[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/protocatechuic-acid-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/protocatechuic-acid-wikipedia\/","headline":"Protocatechuic acid &#8211; Wikipedia","name":"Protocatechuic acid &#8211; Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Chemical compound UV visible spectrum of protocatechuic acid Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid,","datePublished":"2016-11-15","dateModified":"2016-11-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/ProtocatAc.PNG\/220px-ProtocatAc.PNG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/17\/ProtocatAc.PNG\/220px-ProtocatAc.PNG","height":"103","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/protocatechuic-acid-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":4506,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Chemical compound    UV visible spectrum of protocatechuic acidProtocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid. It is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. It has mixed effects on normal and cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo studies.[2]Table of ContentsBiological effects[edit]Occurrence in nature[edit]In foods[edit]Metabolism[edit]Enzymes[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Biological effects[edit]Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. PCA extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa protected against chemically induced liver toxicity in vivo. In vitro testing documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PCA, while liver protection in vivo was measured by chemical markers and histological assessment.[3]  PCA has been reported to induce apoptosis of human leukemia cells, as well as malignant HSG1 cells taken from human oral cavities,[4] but PCA was found to have mixed effects on TPA-induced mouse skin tumours. Depending on the amount of PCA and the time before application, PCA could reduce or enhance tumour growth.[5] Similarly, PCA was reported to increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of neural stem cells.[6]  In an in vitro model using HL-60 leukemia cells, protocatechuic acid showed an antigenotoxic effect and tumoricidal activity.[7] In two preclinical investigations, protocatechuic acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa showed an excellent ability to effectively inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus type 2[8] and to potently deactivate the catalytic activity of urease.[9]Occurrence in nature[edit]Protocatechuic acid can be isolated from the stem bark of Boswellia dalzielii.[10] and from leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon.[11]The hardening of the protein component of insect cuticle has been shown to be due to the tanning action of an agent produced by oxidation of a phenolic substance. In the analogous hardening of the cockroach ootheca, the phenolic substance concerned is protocatechuic acid.[12]In foods[edit]A\u00e7a\u00ed oil, obtained from the fruit of the a\u00e7a\u00ed palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in protocatechuic acid (630\u00b136\u00a0mg\/kg).[13] Protocatechuic acid also exists in the skins of some strains of onion as an antifungal mechanism, increasing endogenous resistance against smudge fungus.  It is also found in Allium cepa (17,540\u00a0ppm).[14]PCA occurs in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), which is used worldwide as a food and beverage.[3]Protocatechuic acid is also found in mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus[15] or Phellinus linteus.[16]PCA is regarded as an active component in traditional Chinese herbal medicine such as Stenoloma chusanum (L.) Ching, Ilex chinensis Sims, Cibotium barometz (L.) J.Sm.[17]Metabolism[edit]Protocatechuic acid is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions.[18]Enzymes[edit]Biosynthesis enzymes  Protocatechuic acid biosynthesisDegradation enzymesSee also[edit]References[edit]^ Dawson, R. M. C.;  et\u00a0al. (1959). Data for Biochemical Research. Oxford: Clarendon Press.^ Lin, H.-H.; Chen, J.-H.; Huang, C.-C.; Wang, C.-J. (June 2007). &#8220;Apoptotic effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid on human gastric carcinoma cells involving JNK\/p38 MAPK signaling activation&#8221;. International Journal of Cancer. 120 (11): 2306\u20132316. doi:10.1002\/ijc.22571. PMID\u00a017304508.^ a b Liu, C.-L.; Wang, J.-M.; Chu, C.-Y.; Cheng, M.-T.; Tseng, T.-H. (2002). &#8220;In vivo protective effect of protocatechuic acid on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity&#8221;. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 (5): 635\u201341. doi:10.1016\/s0278-6915(02)00002-9. PMID\u00a011955669.^ Babich, H.; Sedletcaia, A.; Kenigsberg, B. (November 2002). &#8220;In vitro cytotoxicity of protocatechuic acid to cultured human cells from oral tissue: involvement in oxidative stress&#8221;. Pharmacology &#038; Toxicology. 91 (5): 245\u2013253. doi:10.1034\/j.1600-0773.2002.910505.x. PMID\u00a012570031.^ Nakamura, Y.; Torikai, K.; Ohto, Y.; Murakami, A.; Tanaka, T.; Ohigashi, H. (October 2000). &#8220;A simple phenolic antioxidant protocatechuic acid enhances tumor promotion and oxidative stress in female ICR mouse skin: dose- and timing-dependent enhancement and involvement of bioactivation by tyrosinase&#8221;. Carcinogenesis. 21 (10): 1899\u20131907. doi:10.1093\/carcin\/21.10.1899. PMID\u00a011023549.^ Guan, S.; Ge, D.; Liu, T. Q.; Ma, X.-H.; Cui, Z.-F. (March 2009). &#8220;Protocatechuic acid promotes cell proliferation and reduces basal apoptosis in cultured neural stem cells&#8221;. Toxicology in Vitro. 23 (2): 201\u2013208. doi:10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.11.008. PMID\u00a019095056.^ Anter, J.; Romero Jim\u00e9nez, M.; Fern\u00e1ndez Bedmar, Z.; Villatoro Pulido, M.; Analla, M.; Alonso Moraga, A.; Mu\u00f1oz Serrano, A. (March 2011). &#8220;Antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction by apigenin, bisabolol, and protocatechuic acid&#8221;. Journal of Medicinal Food. 14 (3): 276\u2013283.^ Hassan, S. T. S.; \u0160vajdlenka, E.; Berchov\u00e1-B\u00edmov\u00e1, K. (April 2017). &#8220;Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and its bioactive constituents exhibit antiviral activity against HSV-2 and anti-enzymatic properties against urease by an ESI\u2013MS based assay&#8221;. Molecules. 22 (5): 722.^ Hassan, S. T. S.; \u0160vajdlenka, E. (October 2017). &#8220;Biological evaluation and molecular docking of protocatechuic acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. as a potent urease inhibitor by an ESI\u2013MS based method&#8221;. Molecules. 22 (10): 1696.^ Alemika, T. E.; Onawunmi, G. O.; Olugbade, T. O. (2006). &#8220;Antibacterial phenolics from Boswellia dalzielii&#8220;. Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicines. 10: 108\u2013110. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2013-07-30.^ Mallavadhani, U. V.; Mahapatra, A. (2005). &#8220;A new aurone and two rare metabolites from the leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon&#8220;. Natural Product Research. 19: 91\u201397.^ Hackman, R. H.; Pryor, M. G.; Todd, A. R. (1948). &#8220;The occurrence of phenolic substances in arthropods&#8221;. The Biochemical Journal. 43 (3): 474\u2013477. doi:10.1042\/bj0430474. PMC\u00a01274717. PMID\u00a016748434.^ Pacheco Palencia, L. A.; Mertens-Talcott, S; Talcott, S. T. (June 2008). &#8220;Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from A\u00e7a\u00ed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.)&#8221;. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (12): 4631\u20134636. doi:10.1021\/jf800161u. PMID\u00a018522407.^ &#8220;Chemical Query&#8221;. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2011-09-25.^ Delsignore, A; Romeo., F.; Giaccio, M. (1997). &#8220;Content of phenolic substances in basidiomycetes&#8221;. Mycological Research. 101 (5): 552\u2013556. doi:10.1017\/S0953756296003206.^ Lee, Y.-S.; Kang, Y. H.; Jung, J. Y.;  et\u00a0al. (October 2008). &#8220;Protein glycation inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus&#8220;. Biological &#038; Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31 (10): 1968\u201372. doi:10.1248\/bpb.31.1968. PMID\u00a018827365.^ Li, Xican; Wang, Xiaozhen; Chen, Dongfeng; Chen, Shuzhi (2011-07-31). &#8220;Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Protocatechuic Acid in vitro&#8221;. Functional Foods in Health and Disease. 1 (7): 232. doi:10.31989\/ffhd.v1i7.127. ISSN\u00a02160-3855.^ Pietta, P. G.; Simonetti, P.; Gardana, C.; Brusamolino, A.; Morazzoni, P.; Bombardelli, E. (1998). &#8220;Catechin metabolites after intake of green tea infusions&#8221;. BioFactors. 8 (1\u20132): 111\u2013118. doi:10.1002\/biof.5520080119. PMID\u00a09699018."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki12\/protocatechuic-acid-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Protocatechuic acid &#8211; Wikipedia"}}]}]