In physics and mathematics, the solid harmonics are solutions of the Laplace equation in spherical polar coordinates, assumed to be (smooth) functions
after-content-x4
. There are two kinds: the regular solid harmonics
, which are well-defined at the origin and the irregular solid harmonics
, which are singular at the origin. Both sets of functions play an important role in potential theory, and are obtained by rescaling spherical harmonics appropriately:
Table of Contents
Derivation, relation to spherical harmonics[edit]
Introducing r, θ, and φ for the spherical polar coordinates of the 3-vector r, and assuming that
is a (smooth) function
after-content-x4
, we can write the Laplace equation in the following form
where l2 is the square of the nondimensional angular momentum operator,
It is known that spherical harmonics Ym ℓ are eigenfunctions of l2:
Substitution of Φ(r) = F(r) Ym ℓ into the Laplace equation gives, after dividing out the spherical harmonic function, the following radial equation and its general solution,
The particular solutions of the total Laplace equation are regular solid harmonics:
and irregular solid harmonics:
The regular solid harmonics correspond to harmonic homogeneous polynomials, i.e. homogeneous polynomials which are solutions to Laplace’s equation.
Racah’s normalization[edit]
Racah’s normalization (also known as Schmidt’s semi-normalization) is applied to both functions
(and analogously for the irregular solid harmonic) instead of normalization to unity. This is convenient because in many applications the Racah normalization factor appears unchanged throughout the derivations.
Addition theorems[edit]
The translation of the regular solid harmonic gives a finite expansion,
where the Clebsch–Gordan coefficient is given by
The similar expansion for irregular solid harmonics gives an infinite series,
with
. The quantity between pointed brackets is again a Clebsch-Gordan coefficient,
The addition theorems were proved in different manners by several authors.[1][2]
Complex form[edit]
The regular solid harmonics are homogeneous, polynomial solutions to the Laplace equation
. Separating the indeterminate
and writing
, the Laplace equation is easily seen to be equivalent to the recursion formula
so that any choice of polynomials
of degree
and
of degree
gives a solution to the equation. One particular basis of the space of homogeneous polynomials (in two variables) of degree
is
. Note that it is the (unique up to normalization) basis of eigenvectors of the rotation group
: The rotation
of the plane by
acts as multiplication by
on the basis vector
.
If we combine the degree
basis and the degree
basis with the recursion formula, we obtain a basis of the space of harmonic, homogeneous polynomials (in three variables this time) of degree
consisting of eigenvectors for
(note that the recursion formula is compatible with the
-action because the Laplace operator is rotationally invariant). These are the complex solid harmonics:
and in general
for
.
Plugging in spherical coordinates
,
,
and using
one finds the usual relationship to spherical harmonics
with a polynomial
, which is (up to normalization) the associated Legendre polynomial, and so
(again, up to the specific choice of normalization).
Real form[edit]
By a simple linear combination of solid harmonics of ±m these functions are transformed into real functions, i.e. functions
. The real regular solid harmonics, expressed in Cartesian coordinates, are real-valued homogeneous polynomials of order
in x, y, z. The explicit form of these polynomials is of some importance. They appear, for example, in the form of spherical atomic orbitals and real multipole moments. The explicit Cartesian expression of the real regular harmonics will now be derived.
Linear combination[edit]
We write in agreement with the earlier definition
with
where
is a Legendre polynomial of order ℓ.
The m dependent phase is known as the Condon–Shortley phase.
The following expression defines the real regular solid harmonics:
m = 0:
Since the transformation is by a unitary matrix the normalization of the real and the complex solid harmonics is the same.
z-dependent part[edit]
Upon writing u = cos θ the m-th derivative of the Legendre polynomial can be written as the following expansion in u
with
Since z = r cos θ it follows that this derivative, times an appropriate power of r, is a simple polynomial in z,
(x,y)-dependent part[edit]
Consider next, recalling that x = r sin θ cos φ and y = r sin θ sin φ,
Likewise
Further
and
In total[edit]
List of lowest functions[edit]
We list explicitly the lowest functions up to and including ℓ = 5.
Here
The lowest functions
and
are:
m
Am
Bm
0
1
2
3
4
5
References[edit]
^ R. J. A. Tough and A. J. Stone, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. Vol. 10, p. 1261 (1977)
^ M. J. Caola, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. Vol. 11, p. L23 (1978)
Steinborn, E. O.; Ruedenberg, K. (1973). “Rotation and Translation of Regular and Irregular Solid Spherical Harmonics”. In Lowdin, Per-Olov (ed.). Advances in quantum chemistry. Vol. 7. Academic Press. pp. 1–82. ISBN 9780080582320.
Thompson, William J. (2004). Angular momentum: an illustrated guide to rotational symmetries for physical systems. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 143–148. ISBN 9783527617838.
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