0110. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp.\u00a0309\u2013312. ISBN\u00a0978-3-443-58089-6.^ McCune, B (2018). “Biodiversity and ecology of lichens of Katmai and Lake Clark National Parks and Preserves, Alaska”. Mycosphere. 9 (4): 859\u2013930. doi:10.5943\/mycosphere\/9\/4\/10.^ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). “A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions”. The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 1\u201321. doi:10.1017\/S0024282908007329. S2CID\u00a084927575.^ L\u00f5hmus, Piret; Marmor, Liis; J\u00fcriado, Inga; Suija, Ave; Oja, Ede; Degtjarenko, Polina; Randlane, Tiina (2019). “Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019”. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 56: 63\u201376. doi:10.12697\/fce.2019.56.07. S2CID\u00a0210301439.     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